The document discusses developments in science, philosophy, and culture during the Enlightenment era. In science, figures like Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, Harvey, and Jenner advanced understandings of astronomy, physics, medicine, and biology through empirical methods and discoveries like heliocentrism and the circulation of blood. Philosophically, Enlightenment thinkers including Locke, Voltaire, and Montesquieu promoted rationalism, religious freedom, and separation of church and state. Spiritual awakenings occurred through preachers and movements in Germany, England, and America. The Baroque and Neoclassical artistic periods flourished along with composers like Monteverdi, Handel, Bach, Mozart

1. Age of Reason
Chapter 15

2. Topics
Science
Enlightenment
Spiritual Awakenings
Art & Music
Literature

3. Science
 Middle Ages
 Truth = church and ancient philosophies
 Ptolemy – Earth is center of universe
(geocentric theory) 140 AD
 Renaissance and Reformation
encouraged ???’s
 Scientific Revolution = Rapid
advancement in science achievement
and knowledge

4. Astronomy
 Copernicus (1473-1543)
 SUN in center of Universe (not challenged since140 AD)
 Called a heretic
 Kepler (1571-1630)
 Elliptical orbits
 Galileo (1564-1642)
 Physics; thermometer
 Telescope
 Newton (1642-1727)
 Law of gravity

5. Medicine
 Versalius
 Father of anatomy
 Paracelcus
 Use chemicals to treat illnesses
 Harvey
 Study heart and circulation
 Jenner
 Small pox vaccine

6. Enlightenment Thinkers
Voltaire
John Locke
Baron de
Montesquieu

7. Chemistry
 Boyle
 Gas pressure; Boyle’s Law
 Priestly
 Discovered oxygen
 Carbon dioxide = soda drinks 
 Lavosier
 Law of conservation of matter

8. Other Science
 Leeuwenhoek
 Microscope
 First time see bacteria and microbes
 Mercator
 Make round Earth on flat map

9. Intellectual Attitudes
 Looked to reason to solve all life’s problems
 Rationalism = source of truth/knowledge is reason
• Descartes
• Francis Bacon • Frenchman
• Englishman • Doubt
• Experimentatio everything
n/observation • Mathematics/lo
• All knowledge gic
should be • “I think,
questioned therefore I am”

10. What is REAL?

11. John Locke
Influenced
“men have natural US politics
unalienable rights”
“Government must
have consent of the
people”

12. Montesquieu
Influenced
 Freedom = separation of 3 powers US politics

13. Voltaire
 Critic of abuses in society
 Against religious organization; RCC
 freedom of religion
 freedom of expression
 separation of church and state

14. Rousseau
 Favored emotion over reason
 Father of Romanticism
 Back to Nature
 Believed in basic goodness of
man
 The Social Contract
 Government built on general
will of people

15. Deism
 God = clockmaker
 Winds the world now sits back and watches it work
 Little use for a personal God

16. Spiritual Awakening

17. Germany
 Lutheran church = decaying
 Philip Spener
 Spiritual renewal through Bible study and prayer meetings
 Started Pietist movement
 Piety = religious devotion and spirituality
 Francke
 Train pietist pastors & missionaries
 Open schools, orphanages, Bible printing shops
 Zinzendorf
 Leaders of Moravians (Bohemia)
 John Wesley became Christian through them

18. England
 John Wesley
 Traveled and preached throughout England
 Spread spiritual revival throughout country
 Improved moral condition of English people
 Started Sunday School, increase in Christian literature and music;
founded Methodist Church
 George Whitefield
 Anglican preacher
 Helped spread Spiritual Awakening to America

19. America
 Puritan descendants no religious zeal
 1st Great Awakening
 Travelling preachers; local pastors continue work
 Jonathan Edwards
 Local preacher in Massachusetts
 Emphasized need for personal conversion
 “Sinners in Hands of Angry God” = warned unrepentant people
that only God can save them from hell
 Converted thousands of people
 Many new churches, schools to train pastors

20. Art Music and Literature

21. Mannerism Baroque
 16th century (1500s)  17th century (1600s)
 Theatrical, deformed
 Political & religious
tension  too ornamental (gaudy)
 Distortion/exaggeration  Grand, dynamic, heroic,
active, swirling, sensual
 Unreal & unnatural colors
 Bernini, Rubens,
 El Greco Rembrandt
 Pg. 397  Pgs. 398-9

22. Rembrandt
 Chiarascuro = contrast of light and dark in painting
 Gold tones and warm browns
 Figures are in deep though
 Bible messages in art

23. The
Storm
on the
Sea of
Galile
e

24. Baroque vs. Rococo
• In your face, gaudy • Refined elegance, delicate,
French

25. Baroque vs. Rococo
• In your face, gaudy • Refined elegance, delicate,
French

26. Neoclassical Art
 18th century (1700s)
 Influenced by Rationalism and Enlightenment
 Orderly, formal, calm, balanced
 Imitated classical ideas of Greece & Rome

27. Music
 Broke with past traditional music
1. Polyphonic vs. homophonic
 Many melodies to one main melody
1. More secular music
2. New types of music compositions
 Opera, ballet, oratorio
1. Instruments more important (orchestra)
2. Voice accompanied by instruments
3. Italians  standard music markings

28. Monteverdi
 Wrote and popularized operas
 Song, text, scenery, dances all combined
 Many opera houses built

29. Handel
 German immigrant
 Wrote oratorio
 Composition telling a sacred
story, no
drama of operas
 “Messiah”
 Wrote it in 24 days
 King George rose to his feet while listening to it

30. J. S. Bach
 Born into Lutheran family
 Wrote over 200 songs for church
 Wrote music for organ
 Expert at making people feel emotions through his
songs
 Use melody to suggest action or events
 “Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring”

31. Classical Age in Music
 Elaborate  elegant but restrained
 Sonata, concerto, symphony
 Piano became popular instrument

32. Wolfgang Amadeus

Mozart
Musical genius child
 Play at age 3
 Compose at age 5
 6 years old on European tour
 Helped popularize piano
 Wrote over 22 operas
 Magic Flute
 Marriage of Figaro
 Wrote over 600 songs

33. Authors of
Enlightenment Era