European colonialism of Africa in the 1800s left many modern African nations with ongoing economic, health, educational, and political challenges. Colonial powers exploited Africa's resources and people for economic gain, imposing borders without regard for ethnic divisions. This caused long-term problems including poverty, unstable governments, civil wars, and health crises. Many African countries and international organizations are pursuing strategies like debt relief, regional economic cooperation, infrastructure development, education programs, and healthcare initiatives to address these legacy issues and put African nations on a path toward greater stability and prosperity.
The immediate, medium-term, and longterm impact of COVID-19 on food poverty, ...Francois Stepman
1 June 2020. Webinar. COVID-19 emergency response: the African nutrition perspectives.
Presentation "The immediate, medium-term, and longterm impact of COVID-19 on food poverty, and nutrition outcomes" by
Paul Amuna University of Health and Allied Sciences, Ghana
**needs updates and improvement
this slides are made with excerpts from other sources like, books,publication, journals, magazines and on-line sources.No plagiarism intended.
intended for the review in the upcoming may 2015 agriculture major admission test of Cavite State University.
for inquiries email me at: darkspot0713@gmail.com
Yaw Adu-Gyamfi-how Africa fared with the MDGs- should Africa bother with the ...Yaw Adu-Gyamfi
Globally, there have been a reduction in poverty levels and diseases with the adoption and implementation on the global millennium development goals from year 2000 to 2015. In September 2015, the world gathered to adopt yet another set of goals, this time 17 sustainable development goals with 169 indicators for the next 15 years. The presentation delivered at IMANI Ghana organized Students and Young Professionals African Liberty Academy-SYPALA at the University of Ghana businesses school, tried to answer the question of "how Africa fared with the MDGs and whether Africa should bother with the new SDGs.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
1. Today’s Issues:
Africa
European colonialism of the 1800s has left most of
today’s independent African nations with economic,
health, educational, and political problems.
NEXT
2. SECTION 1 Economic Development
SECTION 2 Health Care
Today’s Issues:
Africa
Case Study Effects of Colonialism
NEXT
3. Section 1
Economic
Development
• Africa’s history of colonization has had
long-term effects on its economy.
• Barriers to African economic development
include illiteracy, foreign debt, and a lack
of manufacturing industries.
NEXT
4. Africa’s Economy Today
A History of Problems
• Most countries do little manufacturing
- sell raw materials to industrialized countries
• European colonizers exploited Africa’s resources,
people
- millions sold into slavery or died from harsh
working conditions
• Land was mined, drilled; environment was ignored
• All this has limited Africa’s economic growth,
political stability
SECTION
1 Economic Development
Continued . . .
NEXT
5. SECTION
1
continued Africa’s Economy Today
Africa’s Economic Status
• Most African countries are worse off today than in
1960
- average incomes have decreased
- worldwide: accounts for 1% of total GNP, 1.5% of
exports
• Lack crucial infrastructure (roads, airports,
railroads, ports)
• Little access to computers or high technology
NEXT
6. On the Road to Development
Reducing Debt and Increasing Cooperation
• Newly independent countries borrowed money to
build economies
- total debt of sub-Saharan governments was $227
billion by 1997
- many Western leaders push to forgive Africa’s
debts
• Trying to improve economies through regional
cooperation
- Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS)
- Southern African Development Community
(SADC)
- groups promote trade, improvement of
infrastructure
SECTION
1
NEXT
Continued . . .
7. SECTION
1
continued On the Road to Development
Building Industries
• “One-commodity” countries rely on export of one
or two commodities
- commodity—agricultural or mining product that
can be sold
- value varies daily based on worldwide supply and
demand
- this makes “one-commodity” nations’ economies
unstable
• Economists want Africans to diversify—create
variety in economies
- promote manufacturing to achieve economic
growth and stabilty
• East Africa’s Djibouti established shipping center on
Gulf of Aden
NEXT
8. Educating Workers
Improving Education
• Uneducated populace is a large barrier to economic
development
• Average schooling time for women up only 1.2
years in last 40 years
• In Angola and Somalia, civil wars have destroyed
school systems
• But in Algeria, 94% get a formal education
- 83% of Mauritians over 15 are literate
SECTION
1
NEXT
Reversing the Brain Drain
• Many professionals migrate to Western nations
- International Organization for Migration urges
return
9. Section 2
Health Care
• Epidemic diseases are killing Africa’s
people in huge numbers.
• African nations and countries around the
world are using a variety of methods,
including education, to eradicate disease.
NEXT
10. Disease and Despair
Serious Diseases
• Cholera—sometimes fatal infection
- spread by poor sanitation, lack of clean water
• Malaria—often-fatal infectious disease marked by
chills, fever
- carried by mosquitoes; resistant to drugs due to
overuse
• Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—
caused by HIV virus
- 70% of adult, 80% of child AIDS cases are in
Africa
- often paired with tuberculosis—infectious
respiratory infection
SECTION
2 Health Care
NEXT
11. AIDS Stalks the Continent
Africa Bears the Brunt
• 3 million died from AIDS worldwide in 2000
- 2.4 million lived in sub-Saharan Africa
• In Swaziland, 3 of 4 deaths were from AIDS
- life expectancy has fallen from 58 years to 39
• In 2000, 26 million people in Africa had HIV or AIDS
SECTION
2
NEXT
Continued . . .
12. SECTION
2
continued AIDS Stalks the Continent
A High Price to Pay
• Widespread disease has economic consequences
- sick people work less or not at all, earn less, slip
into poverty
• AIDS is lowering South Africa’s GDP
- by 2010, it could be 17% lower compared to
without AIDS
• Medical care for AIDS patients is expensive
- UNAIDS estimates $4.63 billion needed to fight
AIDS in Africa
- UNAIDS—United Nations program studying AIDS
epidemic
NEXT
13. Nations Respond
A Variety of Answers
• Since 1930s, spraying programs used to reduce
insect numbers
- fight malaria, other insect-borne diseases
• In 2000, the Global Fund for Children’s Vaccines
pledged money
- $250 million over next 5 years for worldwide
immunizations
• Gabon using oil revenues to upgrade its health care
system
• African Development Fund loaned Mozambique
$12.3 million dollars
- money to be used to upgrade public health
facilities
SECTION
2
NEXT
Continued . . .
14. SECTION
2
continued Nations Respond
Strategies Against AIDS
• South Africa, Brazil work together on AIDS
prevention, care
- Brazil has public health policies to fight AIDS,
other diseases
- Brazil’s policies are considered a model for
developing nations
NEXT
Continued . . .
15. SECTION
2
continued Nations Respond
Success Stories
• Uganda and Senegal have reduced spread of HIV
- in 1997, Uganda offers same-day HIV tests,
education programs
- infection rates among 15 to 24 year olds have
dropped 50%
• Senegal controls spread of AIDS with intensive
education program
- infection rates have been below 2% since mid-
1980s
• UNAIDS says HIV infection rates in sub-Saharan
Africa are down
- 1999–2000: dropped by 200,000 cases, but
figure may be misleading
NEXT
16. Case Study
How can African nations
bring peace and stability to
their people?
NEXT
Effects of Colonialism
BACKGROUND
• Early 19th
century Africa was home to great
empires, rich cultures
• By the end of the 19th
century—poverty and
violence
• Many of Africa’s problems stem from European
colonialism
17. Case Study
Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa
• Portuguese establish coastal trading stations
in the 1400s
• By mid-1800s, Europeans seek Africa’s rich
natural resources
- need raw materials for industrial
economies, markets to sell goods
• Berlin Conference (1884-85) sets rules for
dividing up Africa
NEXT
Effects of Colonialism
Continued . . .
18. Case Study
NEXT
continued Colonizing Africa
Europeans in Africa
• European control begins to fade in 20th
century
- most countries gain independence in
1960s
• Long-term damage to cultural and ethnic
boundaries, economy
19. Case Study
Challenges of Independence
Colonial Transition
• Departing Europeans did not leave Africa
with stable governments
- newly established nations suffered
dictators and civil wars
• Europeans did not understand Africa’s ethnic
diversity
- drew country boundaries combining
historical enemies
NEXT
Continued . . .
20. Case Study
NEXT
continued Challenges of Independence
Continued . . .
Colonial Transition
• Germany and Belgium aggravated
historically tense ethnic relations
- Rwanda, Burundi include Hutu, Tutsi
groups; war erupts in 1990s
- this ethnic conflict took the lives of
hundreds of thousands
21. Case Study
Colonial Transition
• Colonial boundaries create problems for
many African governments
- difficult to get different ethnic groups to
cooperate
• Dictators like Mobutu Sese Seko became
common
- Mobutu ruled what is now the Democratic
Republic of the Congo
• Many Africans have no experience living in
democratic governments
NEXT
continued Challenges of Independence
Continued . . .
22. Case Study
Cause for Hope
• Primary goal is to establish democratic
traditions
- political stability needed for peace and
prosperity
• Some progress is being made, for example in
South Africa
- white minority government yielded power to
black majority in 1994
- ended decades of government-sanctioned
racial discrimination
NEXT
continued Challenges of Independence
Continued . . .
23. Case Study
NEXT
continued Challenges of Independence
Cause for Hope
• In 2001, Ghana peacefully elected a new
president
- a change from the coups, assassinations of
previous governments
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