In the party of Capulets, Romeo sees Juliet on the dancing floor and falls in love at first sight with her beauty, describing her as outshining all others in the room. Juliet is also taken by Romeo when she sees him, saying he is like a day come during the night and requesting the night to turn Romeo into stars when she dies. The two lovers express their newfound love for each other through poetic language.
The doctor was reminiscing about an encounter with a snake during his youth. One hot summer night, as he sat alone in his small rented room, a snake suddenly fell from the ceiling onto his shoulder. The doctor was paralyzed with fear as the snake coiled around his arm. However, the snake then turned towards a mirror in the room and seemed fascinated by its own reflection. Distracted, the snake unwound itself and slipped away. The doctor then fled the room and ran to a friend's house, where he washed himself, changed clothes and had others retrieve his belongings the next day. However, most of his possessions had been stolen, though his dirty vest was left behind as a final insult.
The document provides details from Vikram Seth's book about his visit to two temples in Kathmandu - the crowded and chaotic Pashupatinath Temple, and the quieter Baudhnath stupa. It describes the author's observations of the holy Bagmati river and various aspects of daily life in Kathmandu's busy streets, including a flute seller who plays meditatively without shouting. The summary focuses on key locations, observations, and experiences described in the passage.
Anton Chekhov was a renowned Russian author born in 1860. He is famous for his short stories and plays. The document provides biographical details about Chekhov, noting he studied medicine and became a physician in 1884, and lists some of his notable works which include short stories like The Lady with the Dog. It also summarizes the short story The Beggar, about an advocate who offers work to a drunken beggar, and the beggar's interaction with the advocate's cook which leads to his reforming from his drunken ways.
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the stories of two deaf musicians - Evelyn Glennie and Ustad Bismillah Khan. It describes how Evelyn Glennie pursued her passion for music despite losing her hearing at a young age. She trained intensely in percussion and went on to have a successful solo career. The presentation also outlines the life of Ustad Bismillah Khan, who was a renowned Shehnai player from the Benaras Gharana. He helped popularize the Shehnai instrument and received several prestigious awards over his musical career.
William Shakespeare's poem "All the World's a Stage" compares the stages of a man's life to the stages of a play. It describes seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, old age, and second childhood. In each stage, a man takes on different roles and experiences. The poem uses metaphors to represent the characteristics of each role, such as an infant "mewling and puking" and a soldier seeking "bubble reputation" on the battlefield. Overall, it portrays life as a performance on a stage, with men playing many parts from birth to death.
The poem describes a tiger confined to a small zoo cage that longs for the freedom of the wilderness. It would prefer to hide in tall grass and ambush deer, or terrorize nearby villages, rather than be trapped powerlessly on display for zoo visitors. The tiger paces its cage angrily, its true personality hidden, alone even at night when it hears patrol cars and gazes at the stars above, a stark contrast to the life it was meant to live. The poet aims to convey the sadness of animals kept only for human amusement in zoos.
This story explores the relationship between Ammu and her grandmother Muthassi during Ammu's summer vacation. It summarizes their daily activities like going for walks and chatting. It also shows Ammu's fixation with death stemming from her mother's death. The story highlights Muthassi as the matriarch of the family and depicts the class discrimination she observes through her treatment of visiting women. It concludes with Ammu returning home and expressing uncertainty about Muthassi's mortality.
The doctor was reminiscing about an encounter with a snake during his youth. One hot summer night, as he sat alone in his small rented room, a snake suddenly fell from the ceiling onto his shoulder. The doctor was paralyzed with fear as the snake coiled around his arm. However, the snake then turned towards a mirror in the room and seemed fascinated by its own reflection. Distracted, the snake unwound itself and slipped away. The doctor then fled the room and ran to a friend's house, where he washed himself, changed clothes and had others retrieve his belongings the next day. However, most of his possessions had been stolen, though his dirty vest was left behind as a final insult.
The document provides details from Vikram Seth's book about his visit to two temples in Kathmandu - the crowded and chaotic Pashupatinath Temple, and the quieter Baudhnath stupa. It describes the author's observations of the holy Bagmati river and various aspects of daily life in Kathmandu's busy streets, including a flute seller who plays meditatively without shouting. The summary focuses on key locations, observations, and experiences described in the passage.
Anton Chekhov was a renowned Russian author born in 1860. He is famous for his short stories and plays. The document provides biographical details about Chekhov, noting he studied medicine and became a physician in 1884, and lists some of his notable works which include short stories like The Lady with the Dog. It also summarizes the short story The Beggar, about an advocate who offers work to a drunken beggar, and the beggar's interaction with the advocate's cook which leads to his reforming from his drunken ways.
This PowerPoint presentation summarizes the stories of two deaf musicians - Evelyn Glennie and Ustad Bismillah Khan. It describes how Evelyn Glennie pursued her passion for music despite losing her hearing at a young age. She trained intensely in percussion and went on to have a successful solo career. The presentation also outlines the life of Ustad Bismillah Khan, who was a renowned Shehnai player from the Benaras Gharana. He helped popularize the Shehnai instrument and received several prestigious awards over his musical career.
William Shakespeare's poem "All the World's a Stage" compares the stages of a man's life to the stages of a play. It describes seven ages of man: infant, schoolboy, lover, soldier, justice, old age, and second childhood. In each stage, a man takes on different roles and experiences. The poem uses metaphors to represent the characteristics of each role, such as an infant "mewling and puking" and a soldier seeking "bubble reputation" on the battlefield. Overall, it portrays life as a performance on a stage, with men playing many parts from birth to death.
The poem describes a tiger confined to a small zoo cage that longs for the freedom of the wilderness. It would prefer to hide in tall grass and ambush deer, or terrorize nearby villages, rather than be trapped powerlessly on display for zoo visitors. The tiger paces its cage angrily, its true personality hidden, alone even at night when it hears patrol cars and gazes at the stars above, a stark contrast to the life it was meant to live. The poet aims to convey the sadness of animals kept only for human amusement in zoos.
This story explores the relationship between Ammu and her grandmother Muthassi during Ammu's summer vacation. It summarizes their daily activities like going for walks and chatting. It also shows Ammu's fixation with death stemming from her mother's death. The story highlights Muthassi as the matriarch of the family and depicts the class discrimination she observes through her treatment of visiting women. It concludes with Ammu returning home and expressing uncertainty about Muthassi's mortality.
English presentation on not marble nor the glided monumentsRubal Oborai
The document provides biographical information about William Shakespeare and analyzes his sonnet "Not Marble, Nor The Gilded Monuments". It discusses Shakespeare's life, career, and the structure of a typical sonnet. It then analyzes the 4 quatrains of the sonnet in detail, explaining how the poem asserts that Shakespeare's writing will outlive marble statues and monuments and honor the subject of the poem for eternity.
Subramania Bharathi was an Indian writer, journalist, and social reformer born in 1882 in Tamil Nadu. He was a prolific writer who began composing poems in Tamil at age 7 and was popular for his nationalistic poems and essays. Bharathi used simple words and rhythms in his Tamil works, unlike previous century works, and was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry. He was deeply interested in social reform and wrote on themes of facing challenges with courage and dealing with difficulties without fear.
The document is a summary of the poem "A Slumber did my Spirit Seal" by William Wordsworth. It discusses how the poet expresses his grief over the death of a loved one. It notes that in life one has fears but death removes all fears. It describes how in death the body loses motion and senses. The beloved has now become part of nature, adjusting to the routine of day and night, as do the rocks, stones and trees. While not explicitly named Lucy, the poem is often considered one of Wordsworth's Lucy poems based on its placement with other poems about Lucy in Lyrical Ballads.
The speaker encounters a fellow soldier who was killed in battle. Recognizing each other, they realize they are in hell. The soldier reflects on the futility of war, discussing how he had hopes and dreams before fighting that are now lost due to the senselessness of death in war. He acknowledges that revealing the truth about war's horrors is necessary.
Carolyn Wells was an American author and poet born in 1862 in New Jersey. She wrote poems, mysteries, children's literature, parodies, and other humorous pieces. The document also includes six poems by Wells providing humorous advice for distinguishing different wild animals such as lions, tigers, leopards, bears, crocodiles, and chameleons based on their physical characteristics and behaviors.
The document provides information about analytical writing and paragraphs. It defines analytical writing as descriptive writing based on data like charts, graphs or tables. It requires analyzing facts and drawing conclusions. The document then lists features of analytical paragraphs such as being brief but complete, stating facts, using simple language, and not including personal responses. It also outlines the typical elements of an analytical paragraph - introduction, body and conclusion. The document provides examples of useful phrases that can be used in introductions, for describing trends, quantities, relationships and conclusions. It emphasizes choosing important information, stating correct facts, and proper organization.
This document analyzes the literary devices used in Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken". It summarizes that the road is used as an extended metaphor for the choices people make in life. Nature is also used metaphorically, with the yellow wood representing autumn and the metaphor of making life decisions as one gets older. The poem employs devices like consonance, assonance, repetition, and an iambic rhythm. It contains four quintains with an AABBA rhyme scheme and analyzes the figures of speech, syntax, structure, and sounds used in the poem.
The document provides biographical information about the poet Gieve Patel. It notes that he was born in 1946 in Mumbai, India, and works as a poet, playwright, painter, and doctor. His poems often focus on the human body. The document then shares the poem "On Killing a Tree" by Gieve Patel. The poem describes how killing a tree is not a simple process, as a tree grows slowly over many years absorbing resources from the earth. It explains that to truly kill a tree, one must pull its roots out of the ground, exposing its sensitive root system and cutting it off from the earth, then allowing it to wither without resources.
Born- 1929 Died- 1993
Fluent in 5 languages- English, Kannada, Telugu, Sanskrit, Tamil
Awards- Sahitya Akademi for his collected poems
Themes- Indian culture, death, family
Held comprehensive knowledge of Indian Mythology
Influence of “Tamil Tradition”
Belief- True suffering, and sorrow brings out poetry
A quick journey through a famous poem by William Wordsworth. You can know more and learn easily about the poem. More easy to get close with the great poet of the Elizabethan Romantic Era.
The poem describes a parent nagging their daughter Amanda to sit up straight, finish her chores, and stop eating sweets. However, Amanda escapes into daydreams where she imagines herself as fantastical figures like a mermaid, orphan, and Rapunzel who are free from rules and responsibilities. The parent grows frustrated that Amanda seems sulky and moody, not realizing she is lost in her imaginative fantasies.
The poem discusses how beautiful things are a source of endless joy. A thing of beauty's loveliness never fades but instead keeps increasing. It provides a shelter for sweet dreams, good health, and relaxation. While the earth contains negativity, beautiful aspects of nature like the sun, moon, trees, and flowers lift our spirits. They are like an immortal fountain bestowed by God to inspire us.
The narrator finds an orphan bear cub and gifts it to his wife. She names it Bruno. Bruno grows up with them, eating various foods and drinks. Once Bruno eats rat poison but recovers after veterinary treatment. His name is changed to Baba as he grows. Baba is sent to a zoo but fretted without the narrator's wife. When she visits the zoo, Baba recognizes her. The superintendent allows Baba to return home with her, where he is happy in his new enclosure with the narrator's wife.
Here are some possible responses from the student:
- No, I can't say I've had any experiences that others found hard to believe. My life has generally followed a normal course of events.
- There was one time when I dreamed about an event before it happened, but it was just a coincidence and not really unbelievable.
- I once thought I saw a UFO in the sky late one night, but it was probably just a plane or something mundane. No one else was there to verify what I saw.
- As a kid, I remember having very vivid imaginary friends. Maybe that seemed unusual to others at the time. But I outgrew that phase as most children do.
The document summarizes the short story "The Last Lesson" by Alphonse Daudet. It describes how a French teacher, M. Hamel, gives his last lesson to his students in French, as the German occupation of Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian War requires lessons to now be taught in German. During the emotional final lesson, M. Hamel helps his students appreciate the French language and culture before he leaves. The story illustrates the human impact of war and language suppression.
The poem "My Mother at Sixty-Six" by Kamala Das describes the poet driving her mother to the airport. She notices her mother dozing in the passenger seat with a pale, ashen face like a corpse. This causes the poet pain. She diverts her attention to the lively scene outside of young trees sprinting and merry children playing. At the airport, the poet looks at her fading mother, comparing her to a late winter's moon. Though feeling childhood fears of separation, the poet smiles and says she will see her mother soon. The poem explores the complex relationship between mother and daughter as the mother ages.
Pre-Colonial and Spanish Colonial textmiadaryanmae
The document summarizes Philippine literature from pre-colonial to colonial periods. It discusses various pre-colonial literary forms like folk tales, epics, poems and chants that were passed down orally. It then provides examples of specific literary forms for different ethno-linguistic groups such as riddles for Cebuano (tigmo) and Tagalog (bugtong). The document also shares myths from different regions of the Philippines like the Ilocano myth of the gods and goddesses and the Ifugao myth of why the dead come back no more.
PART IComment on the significance of the following to the themes.docxherbertwilson5999
PART I
Comment on the significance of the following to the themes/major concerns/author world view in OF MICE AND MEN.
1. The title of MICE AND MEN- The title of the Steinbeck’s novel is inspired from a poem called “To a Mouse” by Robert Burns. In the mouse it is shown that a mouse built its nest in a wheat field which is later destroyed by farmers. There is a great relation between the poem and the Steinbeck’s novel. The characters in the Steinbeck’s novel are powerless and they can’t do much about their life. They are at the mercy of the fate. The characters Lennie and George are farm workers who dreams of having their own home and land but their dream is destroyed just like the mice in the poem that cannot do much about their nest being destroyed. Linney has a mouse is his bucket why ? the most is warm and soft , presents basic human needs . He kills them , cuz he can’t control his strength god gave him . the fad of mice and the fade of men are equal . got squash by a force stronger than itself
2. Slim drowning the puppies- The puppies here are innocent and yet they are drowned. The phrase is taken from Slim drowned four pups from a litter of nine. Since it was not possible for the mother to feed all the nine puppies, she these four puppies so that the rest five would survive. The situation was very harsh and the decision was not easy to make but still in order to save the life of five puppies, four puppies were drowned. Act of love in a horoic act just like the friendship act when Gorge killed linney . because he know he wouldn’t survive after killing Curley’s wife . He either will be sent to jail or killed and toutured by Curly. And gorge knows that he can’t live independtly . that’s why Slim understood Gorge when he kills Linney . He represents the figure of understanding
3. The name of Curley’s wife- In the novel Curley’s wife does not have a name. This might imply that she does have a identity of her own, she is not given due respect. She has a dream of her own but still she is considered nobody. She is known by her husband’s name. She dreams of becoming a movie star. She years for attention and reaches out to Lennie and be flirtatious with him. But she met a tragic end. She died without a name. Her neck was accidently broken by Lennie and she met an accidental death.
4. The water snake and the heron- There is a relationship of predator and a prey in between the heron and the snake. Snake being eaten by Heron reflects what happened to Curley’s wife. She was killed by Lennie. A snake appeared in the end and it was killed by heron’s at the water edge. Lennie comes to the pool in search of peace. It’s the paradise of George and Lennie. The place is not at peace now when Lennie has come here. George has stood by Lennie but he could not allow him to do bad things now. The snake being eaten by the heron foreshadows Lennie’s death with a predator eating the prey.
PART II
1. The Pool- It is described in the first paragraph. It is the plac.
English presentation on not marble nor the glided monumentsRubal Oborai
The document provides biographical information about William Shakespeare and analyzes his sonnet "Not Marble, Nor The Gilded Monuments". It discusses Shakespeare's life, career, and the structure of a typical sonnet. It then analyzes the 4 quatrains of the sonnet in detail, explaining how the poem asserts that Shakespeare's writing will outlive marble statues and monuments and honor the subject of the poem for eternity.
Subramania Bharathi was an Indian writer, journalist, and social reformer born in 1882 in Tamil Nadu. He was a prolific writer who began composing poems in Tamil at age 7 and was popular for his nationalistic poems and essays. Bharathi used simple words and rhythms in his Tamil works, unlike previous century works, and was a pioneer of modern Tamil poetry. He was deeply interested in social reform and wrote on themes of facing challenges with courage and dealing with difficulties without fear.
The document is a summary of the poem "A Slumber did my Spirit Seal" by William Wordsworth. It discusses how the poet expresses his grief over the death of a loved one. It notes that in life one has fears but death removes all fears. It describes how in death the body loses motion and senses. The beloved has now become part of nature, adjusting to the routine of day and night, as do the rocks, stones and trees. While not explicitly named Lucy, the poem is often considered one of Wordsworth's Lucy poems based on its placement with other poems about Lucy in Lyrical Ballads.
The speaker encounters a fellow soldier who was killed in battle. Recognizing each other, they realize they are in hell. The soldier reflects on the futility of war, discussing how he had hopes and dreams before fighting that are now lost due to the senselessness of death in war. He acknowledges that revealing the truth about war's horrors is necessary.
Carolyn Wells was an American author and poet born in 1862 in New Jersey. She wrote poems, mysteries, children's literature, parodies, and other humorous pieces. The document also includes six poems by Wells providing humorous advice for distinguishing different wild animals such as lions, tigers, leopards, bears, crocodiles, and chameleons based on their physical characteristics and behaviors.
The document provides information about analytical writing and paragraphs. It defines analytical writing as descriptive writing based on data like charts, graphs or tables. It requires analyzing facts and drawing conclusions. The document then lists features of analytical paragraphs such as being brief but complete, stating facts, using simple language, and not including personal responses. It also outlines the typical elements of an analytical paragraph - introduction, body and conclusion. The document provides examples of useful phrases that can be used in introductions, for describing trends, quantities, relationships and conclusions. It emphasizes choosing important information, stating correct facts, and proper organization.
This document analyzes the literary devices used in Robert Frost's poem "The Road Not Taken". It summarizes that the road is used as an extended metaphor for the choices people make in life. Nature is also used metaphorically, with the yellow wood representing autumn and the metaphor of making life decisions as one gets older. The poem employs devices like consonance, assonance, repetition, and an iambic rhythm. It contains four quintains with an AABBA rhyme scheme and analyzes the figures of speech, syntax, structure, and sounds used in the poem.
The document provides biographical information about the poet Gieve Patel. It notes that he was born in 1946 in Mumbai, India, and works as a poet, playwright, painter, and doctor. His poems often focus on the human body. The document then shares the poem "On Killing a Tree" by Gieve Patel. The poem describes how killing a tree is not a simple process, as a tree grows slowly over many years absorbing resources from the earth. It explains that to truly kill a tree, one must pull its roots out of the ground, exposing its sensitive root system and cutting it off from the earth, then allowing it to wither without resources.
Born- 1929 Died- 1993
Fluent in 5 languages- English, Kannada, Telugu, Sanskrit, Tamil
Awards- Sahitya Akademi for his collected poems
Themes- Indian culture, death, family
Held comprehensive knowledge of Indian Mythology
Influence of “Tamil Tradition”
Belief- True suffering, and sorrow brings out poetry
A quick journey through a famous poem by William Wordsworth. You can know more and learn easily about the poem. More easy to get close with the great poet of the Elizabethan Romantic Era.
The poem describes a parent nagging their daughter Amanda to sit up straight, finish her chores, and stop eating sweets. However, Amanda escapes into daydreams where she imagines herself as fantastical figures like a mermaid, orphan, and Rapunzel who are free from rules and responsibilities. The parent grows frustrated that Amanda seems sulky and moody, not realizing she is lost in her imaginative fantasies.
The poem discusses how beautiful things are a source of endless joy. A thing of beauty's loveliness never fades but instead keeps increasing. It provides a shelter for sweet dreams, good health, and relaxation. While the earth contains negativity, beautiful aspects of nature like the sun, moon, trees, and flowers lift our spirits. They are like an immortal fountain bestowed by God to inspire us.
The narrator finds an orphan bear cub and gifts it to his wife. She names it Bruno. Bruno grows up with them, eating various foods and drinks. Once Bruno eats rat poison but recovers after veterinary treatment. His name is changed to Baba as he grows. Baba is sent to a zoo but fretted without the narrator's wife. When she visits the zoo, Baba recognizes her. The superintendent allows Baba to return home with her, where he is happy in his new enclosure with the narrator's wife.
Here are some possible responses from the student:
- No, I can't say I've had any experiences that others found hard to believe. My life has generally followed a normal course of events.
- There was one time when I dreamed about an event before it happened, but it was just a coincidence and not really unbelievable.
- I once thought I saw a UFO in the sky late one night, but it was probably just a plane or something mundane. No one else was there to verify what I saw.
- As a kid, I remember having very vivid imaginary friends. Maybe that seemed unusual to others at the time. But I outgrew that phase as most children do.
The document summarizes the short story "The Last Lesson" by Alphonse Daudet. It describes how a French teacher, M. Hamel, gives his last lesson to his students in French, as the German occupation of Alsace-Lorraine after the Franco-Prussian War requires lessons to now be taught in German. During the emotional final lesson, M. Hamel helps his students appreciate the French language and culture before he leaves. The story illustrates the human impact of war and language suppression.
The poem "My Mother at Sixty-Six" by Kamala Das describes the poet driving her mother to the airport. She notices her mother dozing in the passenger seat with a pale, ashen face like a corpse. This causes the poet pain. She diverts her attention to the lively scene outside of young trees sprinting and merry children playing. At the airport, the poet looks at her fading mother, comparing her to a late winter's moon. Though feeling childhood fears of separation, the poet smiles and says she will see her mother soon. The poem explores the complex relationship between mother and daughter as the mother ages.
Pre-Colonial and Spanish Colonial textmiadaryanmae
The document summarizes Philippine literature from pre-colonial to colonial periods. It discusses various pre-colonial literary forms like folk tales, epics, poems and chants that were passed down orally. It then provides examples of specific literary forms for different ethno-linguistic groups such as riddles for Cebuano (tigmo) and Tagalog (bugtong). The document also shares myths from different regions of the Philippines like the Ilocano myth of the gods and goddesses and the Ifugao myth of why the dead come back no more.
PART IComment on the significance of the following to the themes.docxherbertwilson5999
PART I
Comment on the significance of the following to the themes/major concerns/author world view in OF MICE AND MEN.
1. The title of MICE AND MEN- The title of the Steinbeck’s novel is inspired from a poem called “To a Mouse” by Robert Burns. In the mouse it is shown that a mouse built its nest in a wheat field which is later destroyed by farmers. There is a great relation between the poem and the Steinbeck’s novel. The characters in the Steinbeck’s novel are powerless and they can’t do much about their life. They are at the mercy of the fate. The characters Lennie and George are farm workers who dreams of having their own home and land but their dream is destroyed just like the mice in the poem that cannot do much about their nest being destroyed. Linney has a mouse is his bucket why ? the most is warm and soft , presents basic human needs . He kills them , cuz he can’t control his strength god gave him . the fad of mice and the fade of men are equal . got squash by a force stronger than itself
2. Slim drowning the puppies- The puppies here are innocent and yet they are drowned. The phrase is taken from Slim drowned four pups from a litter of nine. Since it was not possible for the mother to feed all the nine puppies, she these four puppies so that the rest five would survive. The situation was very harsh and the decision was not easy to make but still in order to save the life of five puppies, four puppies were drowned. Act of love in a horoic act just like the friendship act when Gorge killed linney . because he know he wouldn’t survive after killing Curley’s wife . He either will be sent to jail or killed and toutured by Curly. And gorge knows that he can’t live independtly . that’s why Slim understood Gorge when he kills Linney . He represents the figure of understanding
3. The name of Curley’s wife- In the novel Curley’s wife does not have a name. This might imply that she does have a identity of her own, she is not given due respect. She has a dream of her own but still she is considered nobody. She is known by her husband’s name. She dreams of becoming a movie star. She years for attention and reaches out to Lennie and be flirtatious with him. But she met a tragic end. She died without a name. Her neck was accidently broken by Lennie and she met an accidental death.
4. The water snake and the heron- There is a relationship of predator and a prey in between the heron and the snake. Snake being eaten by Heron reflects what happened to Curley’s wife. She was killed by Lennie. A snake appeared in the end and it was killed by heron’s at the water edge. Lennie comes to the pool in search of peace. It’s the paradise of George and Lennie. The place is not at peace now when Lennie has come here. George has stood by Lennie but he could not allow him to do bad things now. The snake being eaten by the heron foreshadows Lennie’s death with a predator eating the prey.
PART II
1. The Pool- It is described in the first paragraph. It is the plac.
K.p. (english for communication skills and pleasure ii)pascenglishdept
Here are the passive voice forms of the sentences:
1. The cow is fed by Ramu every morning.
2. A party is being given by them in her honour.
3. Both the flasks have been kept by him.
4. Gandhiji was assassinated by Godse.
5. The building was being repaired by them last night.
6. It had been abandoned by the people as useless.
The document contains summaries of multiple short stories and articles:
1. The first story is about a Frenchman who is wrongly arrested after being asked by some men to ask a woman the time of the Bordeaux Diligence stagecoach. He is imprisoned and mistreated for years before getting an explanation from the woman.
2. The second summary describes the short story "The Eyes Have It" about a blind narrator on a train who has a conversation with a girl who he does not realize is also blind.
3. The third summary is about the short story "One Summer Night" where a man named Henry Armstrong is accidentally buried alive and dug up by two medical students looking for a cadaver, only
The graphic novel depicts the story of Rosa Parks and her fight against segregation in the 1950s. It describes the Montgomery bus boycott and the suffering Parks and her family endured, but ends on a happy note of Parks marching with Martin Luther King Jr.
The book is recommended for teaching about the history of black suffrage and courageous people who fought for equality. It could also be used to demonstrate different book styles and formats.
The key points are:
1. Mr. Fogg and Paspartout had to take a train from Bombay to Calcutta after their ship arrived earlier than expected.
2. A detective named Mr. Fix, who thought Mr. Fogg was a robber, was trying to get a warrant from London to arrest him.
3. Paspartout got in trouble after entering a temple where foreigners were not allowed; Mr. Fix planned to use this to have them arrested without a warrant.
4. Their train from Bombay stopped in Kholby due to a break in the railway, so they hired a guide with an elephant to take them to Allahabad.
The document provides information about the Ilocos region and the ethnic groups found within it, including the Ibaloy, Isneg, and Ifugao people. It discusses their social classes, beliefs, and literary contributions such as epics, folktales, and oral traditions. Several festivals celebrated in Ilocos are also mentioned. Characteristics of Ilocanos and their cultural practices involving marriage traditions, death rituals, and family structure are outlined. Notable people from Ilocos like Juan Luna, Carlos Bulosan, and Elpidio Quirino are listed along with their achievements. Examples of Ilocano folk songs, words, and proverbs are provided. Details are given about prominent Iloc
This document discusses various forms and genres of literature from different cultures and time periods. It begins by outlining reasons for studying world literature such as gaining cultural literacy, seeing common human themes across cultures, and being entertained by original stories that have been adapted over time. It then defines different forms such as fiction, non-fiction, poetry, drama and provides examples. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of different types of literature from around the world and through history.
The document discusses various genres and forms of literature including fiction, nonfiction, poetry, drama, short stories, novels, myths, plays, legends, fables, anecdotes and their key characteristics. It provides examples for different types of poetry such as ballads, sonnets, odes, idyls and elegies. It also discusses elements of fiction such as characters, plot, setting, point of view and structure/style. Drama is defined as literature performed by actors on stage.
- The document discusses the life and works of several Indian authors, including Kamla Das, Anees Jung, and others who wrote about the struggles of women and marginalized groups in India.
- It describes stories that highlight issues like poverty, child labor, caste discrimination, and the difficulties faced by rag pickers, bangle makers, and aging mothers.
- The works convey themes of socio-economic injustice, oppression, and bring attention to the lives and hardships of people living in difficult circumstances.
Spanish colonial texts and Pre-colonial texts CompilationLouela Maglasang
This document provides summaries of pre-colonial literary texts from various Philippine ethnic groups. It describes forms of traditional narratives, poems, and epics that showcase supernatural events and heroes. Two example epics are provided: Biag ni Lam-ang of the Ilocanos, which tells of the prodigious hero Lam-ang, and The Agyu of the Manobos, a three-part epic about a hero leading his people to a promised land. The document also includes examples of traditional poems and summaries of ethnic myths from the Iloko and Ibanag peoples involving gods and supernatural events.
The Night of the Scorpion Presented by Shaila IslamMonir Hossen
Nissim Ezekiel was an influential Indian Jewish poet who wrote in English. This biography summarizes his life and work. He was born in 1924 in Mumbai and published his first book of poems in 1952. Ezekiel helped establish Indian English poetry with his modernist style that incorporated both spiritual and mundane themes. He received several honors for his poetry which was praised for its subtlety and realistic portrayal of everyday life in India. Ezekiel was one of the most notable Indian English poets of the 20th century.
The story describes a peddler who sells rattraps and lives a lonely life. He believes the world is like a rattrap that ensnares people. One night, he stays with a kind old farmer who shares food and plays cards. The farmer shows the peddler the money from selling milk, leaving it in view. The next day, tempted, the peddler returns and steals the money. Lost in the woods, feeling trapped, he hears the sounds of a nearby iron mill. Taken in by the mill owner, who recognizes him as an old comrade, and persuaded by the owner's kind daughter, the peddler's bitter view of the world begins to change.
The passage provides a detailed summary of Khushwant Singh's short story "The Portrait of a Lady". It describes the author's close relationship with his grandmother during his childhood, the changes that occurred when the family moved to the city, and his grandmother's declining health and eventual death. The summary highlights key details about the grandmother's appearance and daily routines, the impact of the family's relocation, and the grandmother's peaceful passing surrounded by sparrows who mourned her death.
The document contains summaries of multiple short stories:
1) "Dead Stars" discusses a man named Alfredo who believed there was love between him and Julia but it was never real, similar to stars whose light has died but can still be seen from Earth.
2) "Sunset" describes the physical features of a man and woman and discusses how in the story the man pays taxes related to marriage, following a Filipino tradition.
3) For "A Clean Well-Lighted Place" the document discusses ideas about life being short and perceptions of the story as presenting situations but not exploring characters' motivations fully.
4) The remaining summaries discuss settings, plots, songs, and characters from
1) A couple finds an old man with enormous wings stuck in the mud on their property after a heavy rain.
2) They keep him locked in their chicken coop, and when their baby recovers from illness, they decide to set him free.
3) However, word spreads and people flock to their home to see the "angel", paying to view him. The couple profits greatly by charging admission.
1) A couple finds an old man with enormous wings stuck in the mud on their property after a heavy rain.
2) They keep him locked in their chicken coop, and when their baby recovers from illness, they decide to set him free.
3) However, word spreads and people flock to their home to see the "angel", paying to view him. The couple profits greatly by charging admission.
II PUC Reduced syllabus(NCERT ADOPTED SUBJECTS).pdfstudy material
The document provides a list of rationalized content that has been dropped from textbooks for Class XII in various subjects. Some of the major topics that have been dropped include chapters on reproduction in biology, polymers and chemistry in everyday life in chemistry, resonance and eddy currents in physics, and non-competitive markets and open economy macroeconomics in economics. Multiple examples, questions, and summaries have also been removed from chapters across mathematics, physics, chemistry, and other subjects.
Organic_Chemistry_Named_Reaction_inDetail_by_Meritnation.pdfstudy material
This document provides information on various organic chemistry reactions including:
1. Sandmeyer and Gatterman reactions which introduce halides into benzene rings using diazonium salts.
2. Finkelstein, Swarts, and Wurtz reactions which involve halogen exchange or formation of hydrocarbons.
3. Friedel-Crafts reactions which alkylate or acylate benzene rings using alkyl/acyl halides and Lewis acids.
This document provides a 20 question multiple choice quiz on solid state chemistry and solutions. It begins with a 10 question quiz on topics related to solids including crystal structure, unit cells, defects in solids, and properties of materials. This is followed by a 10 question quiz on solutions that covers topics like colligative properties, Raoult's law, and concentration units. It also includes 3 fill in the blank questions testing terminology related to solutions. The document provides the answer key for both quizzes and sources contact information to provide additional support to students.
This document provides one mark and two mark questions about alcohols, phenols, and ethers. It includes questions testing the ability to name compounds, write structures, and explain reactions. Key reactions covered are the reduction of aldehydes to primary alcohols, hydroboration-oxidation reaction, dehydration of alcohols to alkenes, and the acidic properties of phenol. Multi-step mechanisms like the dehydration of ethanol to ethane are also explained.
This document contains instructions and questions for a Physics preparatory exam being administered in Karnataka, India. It is divided into 6 parts (A-F) covering multiple choice, short answer, and long answer questions. The exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and has a maximum score of 70 marks. Instructions specify that all parts are compulsory, Part A questions must be answered in the first two pages, and diagrams are required for full marks on some answers. Questions cover topics in Physics including electromagnetism, optics, nuclear physics, and semiconductors.
The document discusses electromagnetic waves and their properties. It explains that Maxwell concluded that changing electric fields can produce magnetic fields, and that electric and magnetic fields propagate as transverse waves called electromagnetic waves. These waves travel at the speed of light. Experiments by Hertz and Bose produced small frequency electromagnetic waves, while Marconi successfully transmitted EM waves over long distances. The document also outlines Maxwell's equations and provides information on the electromagnetic spectrum and applications of different electromagnetic waves.
1) Alternating current (AC) is a current whose magnitude and direction changes continuously with time in contrast to direct current (DC) which remains constant. AC is generated by electric generators while DC comes from batteries.
2) In AC circuits, the voltage and current can be represented as rotating vectors called phasors where the length of the vector indicates magnitude and the angle between vectors represents the phase difference.
3) In a purely resistive AC circuit, the current and voltage phasors are in phase meaning they reach their maximum, minimum, and zero values at the same time. In an inductive circuit, the current phasor lags the voltage phasor by 90 degrees while in a capacitive circuit the current phasor leads
1. Electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon by which a changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (emf) in a conductor. Experiments by Michael Faraday and Joseph Henry in the 1830s demonstrated this effect and established its laws.
2. Faraday's experiments showed that a changing magnetic flux induces a current in a coil. He placed coils inside changing magnetic fields from moving magnets and observed induced currents.
3. Lenz's law defines the direction of induced current: the current flows such that its magnetic field opposes the change that caused it. This ensures the conservation of energy.
1. Magnetism is the property of attracting iron and steel. Magnets can be natural or artificial. Natural magnets form in rocks containing iron ore, while artificial magnets are human-made from materials like iron.
2. The simplest type of magnet is a bar magnet, which is rectangular in shape and has magnetic poles at each end. Bar magnets have magnetic field lines that form closed loops and attract or repel other magnets depending on whether the poles are opposite or same.
3. The Earth itself acts as a giant bar magnet due to electrical currents in its outer core. The Earth has a north and south magnetic pole that do not align with its geographic poles. The magnetic field at any
1. Hans Christian Oersted discovered that electric currents produce magnetic fields. He observed that a current-carrying wire deflected a nearby compass needle. This showed that moving electric charges create magnetic fields.
2. The direction of the magnetic field produced by a current can be determined using the right-hand rule. The force on a moving charge in a magnetic field depends on the charge, velocity, field strength, and their relative directions, as described by the Lorentz force law.
3. Magnetic fields can cause moving charges to travel in circular paths. The radius of the path is determined by the charge, velocity, and magnetic field strength. This explains phenomena like the bending of electron beams in cathode ray tubes
1. The document discusses electric current and resistance. It defines current as the rate of flow of electric charge and explains that current can be direct or alternating.
2. It describes how current flows in different materials, with free electrons causing current in metals. It introduces concepts like current density, drift velocity, and mobility.
3. Ohm's law is explained, which relates current, voltage, and resistance. The factors that determine a conductor's resistance are described.
1. The document discusses electrostatic potential and capacitance. It defines electrostatic potential energy as the work done by an external force in bringing a charge from infinity to a point in an electric field.
2. The potential due to a point charge is directly proportional to the charge and inversely proportional to the distance from the point charge. The potential due to an electric dipole depends on the cosine of the angle between the position vector and the dipole axis.
3. Equipotential surfaces represent points in space with the same electric potential. Electric field lines are perpendicular to equipotential surfaces. Potential decreases in the direction of increasing electric field strength.
Optics is the study of light and its interactions with matter. There are two main branches of optics: geometrical optics and physical optics. Geometrical optics considers light as rays and explains phenomena like reflection and refraction using laws of reflection. Physical optics considers light as electromagnetic waves and explains phenomena like interference and diffraction. Spherical mirrors come in two types - concave and convex. Concave mirrors form real, inverted images while convex mirrors form virtual, upright images. The mirror equation relates the object and image distances to the focal length.
1. Electric charges and fields deals with forces, fields, and potentials arising from static electric charges. An electric charge is a fundamental property of matter that experiences an attractive or repulsive force. There are two types of charges: positive and negative.
2. Objects can be charged through friction, contact, or induction. Conductors allow electric charges to move through them, while insulators do not.
3. An electric dipole consists of two equal and opposite charges separated by a distance. It has a net electric field even though its total charge is zero. The electric field due to a dipole depends on distance and orientation relative to the dipole.
The document provides information on data structures. It defines data structures as how data is organized and stored to allow for efficient operations. Primitive data structures include basic data types like integers while non-primitive structures are derived from primitives, including arrays, lists, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees and graphs. Linear structures like stacks and queues have elements in sequence while non-linear structures like trees and graphs have hierarchical relationships. Common operations on data structures are traversing, inserting, deleting, searching and sorting. Arrays are introduced as ordered collections of homogeneous elements accessed via indices. One-dimensional arrays are described along with operations like traversal, insertion, deletion and linear/binary search.
The document discusses various SQL commands and concepts. It begins by defining SQL and explaining its purpose and architecture. It then covers the different types of SQL commands - DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL. Specific commands like CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE are discussed along with their uses. Data types like NUMBER, CHAR, VARCHAR, DATE and LONG are also explained. The document provides examples of creating a table and altering it using SQL statements.
chapter-16-internet-and-open-source-concepts.pdfstudy material
Internet and open source concepts are discussed in the document. Open source software refers to software whose source code is available and can be modified without limitations. There are different types of open source software like free software, open source software, and FLOSS. E-commerce involves the trade of goods and services over the internet and comes in different forms like B2B, B2C, C2B, and C2C. The internet relies on concepts like web browsers, web servers, URLs, and domain names to function. Intellectual property rights (IPR) govern copyrights, patents, and trademarks for products online.
The document provides an overview of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) and web design. It discusses HTML tags and elements used to structure web pages, such as headings, paragraphs, images, hyperlinks, lists and tables. It also covers HTML forms, frames, the differences between HTML and XML, dynamic HTML (DHTML), and web hosting options. Scripting languages are introduced, including client-side languages like JavaScript and server-side languages like PHP that enable dynamic web page functionality.
The document contains questions and answers related to computer fundamentals. It covers topics like typical computer configuration, logic gates, data structures, classes and objects. Some key points covered are:
- The motherboard connects all computer components and the microprocessor, also called CPU, is installed on the motherboard.
- The three basic logic gates are NOT, AND and OR. NAND and NOR are universal gates that can be used to construct other gates.
- Data structures organize data for efficient operations and include primitive, non-primitive, linear and non-linear structures like arrays, stacks, queues and linked lists.
- A class defines common properties and behaviors of objects through data members and member functions.
PPT on Direct Seeded Rice presented at the three-day 'Training and Validation Workshop on Modules of Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) Technologies in South Asia' workshop on April 22, 2024.
(June 12, 2024) Webinar: Development of PET theranostics targeting the molecu...Scintica Instrumentation
Targeting Hsp90 and its pathogen Orthologs with Tethered Inhibitors as a Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategy for cancer and infectious diseases with Dr. Timothy Haystead.
The cost of acquiring information by natural selectionCarl Bergstrom
This is a short talk that I gave at the Banff International Research Station workshop on Modeling and Theory in Population Biology. The idea is to try to understand how the burden of natural selection relates to the amount of information that selection puts into the genome.
It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
The debris of the ‘last major merger’ is dynamically youngSérgio Sacani
The Milky Way’s (MW) inner stellar halo contains an [Fe/H]-rich component with highly eccentric orbits, often referred to as the
‘last major merger.’ Hypotheses for the origin of this component include Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus (GSE), where the progenitor
collided with the MW proto-disc 8–11 Gyr ago, and the Virgo Radial Merger (VRM), where the progenitor collided with the
MW disc within the last 3 Gyr. These two scenarios make different predictions about observable structure in local phase space,
because the morphology of debris depends on how long it has had to phase mix. The recently identified phase-space folds in Gaia
DR3 have positive caustic velocities, making them fundamentally different than the phase-mixed chevrons found in simulations
at late times. Roughly 20 per cent of the stars in the prograde local stellar halo are associated with the observed caustics. Based
on a simple phase-mixing model, the observed number of caustics are consistent with a merger that occurred 1–2 Gyr ago.
We also compare the observed phase-space distribution to FIRE-2 Latte simulations of GSE-like mergers, using a quantitative
measurement of phase mixing (2D causticality). The observed local phase-space distribution best matches the simulated data
1–2 Gyr after collision, and certainly not later than 3 Gyr. This is further evidence that the progenitor of the ‘last major merger’
did not collide with the MW proto-disc at early times, as is thought for the GSE, but instead collided with the MW disc within
the last few Gyr, consistent with the body of work surrounding the VRM.
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
ESA/ACT Science Coffee: Diego Blas - Gravitational wave detection with orbita...Advanced-Concepts-Team
Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.
1. 1.ROMEO AND JULIET
-William Shakespeare
“Romeo and Juliet” is one of the famous dramas of William Shakespeare.
The story is about two lovers who belonged to two rival families. Juliet was
a Capulet and Romeo was a Montague. In these selected lines from the
dream the two lovers express their implicit feelings for each other.
SUMMARY:
In the party of Capulets, Romeo sees Juliet on the dancing floor. He is
awestruck after seeing such a beautiful girl. Romeo feels that he had seen
true beauty only that night and instantly he has starts to love her. It is love
at first sight. He feels that real love has taken birth in his heart after seeing
Juliet.
Romeo describes the beauty of Juliet saying that because of her
beauty the torches in the hall are burning more brightly. She is like a
jeweled sparkling earring hanging against the dark skin of an African lady.
She is so beautiful that her beauty should be kept intact. It is impossible to
be so beautiful. Juliet‟s beauty is a heavenly beauty and her beauty is too
great for the earth. She appears like a beautiful white dove in the middle of
the flock of black crows. In this way she outshines the other ladies.
So Romeo decides that after the dance, he will go to her and touch her
hand and this touch will make his rough and ugly hand blessed.
Juliet:
Juliet is waiting for Romeo. She says that he is like a day that has
come during the night. He is whiter than snow on the black wings of a
raven. She implores the loving, dark night to come and give her, her
Romeo. Juliet requests the night saying that when she dies, to turn Romeo
into stars and form a constellation in his image. His face will make the sky
so beautiful that the world will fall in love with the night and forget about
the bright sun.
2. 2.TOO DEAR
-Leo Tolstoy
Summary of “Too Dear” :
Monaco was very small country near the borders of France and
Italy. The population of this country was 7000 people. It had an army in
which 60 soldiers were there. The people were peace loving.
All was well in this country until a man committed a murder. The
king had never dealt with a murderer before. Therefore the case was taken
very seriously by the judges and the king. Finally the murderer was given
death sentence. To cut off his head a machine and a man was needed. As
Monaco had no Guillotine and executioner. The king asked the Government
of France to give them these things. French authorities said the cost would
be 16000 francs. The king thought that he would have to put new taxes on
the people, and the people will be angry. So the king requested the
Government of Italy, who told that the cost would be 12000 francs. The
king didn‟t agree to this offer also. Therefore the king and the judges
changed the death sentence of the criminal to life imprisonment.
The murderer was sent to a jail and a guard was appointed to
look after him. After a year the expenses had come to 600 francs. To lessen
the expenses the guard was dismissed, even at the risk of escape of the
prisoner. However the prisoner didn‟t try to escape and continued to eat the
food provided by the Government.
The minister of justice asked him why he didn‟t escape. The
criminal replied that he had no place to go, because his reputation is ruined.
Therefore the ministers thought that the only way to get rid of him was to
give him a pension. The king agreed to give him 600 francs a year as
pension. The prisoner agreed to this and left Monaco to live in another
country.
3. 3.ON DHILDREN
-Khalil Gibran
Khalil Gibran was a Lebanese metaphysical poet and philosopher.
“On children” is a thoughtful poem with deep spiritual meaning. It is taken
from his collection of poems named “The Prophet”. It is a book of 26
poetic essays written in English by Khalil Gibran. It was published in 1923.
It is Gibran‟s best known work.
The prophet begins with a man named AI Mustafa living on an
island called Orphalese. Locals consider him something of a sage, but he is
from elsewhere, and has awaited twelve years for the right ship to take him
home. From a hill above the town he sees his ship coming into the harbor
and realizes his sadness at leaving the people he has come to know. He is
asked to tell his philosophy of life before he goes to the crowds gathered.
What he has to say forms the basis of the book.
Summary “On Children”:
A nursing mother asks AL Mustafa about children, and he declares
that a couple‟s children are not their own, but life‟s longing for itself,
coming through but not from them. Parents may give children their love but
not their thoughts because they have thoughts of their own.
Parents can provide shelter to the bodies of their children but not to
their souls because children‟s souls live in the house of tomorrow where the
parents cannot visit even in their dreams. Parents must not seek to make
their children like themselves, because life doesn‟t go backward. Children
are living arrows sent forth swiftly and far into the infinite by the Archer.
The Archer loves the bow as well as the arrows.
4. 4.EVERYTHING I NEED TO KNOW,
I LEARNT FROM THE FOREST
-Vandana Shiva
1. Vandana Shiva is an Internationally famous activist for Biodiversity and
a fighteragainst corporate Globalization.
2. Her father was a forest conservatorin the Himalayan region and her
mother had become a farmer. Vandana got the knowledge about Ecology in
the forests of Himalayas.
3. In the 1970‟s Peasant women started the “Chipko Movement” in the
Garhwal region of Himalayas. In 1973 when she visited her Favorite forest
she observed that the forests had disappeared. She decided to become a
volunteer for the “Chipko Movement”.
4. In 1977 in the Himalayan village of Adwani a women named Bachni
Devi along with other women opposed her husband who had obtained a
contract to cut the trees.
5. From the Chipko movement Vandana Shiva learnt about bio diversity
and bio Diversity based living economies. She wanted to protect both.
6. In 1994 she started “Navadhanya Farm” in the Doon Valley in the
Himalayas to protect Bio Diversity and carry on organic farming.
7. In 2011 United Nations General Assembly organized a conference on
harmony with nature as a part of the Earth Day Celebrations.
8. She quotes Cormac Cullinan who advocated to overcome the Eco
Aparthied which is based on separateness of Humans from Nature, in our
minds and Lives.
5. 9. The Eco Aparthied was started with the idea that Earth is a dead
matterand should be used to facilitate Industrial Revolution. Terra Nullius
(The Empty Land) replaced Terra Madre (Mother Earth).
10. Influenced by the ideas of Robindranath Tagore in his Essay “Tapovan”
(Forest Purity) Vandan Shiva Started the Earth University in her Farm in
Navadhanya.
11. According to her the forests teaches us union and compassion. It also
teaches us the principle of equity, that is how to enjoy gifts of nature
without exploitation and accumulation.
12. Therefore we must try to end consumerism and accumulation which
heralds the beginning of joy of li
6. 5. A SUNNY MORNING
- Serafin and Joaquin Alvarez Quinter
SUMMARY:
„A sunny morning‟ is a new romantic one act comedy of Madrid.
The play begins on a sunny morning in a park in Madrid. An old woman
Dona Laura of 70 years is sitting on a bench feeding the pigeons with bread
crumbs. Don Gonzalo, a gentleman of seventy enters with his servant
Juanito and feels irritated not to find a vacant bench. The bench on which
he usually sat is occupied by three priests. Therefore Gonzalo sits on the
same bench on which Dona Laura is sitting.
The conversation between the two 70 years olds begins
sarcastically with each accusing the other of occupying on their private
space. Don Gonzalo calls Laura, a senile old lady. She says that he is an ill-
natured old man. But after a few moments of disagreement, both of them
have a pinch of snuff and become friendly and start talking in a friendly
manner.
Gonzalo says that he is from Valencia and to his surprise Laura says
that she is from Maricela. Both of them realize that they are the two lost
lovers. But they pretend not to reveal their identities. Laura and Gonzalo
device stories of their own death. The play ends with both of them
promising to meet the next day.
7. 6. WHEN YOU ARE OLD
-W. B. Yeats
SUMMARY:
„When You Are Old‟ is a beautiful love Poem of W. B. Yeats. The
poet as a lover imagines how his lady love in the future will appear.
Addressing his young beloved the poet says that he is writing this love
poem when she is still young, but she should read this when she is an old
woman. He tells her that a time will come in her life when she would be
sitting in front of the fire in a sleepy mood. At that time she should open the
book of his poems and read them slowly. While reading the book she
should dream of her beautiful eyes. She should further remember many
lovers who loved her moments of glad grace. Whether their love was true
or false, if was only for her physical charm. But among her lovers, there
was one, the poet, who loved her pilgrim soul. As she become old, her face
changes and becomes less beautiful and will bring sorrows on her face. The
poet says that he loved the sorrows of her changing face. Thus he was her
true lover. At that time in her old age, she should bend beside the glowing
bars and murmur sadly. She should remember the true love of the poet
which fled because of her indifference. The true love of the poet paced on
the mountains and hid its face amidst a crowd of stars.
8. 7. THE GARDENER
- P. Lankesh
SUMMARY:
The writer says that this is just a fiction and he has conceived the
story after he met an old man who was a labourer, overseer and philosopher
at the same time.
From some where this old man came to a plantation in
Channarayapatna and was readily employed by the owner. By his good
management the income from the garden increased. The owner became
very rich but acquired many bad habits. The wife of the owner was very
much worried by the change in her husband.
One day the old man told a story to the wife of the owner. It was the
story of a prosperous farmer named Tammanna. He had a rival Basavaiah.
There was competition between them about the possession of land. Both of
them began to purchase the land in and around the village. Tammanna
acquired one thousand acres and Basavaiah 800 acres. Basavaiah could not
tolerate this and asked Thammanna to sell 200 acres to him. When
Thammanna refused, Basavaiah forcibly occupied 200 acres of land of
Thammanna.
Tammanna wanted to take revenge and punish Basavaiah in the
most unique way. He started writing ballads and sing them. In his poems
Thammanna wrote about Basavaiah‟s Cruelty and meanness. His poems
become very famous and he was felicitated as the best poet of his time. All
this made Basavaiah shrunk in humiliation. He started to take revenge by
acquiring more and more wealth and luxury things and invited scholars,
9. poets and musicians to his house. But he could not get the required
satisfaction. Then Basavaiah came to know that Thammanna was ill and he
felt happy that he can surpass Thammanna in health.
Meanwhile Thammanna thought of surpassing Basavaiah with
death. In this way revengeful feelings went on. As he had a good
knowledge of international affairs, he thought of two rivals America and
Russia. If Russia were to say to America that it was not its enemy, America
will feel bored.
Finally the old man reveals that he him self was Thammanna. That
he had left every thing and came away to this far off place. As Bsavaiah
had no one to compete he died after some days. After the death of
Basavaiah, Thammanna forgot all his songs and ballads and became a non-
entity. In this way he avenged himself.
10. 8. TO THE FOOT FROM ITS CHILD
- Pablo Neruda
SUMMARY:
“To the foot from its child” is a poem written by Pablo Neruda. This
poem describes the journey of a human being from cradle to grave. The
child‟s foot wants to be an apple hanging from a bunch and bulging. It also
wants to be a butterfly, flying here and there. But in time stones, bits of
glass, streets, ladders and paths in rough earth the foot that it cannot be an
apple or a butterfly. Thus the foot is defeated, made a prisoner and is
confined in the shoe. Separated from the other foot in the dark where its
small toes are bunched, it starts to grow and hardens, feeling its way like a
blind man. Then a time comes when the foot becomes really hardened.
Now the nails are trimmed, the transparency turns into opaqueness and the
foot starts walking, without stopping. It becomes the foot of a man or a
woman, goes to different places like fields, mines, markets and ministries,
sometimes forward some times backwards, it rarely takes any time to bare
itself in love or in sleep. This goes on till the man chooses to stop. Then
unaware it descends into the underground, where everything is dark. It
never knows that it had stopped to be a foot, or that it is being buried so that
it could fly or be an apple.
11. 9. I BELIEVE THAT BOOKS WILL NEVER
DISAPPEAR
- Interview with Jorge Luis Borges
SUMMARY:
This lesson is an interview given by Jorge Luis Borges who was
an Argentine short story writer, essayist, poet and translator. He lost his eye
sight at the age of 55 but his enthusiasm to write and towards books never
vanished.
In this interesting interview Borgus expresses his humane,
wonderful and inspiring ideas on different subject.
He expresses his deep gratitude to his mother for her kindness
towards him. He feels guilty that he should have been more understanding
of her. Borgus says that blindness is no more a problem for him. It has
become a way of life and not a source of unhappiness. He thinks that like
other happenings, blindness is also a resource given to him as clay so that
he may shape his art.
He remembers Goethe‟s verse “alles nahe werd fern” meaning all
that is near becomes far, and says that in this line Goethe refers not only to
the sunset but also to life.
About books Borgus say that it is an excellent idea to write history
of the book. He completely agrees with the statement of Bernard Shaw that
every book worth being re-read has been written by the spirit.
12. Giving the definition of poetry he says that it is the aesthetic art
which cannot be defined without over simplifying it.
About metaphors Bogus says that all Metaphors could be reduced
to five or six like Time & a River, Life and Dreams Death and Sleep, Stars
and eyes, Flowers and Women. These are essential metaphors found in all
literature.
Finally in his interview Borgus give his ideas about books that it is
his belief that books will never disappear. The book is an extension of our
Imagination and memory and literature is a dream, a controlled dream.
Finally he says that if books disappear history and man would disappear.
13. 10. HEAVEN IF YOU ARE NOT ON EARTH
- Kuvempu
SUMMARY:
In this poem the poet glorifies human beings and nature. The poet
says that heaven is not elsewhere but on the earth itself. The earth is so
beautiful that one can find heaven in its divine beauty. We should be able to
find god in ourselves because there can be no gods. We have been made so
beautiful that we ourselves are the nymphs.
The roaring stream that rushes fast, the surf at the edges of waves,
the tender sunshine, the gentle sun all make this earth heaven.
In the splendor of harvest and scattered moon light we can find
heaven on earth. When the poet consumes and spils the song of the nectar,
he creates the heaven on earth. In short we can say that we need not go and
find heaven elsewhere, it lies here on earth.
14. 11. JAPAN AND BRAZIL THROUGH A
TRAVELER’S EYE
- George Mikes
JAPANESE MANNERS - SUMMARY:
As Japan is a over crowded country, people show respect to others
privacy in public places in a unique way. Telephone is kept in an open
space and everybody has to talk in open. But Japanese never show the
curiosity to hear other‟s talk. Every body bows to everybody in Japan, but
while imitating them the foreigners make many mistakes. There is a
complicated hierarchy in bowing. Who bows to whom and for how long is
all calculated. In the family the younger bows to elders but the sister bows
to elder as well as younger brothers. In the Japanese stores bowing girls are
employed who stand at the top of escalators and whose only duty is to bow
deeply to every body. Even the conductor bow to the passengers before
starting their work. Even the deers in the park bow before the public before
snatching the food packet from their hands. Another practice of the
Japanese is to make a fearful noise while eating soup, which is the sign of
appreciation. People will be considered as ill mannered if they don‟t do so.
TRAFFIC IN BRAZIL: SUMMARY
In Brazil pedestrians move very slowly, but the cars move very fast,
breaking all rules of traffic. Brazil is a poor country. Motor cars are very
expensive in Brazil, but their number is increasing day by day. There is a
competition between the pedestrians and the drivers of the motor cars for
the use of road. The cars move so fast that the pedestrians have to jump
leap and run for their life. They have to wait for hours to cross the roads
15. particularly in the Avenida Vargas. The war between drivers is murderous
but good tempered. They smilingly break all rules of the road.
12. THE VOTER
- Chinua Achebe
SUMMARY:
The voter tells us about the corrupt electoral practices in a semi
literate and illiterate country. National elections were held once in 5 years
in Nigeria. Marcus Ibe was the candidate of people‟s Alliance party (PAP)
from the village of Umuofia and Roof was his election agent. The election
symbol of people‟s alliance party was motor car. In the last election the
people of Umuofia had voted for Marcus Ibe free of cost because he was
from the same village. He was a teacher but after winning the election and
becoming a minister for culture, he had got motor cars and constructed a
big house. The voters decide that this time they would not vote for free as
Marcus Ibe had acquired a lot of wealth.
In the meeting of elders they told this to Roof. And he offered to
pay 2 shillings each for their vote. But the elders did not agree. Finally
Roof paid them four shillings for their vote.
In the night before the voting date. The election agent of the
opposite Progressive Organisation party (POP) visited Roof and offered
him 5 pounds to cast his vote to Mr. Maduka, the Progressive Organisation
party candidate. After much fight with his conscience, Roof agreed to sell
his vote. They made him sear on Iyi of Mbanta, the village deity. In the
election booth once again he is faced with the conflict of conscience. How
could he betray his master Marcus and give his vote to the other candidate.
He thought of returning the 5 pounds but finally he decide to tear the ballot
16. paper into two pieces and put the two pieces in two boxes. In this way he
resolves his conflict of conscience by voting both the candidates.
13. WHERE THERE IS A WHEEL
- P. Sainath
SUMMARY:
Through out the history of human beings wheel has played a very
important role in the advancement of civilisation. In this lesson P. Sainath,
a journalist, has shown how the wheels of a cycle has improved the living
conditions of poor and illiterate people in pudukkottai district of Tamilnadu
state.
Cycling became a social movement because of a good soul Sheela
Rani Chunkath who came as a Distric Collector of Pudukkottai. To spread
literacy among the poor people of the district she started a programme in
1991, it was to train female activists to spread literacy among woman in the
interior parts of the district. She also included mobility as a part of the
literacy drive. The female activists were encouraged to learn cycling and
own a bicycle. She asked the banks to give loans to the women to buy
bicycles. She gave personal attention to spread literacy and mobility among
the women of the district. On the International Women‟s Day in 1992, an
all women‟s cycle rally was arranged in Pudukkottai in which 1500 female
cyclists took part. With flags on the handle bar and bells ringing, the rally
stunned the people of the town.
Cycling was given much engouragement by the “Arivoli
Iyakkam”, Pudukkottai district‟s Literacy drive. Its cental co-ordinator N.
Kannammal, encouraged the ladies not only to become literates but also to
learn cycling. Thus the „neo literates‟ were encouraged to become „neo
17. cyclists‟. Camps were arranged and in these camps a large number of those
already trained, helped the new comer to learn cycling. Thus it became a
movement and every woman wanted to learn cycling.
Women realized that cycling has given them independence and
mobility. It gave them confidence and very importantly it reduced their
dependence on men. Therefore women doing different type of jobs like
agricultural workers, village health nurses, anganwadi workers and others
were drawn towards cycling.
Women started carrying their household activities like getting water
from a 4 kilometers distance, bringing things for their house from the shop
etc. on their bicycles. Inaddition to this women started to go to other
villages to sell their agricultural products. Thus cycling increased the
income of women. They became “earners”. In this way cycling made
definite economic implications.
Thus cycling became a educational, social and economic movement
in the Pudukkottai district.
18. 14. WATER
- Challapalli Swaroopa Rani
SUMMARY:
The poet C. Swaroop Rani, who is herself a dalit and who has
understood the problem of untouchability deeply and personally, has
presented the fight of the low caste people, the untouchables to get water.
Water is a basic necessity for all living things. But this basic necessity of
life is denied to the dalits by the people of high castes.
The poet presents the generations of quarrel in the villages between
the upper castes and the dalits. Since the dalits are untouchables they cannot
take water from the village well as the water will become impure. The
people belonging to Panchama caste, which is the fifth caste in the caste
system, have to wait all day near the well holding their empty pots, because
they don‟t have the right to draw water from the well. Their pots can only
be filled by a person of upper caste who has the right to draw water from
the well.
The dalit girls are humiliated when water is poured in their pots from
a distance, but they become touchable for the purpose of their sexual abuse.
The dalits have fought about this social injustice in different places
like the karamchedu village, where a dalit woman Suvarthamma opposed
the upper caste Kamma landlords with her pot of water. In the same way a
Mahad struggle took place for taking water from the Chadar tank. In many
19. of these battles for water the dalits were killed. Even then they weren‟t
successful to get the right to take water and end untouchability.
In same village the upper caste people had an ample supply of water
to take bath twice daily where as the dalits had limited supply of water to
take bath once in a week.
Many villages were burnt to ashes when the dalits dared to take a pot
of water from the village well. In this way water had been a bane of strife in
the society.