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Similar to Chapter4-2 Golgi apparatus and Lysosomes.ppt
Chapter4-2 Golgi apparatus and Lysosomes.ppt
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- 2. 2 Peroxisome Nucleus Nucleolus Rough ER Smooth ER Golgicomplex Lysosome Cytoskeletal fibers Nuclear pore Mitochondrion Structure of animal cells Nuclear Membrane Ribosome
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- 4. 4 The discovery ofGolgi apparatus • In 1898, Golgi applied the stain (silver nitrate) to n erve cells from the cerebellum and discovered a da rkly stained reticular network located near the cell nucleus. Named it as Golgi apparatus.
- 5. 5 Contents • General organization Generalorganization • Chemical components Chemical components • Functions Functions
- 6. 6 • The Golgiapparatus is usually located near th e cell nucleus. It consists of a collection of flatt ened, membrane-bounded sacs (cisternae, sing ular cisternae), which are piled like stacks of p lates. Each stack contains three to twenty ciste rnae. • The number of Golgi stacks per cell varies gre atly depending on the cell type: some cells con tain one large stack, while other contain hund ereds of very small ones. I. General organization
- 7. 7 Golgi apparatus isalso called Golgi complex ①cisternae vesicles vacuoles ② ③
- 8. 8 Each Golgi stackhas two distinct faces: Bulgy face Entry face; Cis face Forming face Immature face(ER) Concave face Exit face; Trans face Secretary face Mature face (plasma membrane)
- 9. 9 Golgi apparatus isalso called Golgi complex ①cisternae vesicles vacuoles ② ③
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- 11. 11 cisternae Golgi sacs —— ——3-10层 distance between two cisterna ： ———————— ————————20 - 30 nm ； Cis face( immature face) thickness of the membrane on c is face ———————— ———————— 6nm; formation ： fusion of vesicles 。 thickness of the membrane on tran s face ———————— ———————— 8nm. width of the lumen of a cisternae ： — — ——————— ——————— 6 – 15 nm Trans face (mature fac e)
- 12. 12 vesicles diameter ： 30-80nm thicknessof the membrane ： 6nm; content: high electronic density materials formation ： bud from ER diameter ： 100 – 500 nm; thickness of the membrane: 8nm; contents: high electronic density materials formation ： bud from the sacs vacuoles Bulgy face, entry face; cis face; Forming face; Immature face (ER) Concave face; exit face; trans face; Secretary face; Mature face (plasma membrane)
- 13. 13 The proteins travelthrough the cisternae in sequence by means of transport vesicles that bud from one c isterna and fuse with the next.
- 14. 14 Fine structure ofGolgi apparatus Fine structure of Golgi apparatus trans Golgi network, TGN trans cisterna Medial cisterna cis cisterna cis Golgi network, CGN
- 15. 15 TGN: A tubule-vesicularcompartment found on t he trans side of the Golgi apparatus and involved i n sorting of transported proteins and lipids to thei r correct destinations including lysosomes, secreto ry vesicles and the plasma membrane. CGN: as a sorting station that distinguishes betwe en proteins to be shipped back to the ER and those that are allowed to proceed to next Golgi station.
- 16. 16 • Both thecis and trans network are thought to be i mportant for protein sorting: • Proteins entering the cis Golgi network can either move onward through the Golgi stack or, if they c ontain an ER retetion signal, be returned to the E R; • Proteins exiting the trans Golgi network are sorted according to whether they are destined for lysoso mes or for the cell surface.
- 17. 17 II. Chemical components •Proteins: 60% • Lipids: 40% (ER:61%; PM:40%)
- 18. 18 III. Functions • Secretion (Secretorygranules→exocytosis →secretion) • Modification • Sorting and transportation
- 19. 19 Secretary proteins Budding off *secretion Exocytosis rER membrane(Synthesis) rERlumen (Glycosylation) Transition vesicles (cytosol) Fusion Golgi apparatus cisterna Modificaton and concentration Transport vacuoles (cytosol) Further modification Secretary granules Plasma membrane Fusion Secretary proteins (extracellular) sER lumen
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- 21. 21 • The proteinsprocessed by the Golgi are gly coproteins (they have N-linked polysacchari ds attached to them). The oligosaccharids w ere added in the ER. • These carbohydrate groups are modified in the Golgi (removal and addition of carbohy drate). *Modification
- 22. 22 • Because theoligosaccharides are added on t he luminal side of the ER and Golgi, their di stribution is asymmetrical. • As a result, the oligosaccharides of all membrane-associa ted glycoproteins and lipoproteins face the lumen of intracellular membrane those of the plasma membrane (because of ex ocytosis) face the outside of the cell.
- 23. 23 Further modifications include: Furthermodifications include: • Glycosylation • Phosphorylation of lysosomal proteins • Hydrolysis of specific proteins
- 24. 24 • Glycosylation ofN-linked oligosaccharide occurs in the medial and trans cisternae. Glycosylation • Some of these proteins e nds up in secretory gran ules. • others end up in the plas ma membrane
- 25. 25 Protein processing withinthe Golgi involves t he modification and synthesis of the carbohyd rate portions of glycoproteins. One of the major aspects of this processing is the modification of the N-linked oligosacchari des that were added to proteins in the ER. Glycosylation
- 26. 26 Glycosylation O-linked glycosylation Modification ofN-linked oligosaccharides
- 27. 27 • O-linked glycosylation refersto the connection through the hydrox yl group of threonine, serine,or hydroxylysi ne (OH). • O-linked glycosylation begins in Golgi appa ratus.
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- 29. 29 Modification of N-linkedoligosaccharides N-linked oligosaccharicdes are processed in an ordere d sequences of reactions.
- 30. 30 Modification of N-linkedoligosaccharides
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- 32. 32 Phosphorylation of lysosomalproteins M6P
- 33. 33 Lysosomal enzyme Lysosomal enzyme Phosphorylated Phosphorylated lysosomal lysosomal enzyme enzyme Medial Medial cisterna cisterna Trans Trans cisterna cisterna TGN TGN Lysosome Lysosome Lateendosome Late endosome Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides Phosphate group Phosphate group Lysosomal protein Lysosomal protein Transport vesicle Transport vesicle ATP ADP P + H+ Cis Cis cisterna cisterna H+ Golgi complex Golgi complex M6P receptor(MPR) M6P receptor(MPR) Clathrin-coated Clathrin-coated pit pit
- 34. 34 Hydrolysis of specificprotein Converting enzyme active proinsulin insulin inactive
- 35. 35 III. Functions • Secretion •Modification • Sorting and transportation
- 36. 36 *Sorting and transportationof proteins Secretory proteins Secretory vesicles Exocytosis Lysosomal proteins Transport vesicles Lysosome Membrane proteins Transport vesicles Membrane
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- 38. 38 Lysosomal enzyme Lysosomal enzyme Phosphorylated Phosphorylated lysosomal lysosomal enzyme enzyme Medial Medial cisterna cisterna Trans Trans cisterna cisterna TGN TGN Lysosome Lysosome Lateendosome Late endosome Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides Phosphate group Phosphate group Lysosomal protein Lysosomal protein Transport vesicle Transport vesicle ATP ADP P + H+ Cis Cis cisterna cisterna H+ Golgi complex Golgi complex M6P receptor(MPR) M6P receptor(MPR) Clathrin-coated Clathrin-coated pit pit Sorting of lysosomal enzymes
- 39. 39 Sorting of lysosomal proteins Buddingoff Synthesis (rER membrane) Glycosylation (rER lumen) Phosphorylation(GC cisterna) M6P receptor P-lysosomal protein-M6P receptor Transport vesicles Endosome Acid sorting vesicles M6p receptor P-lysosomal protein Dephosphorylation Lysosomal protein (Lysosome) Fusion
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- 41. 41 Vesicle transport • COPII-coatedvesicles ： move m aterials from ER to Golgi apparat us. • COPI-coated vesicles: move mate rials from Golgi apparatus to ER. • Clathrin-coated vesicles: from TG N to lysosomes/ receptor mediat ed endocytosis.
- 42. 42 •Basic conformation: cisterna, smallvesicles, large vesicles. cis side and trans side. •Chemical components: proteins & lipids Summary-1
- 43. 43 • Functions: *secretion modification sorting and transportation Summary-2 *Glycosylation Phosphorylation hydrolysis Secretary proteins *Lysosomal proteins Membrane proteins
- 44. 44 Questions 1. What’s thebasic conformation of G.C.? 2. What’s the main chemical components in G.C.? 3. What’s the main functions of G.C.? 4. Describe briefly the secreting process of secretory proteins? （ Flow chart ） 5. Taking lysosomal protein as an example, explain the sorting function of G.C. （ Flow chart ）
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- 46. 46 There is anorganelle bounded by a single membrane and containing hydrolytic enzymes. The internal pH is acidic, below 5.0.
- 47. 47 contents • General characteristics •Biogenesis • Types • Functions
- 48. 48 proteases proteases nucleases nucleases glycosidases glycosidases lipases lipases AcidHydrolases Acid Hydrolases sulfatase sulfatase phospholipases phospholipases ATP H+ P + ADP 0.05~0.5μm I. General characteristics
- 49. 49 Lysosomal enzyme Lysosomal enzyme Phosphorylated Phosphorylated lysosomal lysosomal enzyme enzyme Medial Medial cisterna cisterna Trans Trans cisterna cisterna TGN TGN Lysosome Lysosome Lateendosome Late endosome Oligosaccharides Oligosaccharides Phosphate group Phosphate group Lysosomal protein Lysosomal protein Transport vesicle Transport vesicle ATP ADP P + H+ Cis Cis cisterna cisterna H+ Golgi complex Golgi complex M6P receptor(MPR) M6P receptor(MPR) Clathrin-coated Clathrin-coated pit pit II. Biogenesis of lysosomes
- 50. 50 Synthesis (rER membrane) Glycosylation(rER lumen) Phosphorylation(GC cisterna) M6P receptor P-lysosomal protein-M6P receptor Budding off Transport vesicles Endosome Acid sorting vesicles M6p receptor P-lysosomal protein Dephosphorylation Lysosomal protein (Lysosome) Fusion II. Biogenesis of lysosomes Lysosomal proteins
- 51. 51 • Endolysosome • Phagolysosome III.Types of lysosomes heterophagosome autophagosome
- 52. 52 III. Types oflysosomes 1. Endolysosome Transport vesicle + endosome Acid hydrolases
- 53. 53 2. Phagolysosome •Heterophagolysosome____ endolysome+heterophagosome ） •Autophagolysosome____ （ endolysome+autophagosme ） Endolysosome + phagocytic vacuole heterophagosome autophagosome Acid hydrolases, substrates, metabolic products
- 54. 54 Golgi apparatus endocytosis bacterium endosome ER mitochondrion endolysosome heterophagolysosome autophagolysosome lysosome transportvesicle plasma membrane heterophagosome autophagosome autophagy heterophagy The formation of autophagosome and heterophagosome
- 55. 55 heterophagosome The contents___ Foreign bodiescome from extracellular environment
- 56. 56 自噬泡 含有一个线粒体和 一个过氧化酶体。 自噬泡 自噬泡 含有一个线粒体和 含有一个线粒体和 一个过氧化酶体。 一个过氧化酶体。 The contents____old or damagedorganelles , or metabolites come from intra cellular environment. Autophagosome (a peroxisome & a mitochondrion) Autophagosome
- 57. 57 lV. Functions oflysosomes • Heterophagy refers to the digestion of materials exogenous to the cell. (also defensive function) • Autophagy refers to the digestion of cell components (endogenous). • Autolysis refers to the self-destruction of the whole cell. The acrosomal reaction
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- 62. 62 Lysosome and disease •Congenital lysosomal disease (enzyme abnormal ）
- 63. 63 Tay-Sachs disease • Enzymeof hexosamine Ganglioside
- 64. 64 Summary-1 •General characteristics: acid hydrolases,pH5.0 •Biogenesis: (process)
- 65. 65 Synthesis (rER membrane) Glycosylation(rER lumen) Phosphorylation(GC cisterna) M6P receptor P-lysosomal protein-M6P receptor Budding off Transport vesicles Endosome Acid sorting vesicles M6p receptor P-lysosomal protein Dephosphorylation Lysosomal protein (Lysosome) Fusion II. Biogenesis of lysosomes Lysosomal proteins
- 66. 66 Summary-2 • Types: endolysosome,phagolysosome; (main differences) heterophagolysosome, autophagolysosome; (main differences) • Functions: heterophagy, autophagy, autolysis
- 67. 67 Questions 1. Tell thebiogenesis of lysosomes （ flow chart ） . 2. What’s the main type of lysosome? And what’s t he main difference between these types? 3. What’s the main type of phagolysosome? And w hat’s the main difference between these types? 4. What’s the main function of lysosome?
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