The document discusses the challenges of nation-building in Africa and the Middle East after independence from colonial rule. It notes that newly independent states often contained diverse ethnic and religious groups within artificial colonial boundaries. It also discusses the rise of nationalism and leaders like Nkrumah and Kenyatta who fought for independence, as well as ongoing political and economic difficulties including corruption, poverty, and conflict in many regions.

1. Challenges of Nation Building in Africa and the Middle East 28

2. Africa Becomes Independent ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

3. Freedom (Uhuru) Monument at Dar es-Salaam Located in capital of Tanzania ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

9. Present-Day Africa ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

13. Traditional African House Located in Dar es-Salaam, Tanzania ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

14. African Women in Colorful Dress Djibouti, on Red Sea ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

18. Israel and Arab Neighbors, 1947-1994 ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

20. The Modern Middle East ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.

28. Modern Islam, 1998 ©2004 Wadsworth , a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.