The document provides information about the colonization of Africa by European powers in the 19th century. It discusses how Europeans established colonies in Africa beginning in the early 19th century during a period of rapid European expansion globally. Some of the reasons cited for increased European colonialism in Africa include the abolition of slavery, a newfound economic interest in exploiting Africa's vast natural wealth, and the Berlin Conference which divided political control of African territory among European nations. The major European colonial powers that controlled African land and peoples mentioned were Belgium, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, and Spain.

1. Most Missed Questions

2. Colonization of Africa
19th Century

3. Colonialism
Colonialism is forced control of one nation by another nation.
Colony is when a nation establishes a government under its rule
in a foreign territory.
Imperialism is empire building by taking over other countries’
government’s trade, and culture.
• Beginning in the early 19th Century, Europeans aggressively
tried to establish colonies in Africa.
• European civilization experienced a period of unprecedented
rapid expansion around the globe during the last third of the
nineteenth century.

4. Reasons for Colonialism
• Despite Europeans involvement in the Slave
Trade Europeans usually relied on Africans to
trade slaves instead of colonizing the
continent.
• By the 1880s every major nation in the world
had abolished the institution of slavery.
• Europeans found a new interest in Africa.
• Africa is a continent of vast wealth.

5. Political Boundaries after Berlin
Conference.

6. Who were the European colonial powers that
took control of the African tribes land and their
way of life?
Belgium
Britain
France
Germany
Italy
Portugal
Spain

7. Pan-Africanism is the idea that there
_______________
is a global African community made up
of native Africans and the descendants
of African slaves and migrants across the
world.

8. Pan- African Movement
• Began in the late 1800’s to early 1900’s as way to secure equal
rights, self-government, independence, and unity for African
peoples.
• Inspired by Marcus Garvey, it encouraged self-awareness on
the part of Africans by encouraging the study of their history
and culture.
• The Pan-African Movement marked the beginning of the
Nationalist Movements that started to sweep across the
continent.

9. Pan- African Movement
• Pan-African movement led to the founding of the African
Union in 2001.
• African Union: sought to unite Africans to improve conditions
across the continent.
• GOALS OF AU
– Economic growth
– End poverty and starvation
– Advancement of women’s rights, improve education
– End African wars

10. South Africa
• In 1948 the racist Nationalist Party defeated English-
speaking whites and was elected to power. Now the
Afrikaners had complete control of South Africa’s
government.
• Afrikaners established “Apartheid”. This is an Afrikaan
word meaning “separateness” an official policy of
racial discrimination.
• Apartheid stripped black Africans of the few rights
they enjoyed and required segregation. The South
African government tried to completely separate the
small number of whites from the black majority.

11. African National Congress (ANC)
• Founded in 1912, goal was to unite people of all
races to fight for rights and freedoms.
• Nelson Mandela in 1944 founded the ANC Youth
League.
• Purpose was to raise up a new generation to fight
against racism and apartheid.
• Nelson Mandela became the leader of the ANC in
1961. Mandela was an anti-apartheid activist.
• Afrikaners passed laws outlawing the ANC and
other groups. Mandela will be imprisoned for 27
years for his involvement with the ANC.

12. Key Vocabulary
Civil War: A war between groups or regions of the same country in order to gain political
power.
 Genocide: systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or
ethnic group.
 HIV/AIDS: human immunodeficiency virus- virus that causes AIDS
 AIDS-acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a disease of the immune system caused by HIV
which makes the infected person vulnerable to other diseases and which can result in death.
 Malaria-a tropical disease spread by mosquitoes.
 Famine- widespread food shortage that causes malnutrition and starvation.
 Refugees-people who flee a country, often to escape war or persecution.
 Epidemic diseases-diseases which spread quickly and become widely prevalent throughout a
given region.

13. Problems in
21st Century
Africa
Disease
Poverty
Drought
Poor Education
Civil War
Ethnic Conflict
Genocide
Famine

14. Issues facing Africa Today
• Independence brought freedom but it also ushered in a
new era of hardships.
• One of the biggest issues facing Africa today is famine.
What is famine?
• Large portions of Africa are dealing with droughts that
cause mass starvation.
• The population of Africa grows at a faster rate than
many countries can industrialize, therefore leaving
many countries unable to feed all of their people.
• In Ethiopia, Somalia, and the Sudan starvation is
common place.

15. Disease
 HIV/AIDS is one of the leading causes of death in Africa.
 Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
 No known cure for the disease, the rate of infection is due largely to
poverty and poor education.
 Better education on the disease and how it spreads would help
reduce the number of new cases.
 Malaria is a tropical disease spreading throughout the region carried
by mosquitoes.
 Each year more than 1 million die from this disease. Children in Sub-
Saharan Africa are most at risk.
 For instance malaria is the leading cause of death in children under
five in Uganda.
 Insecticides and mosquito nets can drastically lower the number of
infections.

16. Origins of Judaism
Judaism is the oldest of the three religions.
It began as a set of beliefs and laws practiced by
ancient Hebrew people in Southwest Asia.
Its book is the Hebrew Bible – aka The Torah.
Jews believe that one day a human leader will come
as a messenger of God and bring about a golden age.
They call this leader the messiah. In Greek versions of
the Bible, messiah is written as christos, the anointed
one.

17. The Partition
In 1947, the United Nations
announced a plan to divide Palestine
into an Arab and Jewish state. Jews
agreed, but Arabs vowed to do
anything needed to prevent the U.N.
plan from being carried out.

18. Six DayWar-1967
Israel captures territories that were under the control of the
Palestinians. These areas include________________,
_____________, and ________________.
Gaza
These territories are still under dispute by the Palestinians who
The West Bank
view any Jewish settlement hereEast invasion of their land.
as an Jerusalem

19.  The Five Pillars of Islam is the term for the religion’s
five main beliefs.
 They are accepted by all Sunnis and Shi’as, but the
Shi’as have added several other practices to form
the Branched of Religion.
 The Five Pillars are:
Believe in only one God and Muhammad is his messenger
(Shahada)
Pray in the direction of
Mecca five times a day
(Salat)
Donate money to the
poor (Zakat)
Fast during the month of
Ramadan (Sawm)
Make a journey, or hajj,
to Mecca at least once.

20. Origins of Christianity
In 30 CE, a Jew named Jesus began preaching
new ideas about Judaism in Roman-controlled
Judea.
The later title of Jesus Christ given to Jesus is a
reference to the belief by his followers that he
is the Jewish messiah.

21.  According to the Christian New Testament, Jesus
preached only to his fellow Jews.
 His idea was that the old laws of Judaism should be
replaced by a simpler system based on love of one's
fellow human beings.
 He began to grow popular.
 Jewish leaders did not want Jesus to threaten their
power and asked the Romans to arrest him.
 The Romans found him guilty of speaking against
Jewish laws and sentenced him to death by
crucifixion, or being hung on a cross.
 He died in 33 CE, after preaching for only three years.

22. Before India became an independent country,
India’s Muslims were afraid they would not have a say in the new
government, once Britain granted independence.
To avoid a civil war, the British government agreed to the
partition of India.
In 1947, India gained independence, and the country of Pakistan
was formed for Muslims. About 10 million people crossed the
border into Pakistan.
Soon after these 2 countries were formed, other countries in the
region gained their independence from Britain as well.

23. Pre-Partition

24. Great Leap
Forward, 1958
► Set up a command economy which is what?
►5 year plan to increase agriculture
and industry
Communes
 Groups of people who live and work
together
 Property held in common
 Had production quotas
► Failed due to poor quality of
products, poor weather hurt
agriculture
►Millions of Chinese starved during this period due to improper
economic planning.

25. Communist China
Under Mao
► Industrialized China
► Increased literacy
► Class privileges ended
► Rural Chinese received health
care
► One-party dictatorship
► Denied people basic rights and
freedoms --> Inner Mongolia,
Tibet

26. China under Mao
• Mao launched the Cultural Revolution in
1966 as a response to threats to his power
from fellow CCP members.
• The Cultural Revolution created chaos
throughout China, creating violence and
driving many people to suicide. When Mao
was informed of this issue, he allegedly
commented: “People who try to commit
suicide—don't attempt to save them!
…China is such a populous nation, it is not
as if we cannot do without a few people. ”
• Mao declared the Cultural Revolution
finished in 1969, but most historians cite A Cultural Revolution
Mao’s death in 1976 as the true end of the poster featuring Mao as
Revolution.
the “never-setting sun.”

27. founder
• Siddhartha Guatama, or Buddha which
means “enlightened one”
• lived in the 5th century BC
• born into the Kshatriya - caste-led a luxurious
lifestyle.
• Became troubled by the human misery that he
saw around him everyday.
• Upon reflection, he deduced that desire was the
root caused of all suffering (enlightened under a Bodhi Tree)
• not considered a god by his followers

28. Four Noble Truths
1. There is suffering in the
world. To live is to
suffer. (Dukkha)
 The Buddha found this
out when he was young
and experienced
suffering and death in
others.

29. Four Noble Truths
2. The cause of
suffering is self-
centered desire and
attachments. (Tanha)

30. Question from your reading:
• What is the term for a state of
“Perfect Peace”?
Nirvana

31. Four Noble Truths
3. The solution is to
eliminate desire and
attachments.
(Nirvana = “extinction”)

32. Four Noble Truths
4. To reach nirvana, one
must follow the Eightfold
Path.

33. Major Beliefs
1. The Four Noble Truths Siddhartha's philosophy of
the nature of human suffering and its relation to desire is
articulated by these four statements:
• Life is full of pain and suffering.
• Human desire causes this suffering.
• By putting an end to desire, humans can end
suffering.
• Humans can end desire by following the Eightfold
Path.

34. Eightfold Path
Nirvana
 The union with the ultimate
spiritual reality.
 Escape from the cycle of
rebirth.

35. 2. The Eightfold Path
Wisdom
1) Right View – know the truth
2) Right Intention – resist self-centeredness
Ethical Conduct
3) Right Speech – refrain from unkind, negative speech
4) Right Action – respect all life
5) Right Livelihood – work for the good of others
Mental Discipline
6) Right Effort – exert oneself in freeing the mind of evil (egocentric thought)
7) Right Awareness – elevate one’s thoughts beyond the haze of emotion and mood
8) Right Meditation – practice the discipline of meditation

36. 3. Reincarnation
• concept that one must go through many cycles of
birth, living, and death
• After many such cycles, if a person releases their
attachment to desire and the self, they can attain
Nirvana - a state of liberation and freedom from
suffering
• Nirvana can be achieved from meditating and
following the guiding principles of Buddhism, such
as the Four Noble Truths, 8-fold path

37. 4. Karma - the law that every cause has an
effect, i.e., our actions have results. This explains a
number of things: inequality in the world, why some are born
handicapped and some gifted, why some live only a short life. Buddhists
believe that our are past actions have an effect on who or what we are in
our next life.
5. Caste System is rejected by Buddhists

38. Causes of Pollution
• China’s and India’s economic and urban growth has
caused serious issues for the environment.
• Seven of the ten most polluted cities are located in
China.
• And India’s more than 1 billion people make it the
second most populous country behind China
– Pollution-
• Caused by the increased number of cars and factories
and also the burning of coal for electricity in China.

39. Effects of Pollution
Many nations in South, Southeast, and East Asia will
now have to worry about the “Asian Brown
Cloud” caused by too much pollution in the air.
*causes: waste from factories, motor vehicles,
forest fires, etc.
.

40. Effects of Pollution
* It is a brown haze that can alter the paths of
monsoons, reduce photosynthesis, increase
human respiratory problems, and reduces
solar radiation to the earth’s surface.

41. Solutions to Population
• In China they have instituted the “one-child-
per-family policy of 1979”.
– This states that any couple that has only one child
will receive economic and educational
benefits, while couples that have more than one
child will have to pay fines.

42. Pollution on the Yangtze
• Large amounts of waste are dumped in the
Yangtze each year causing massive pollution.
• Much of this waste comes from mineral
fertilizers used in farming, factory waste, and
also shipping.
• Effects of pollution:
– Contaminated drinking water

43. Pollution on the Ganges
• The Ganges river, which is a holy river to many
people that live in India, has also seen a
tremendous rise in pollution over the last
several years.
• Most of the pollution found in the Ganges
comes from organic waste
(sewage, trash, food, and human as well as
animal remains)
– The increase in India’s population is the cause of
all this waste– the sewage systems are not up to
date

44. Effects of pollution on the Ganges
• Because the Ganges is a
sacred river to many
Hindus- and there is a
sacred practice of
depositing human
remains….
– the river has become
infected with many
water- borne diseases
(hepatitis, typhoid or
cholera)