The document discusses various topics related to computer networks including uses of networks in business, home, mobile applications and social issues. It also discusses different types of network hardware including personal area networks, local area networks, metropolitan area networks, wide area networks and the internet. Example networks covered include the ARPANET, NSFNET, the internet, wireless LANs, 3G mobile phone networks, and RFID and sensor networks.
The document discusses various methods for transmitting data through communication networks, including guided transmission media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics, and wireless transmission via radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, or communication satellites. It covers theoretical concepts like Fourier analysis, bandwidth-limited signals, and Shannon's formula for channel capacity. Different transmission media are compared in terms of their bandwidth, attenuation characteristics, and use cases for data transmission.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
Ethernet was first created by Robert Metcalfe and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Fast Ethernet (802.3u) transmitted data 10 times faster than standard Ethernet at 100 Mbps while still being backward compatible. Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) further increased speed to 1000 Mbps and supported full duplex between computers and switches or half duplex between computers and hubs using CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet uses switches containing plug-in cards to reduce collisions by separating collision domains and allowing parallel transmission between cards.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on a network. They allow for file transfers and email communication using the Internet Protocol. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D, and E - which are divided into ranges to define large, medium, and small networks. Users can determine the IP address of their own device or other computers and websites using commands like ipconfig and ping.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations. It describes how the IEEE started Project 802 in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. This included specifying functions for the physical and data link layers of major LAN protocols. Standard Ethernet was first created in 1976 and has gone through four generations, being discussed in the document. The standards have increased network speeds from the original 10 Mbps to today's 10 Gbps while maintaining backward compatibility with frame formats and addressing.
The document discusses various methods for transmitting data through communication networks, including guided transmission media like twisted pair cables, coaxial cables, fiber optics, and wireless transmission via radio waves, microwaves, infrared, light, or communication satellites. It covers theoretical concepts like Fourier analysis, bandwidth-limited signals, and Shannon's formula for channel capacity. Different transmission media are compared in terms of their bandwidth, attenuation characteristics, and use cases for data transmission.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
Ethernet was first created by Robert Metcalfe and standardized by IEEE as 802.3. Fast Ethernet (802.3u) transmitted data 10 times faster than standard Ethernet at 100 Mbps while still being backward compatible. Gigabit Ethernet (802.3z) further increased speed to 1000 Mbps and supported full duplex between computers and switches or half duplex between computers and hubs using CSMA/CD. Switched Ethernet uses switches containing plug-in cards to reduce collisions by separating collision domains and allowing parallel transmission between cards.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on a network. They allow for file transfers and email communication using the Internet Protocol. There are five classes of IP addresses - A, B, C, D, and E - which are divided into ranges to define large, medium, and small networks. Users can determine the IP address of their own device or other computers and websites using commands like ipconfig and ping.
The document discusses the evolution of Ethernet standards over multiple generations. It describes how the IEEE started Project 802 in 1985 to set standards for interconnecting equipment from different manufacturers. This included specifying functions for the physical and data link layers of major LAN protocols. Standard Ethernet was first created in 1976 and has gone through four generations, being discussed in the document. The standards have increased network speeds from the original 10 Mbps to today's 10 Gbps while maintaining backward compatibility with frame formats and addressing.
Computer networks a tanenbaum - 5th editioneepawan1809
This document is the front matter of a textbook on computer networks. It includes the title, copyright information, dedication, and table of contents. The textbook covers topics such as the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and examples of computer networks including the Internet, mobile networks, Ethernet, and wireless networks. It is intended to introduce students to the fundamental concepts and protocols of computer networking.
The document discusses data link layer protocols, including LLC, MAC, and Ethernet standards. It describes the functions of the physical layer, data link layer, and logical link control sublayer. It also covers IP addressing schemes like IPv4 addresses, network classes, public vs private addresses, and subnetting. CIDR is introduced as a method to improve address space utilization and routing scalability on the internet.
An IP address is a numerical label assigned to devices in a network using the Internet Protocol for communication. It is composed of four numbers separated by periods, with each number representing eight bits for a total of 32 bits. A subnet mask defines which parts of the IP address represent the network ID and which represent the host ID. A default gateway, usually a router, delivers packets when a computer does not know the destination network.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
Chapter 1 introduction to computer networksViku1985
The document introduces computer networks and their types, including LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN. It describes client/server configuration and the 7-layer OSI model. It also covers network selection criteria and standards organizations that develop network standards. Case studies provide examples of using different network types in business scenarios.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
Many Networking Software are structured into layers in the same way, TCP/IP is modelled in layers. This layered representation represents the term protocol stack, which refers to the stacked set of rules in the protocol suite. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on TCP IP Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/tcp-ip-model.aspx
The document provides an overview of IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless local area networks. It discusses the creation of 802.11 by IEEE, the physical layer, frame formats, and various 802.11 protocols including 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac. It also describes the media access control including CSMA/CA and security features like authentication and WEP encryption.
Fast Ethernet increased the bandwidth of standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. It used the same CSMA/CD access method and frame format as standard Ethernet but with some changes to address the higher speed. Fast Ethernet was implemented over twisted pair cables using 100BASE-TX or over fiber optic cables using 100BASE-FX. The increased speed enabled Fast Ethernet to compete with other high-speed LAN technologies of the time like FDDI.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
The document discusses various data link layer protocols. It begins by introducing stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols. It then provides an example of a stop-and-wait protocol where a frame is lost, leading the sender to retransmit a duplicate frame. Next, it discusses sliding window protocols and provides an example where the window allows multiple outstanding frames. Finally, it gives an example of a one-bit sliding window protocol that uses acknowledgments to control the window.
Computer Networks Unit 2 UNIT II DATA-LINK LAYER & MEDIA ACCESSDr. SELVAGANESAN S
The document discusses data link layer framing and protocols. It describes:
1) Two main approaches to framing - byte-oriented (using sentinel characters) and bit-oriented (using bit stuffing). Protocols discussed include BISYNC, DDCMP, and HDLC.
2) Features of PPP framing including negotiated field sizes and use of LCP control messages.
3) Functions of data link layer including framing, flow control, error control, and media access control. The relationship between the logical link control and media access control sublayers is also covered.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in data transmission. It covers various types of errors that can occur during transmission and different coding schemes used for error detection and correction, including block coding, linear block coding, cyclic codes, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). Specific examples are provided to illustrate how Hamming codes, parity checks, and CRCs can detect and correct single-bit and burst errors. Key concepts covered include redundancy, minimum Hamming distance, encoding/decoding processes, and the use of polynomials to represent binary words in CRC calculations.
network layer description and features including protocols advantagesaiswarya chelikani
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of the book "Computer Networks" by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, which discusses the network layer. It covers network layer design issues like packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, and implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services. It also summarizes routing algorithms like shortest path, distance vector, link state routing and comparisons of virtual circuit and datagram networks.
Computer networks a tanenbaum - 5th editioneepawan1809
This document is the front matter of a textbook on computer networks. It includes the title, copyright information, dedication, and table of contents. The textbook covers topics such as the physical layer, data link layer, network layer, transport layer, and examples of computer networks including the Internet, mobile networks, Ethernet, and wireless networks. It is intended to introduce students to the fundamental concepts and protocols of computer networking.
The document discusses data link layer protocols, including LLC, MAC, and Ethernet standards. It describes the functions of the physical layer, data link layer, and logical link control sublayer. It also covers IP addressing schemes like IPv4 addresses, network classes, public vs private addresses, and subnetting. CIDR is introduced as a method to improve address space utilization and routing scalability on the internet.
An IP address is a numerical label assigned to devices in a network using the Internet Protocol for communication. It is composed of four numbers separated by periods, with each number representing eight bits for a total of 32 bits. A subnet mask defines which parts of the IP address represent the network ID and which represent the host ID. A default gateway, usually a router, delivers packets when a computer does not know the destination network.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and compares it to the OSI model. It describes the layers of the TCP/IP model including the physical, data link, internet, and transport layers. The transport layer uses TCP and UDP, with TCP being connection-oriented and reliable, while UDP is connectionless. The internet layer uses IP to transport datagrams independently. The OSI model has 7 layers while TCP/IP has 5 layers that do not directly correspond to the OSI layers.
Here you will learn:
How to Connect two or more devices to share data and information.
What is OSI Model?
Introduction to OSI Model
What is Physical Layer?
Devices used Physical Layer
What is Signal?
Types of Signals?
Analog Signals
Digital SIgnals
What is Transmission Medium?
What Is Switch in Networking?
Networking 7 Layers.
.
Please like and comments your Question and suggestion?
Ethernet is a widely used networking protocol for local area networks (LANs). It uses cables to connect multiple computers together to allow them to send data to each other. Common cable types are thick coaxial cable, thin coaxial cable, and twisted pair cables. Ethernet uses encoding schemes like Manchester encoding and differential Manchester encoding to transmit data over the cables. Ethernet has evolved over time to support higher speeds through standards like Fast Ethernet that supports 100 Mbps and Gigabit Ethernet that supports 1 Gbps, while maintaining compatibility with previous versions.
Chapter 1 introduction to computer networksViku1985
The document introduces computer networks and their types, including LAN, CAN, MAN and WAN. It describes client/server configuration and the 7-layer OSI model. It also covers network selection criteria and standards organizations that develop network standards. Case studies provide examples of using different network types in business scenarios.
IP addressing and subnetting allows networks to be logically organized and divided. The key objectives covered include explaining IP address classes, configuring addresses, subnetting networks, and advanced concepts like CIDR, summarization, and VLSM. Transitioning to IPv6 is also discussed as a way to address the depletion of IPv4 addresses and improve security.
The document discusses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). ICMP provides error reporting, congestion reporting, and first-hop router redirection. It uses IP to carry its data end-to-end and is considered an integral part of IP. ICMP messages are encapsulated in IP datagrams and are used to report errors in IP datagrams, though some errors may still result in datagrams being dropped without a report. ICMP defines various message types including error messages like destination unreachable and informational messages like echo request and reply.
Many Networking Software are structured into layers in the same way, TCP/IP is modelled in layers. This layered representation represents the term protocol stack, which refers to the stacked set of rules in the protocol suite. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on TCP IP Model:- www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/tcp-ip-model.aspx
The document provides an overview of IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless local area networks. It discusses the creation of 802.11 by IEEE, the physical layer, frame formats, and various 802.11 protocols including 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and 802.11ac. It also describes the media access control including CSMA/CA and security features like authentication and WEP encryption.
Fast Ethernet increased the bandwidth of standard Ethernet from 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. It used the same CSMA/CD access method and frame format as standard Ethernet but with some changes to address the higher speed. Fast Ethernet was implemented over twisted pair cables using 100BASE-TX or over fiber optic cables using 100BASE-FX. The increased speed enabled Fast Ethernet to compete with other high-speed LAN technologies of the time like FDDI.
This document provides an introduction to IP addressing, including:
- A brief history of IP development and the OSI and TCP/IP models.
- An overview of IP address classes (A, B, C, D, E), how they are determined, and their characteristics like address ranges and network/host portions.
- Explanations of limitations of classful addressing, subnetting, and how classless or CIDR addressing helps address those limitations by allowing flexible prefix lengths.
- An example is given of how CIDR allows efficient allocation of addresses to networks of different sizes.
This document provides an overview of various topics related to the network layer, including IPv4, IPv6, ARP, RARP, mobile IP, routing algorithms, and routing protocols. It begins with basics of IPv4 such as its addressing scheme and role in interconnecting networks. IPv6 is then introduced, along with reasons for its development and key features like its large 128-bit addresses. Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) and Reverse ARP (RARP) are also covered. The document concludes by discussing routing algorithms like link-state and distance-vector, as well as protocols including RIP, OSPF, and BGP.
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
The document discusses various data link layer protocols. It begins by introducing stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols. It then provides an example of a stop-and-wait protocol where a frame is lost, leading the sender to retransmit a duplicate frame. Next, it discusses sliding window protocols and provides an example where the window allows multiple outstanding frames. Finally, it gives an example of a one-bit sliding window protocol that uses acknowledgments to control the window.
Computer Networks Unit 2 UNIT II DATA-LINK LAYER & MEDIA ACCESSDr. SELVAGANESAN S
The document discusses data link layer framing and protocols. It describes:
1) Two main approaches to framing - byte-oriented (using sentinel characters) and bit-oriented (using bit stuffing). Protocols discussed include BISYNC, DDCMP, and HDLC.
2) Features of PPP framing including negotiated field sizes and use of LCP control messages.
3) Functions of data link layer including framing, flow control, error control, and media access control. The relationship between the logical link control and media access control sublayers is also covered.
ARP is a protocol that maps IP addresses to MAC addresses. It works by broadcasting an ARP request packet to all devices on the local network segment. The device with the matching IP address responds with its MAC address, allowing the requesting device to send packets directly to the destination MAC address on the local network.
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used in data transmission. It covers various types of errors that can occur during transmission and different coding schemes used for error detection and correction, including block coding, linear block coding, cyclic codes, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). Specific examples are provided to illustrate how Hamming codes, parity checks, and CRCs can detect and correct single-bit and burst errors. Key concepts covered include redundancy, minimum Hamming distance, encoding/decoding processes, and the use of polynomials to represent binary words in CRC calculations.
network layer description and features including protocols advantagesaiswarya chelikani
This document summarizes key topics from Chapter 5 of the book "Computer Networks" by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, which discusses the network layer. It covers network layer design issues like packet switching, services provided to the transport layer, and implementation of connectionless and connection-oriented services. It also summarizes routing algorithms like shortest path, distance vector, link state routing and comparisons of virtual circuit and datagram networks.
chapter- 6 network layer of computer networkStuti36
The chapter discusses the role and functions of the network layer in computer networks. The network layer is responsible for transmitting packets from the source to the destination by routing them through intermediate routers. It must understand the network topology and choose efficient paths through the network to avoid overloading some links and routers. The network layer provides end-to-end delivery of packets and shields the transport layer from the underlying network details. It can implement both connectionless and connection-oriented services. The chapter also covers routing algorithms, congestion control, and quality of service mechanisms at the network layer.
This document discusses different types of computer networks at various scales, from personal area networks to wide area networks and the Internet. It describes the key characteristics of different network types, including transmission technologies, scale, examples of wireless and wired local area networks, metropolitan area networks, and wide area networks. The document also discusses topics like virtual private networks, Internet service providers, and how networks have evolved to connect individuals and organizations globally.
This document contains summaries and figures from the textbook "Computer Networks" by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall. It covers topics such as the Domain Name System (DNS), electronic mail, the World Wide Web, HTTP, and peer-to-peer networks. For each topic, it includes brief explanations and diagrams to illustrate key concepts and components of the computer networks and applications.
This document contains summaries of chapters from the book "Computer Networks" by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall. It discusses topics related to computer networks and the application layer, including the Domain Name System (DNS), electronic mail, the World Wide Web, streaming audio and video. For each topic, it provides brief explanations and examples to illustrate key concepts from the text.
This document provides an overview of Chapter 7 from a management information systems textbook. The chapter discusses telecommunications, computer networks, the Internet, and wireless technologies. It covers topics such as the components of telecommunications networks, different types of networks, how the Internet works, Internet protocols, wireless networking, radio frequency identification, and uses of these technologies in business. The chapter also examines issues around network neutrality and provides examples of how various digital technologies function.
The document discusses the physical layer of computer networks. It covers various transmission media including guided media like wired cables and fiber optics, and wireless transmission using radio waves, microwaves, light and communication satellites. It explains theoretical concepts such as the electromagnetic spectrum, modulation, bandwidth, signal propagation, and the fundamental limits on data rates established by Nyquist and Shannon. Key issues addressed at the physical layer include the properties of different media, signal propagation effects, and how digital bits are represented as analog signals for transmission.
The document discusses telecommunications, networking technologies, and wireless applications. It describes Dartmouth College replacing outdated networks with IP and Wi-Fi to provide campus-wide mobile access and services at reduced costs. It also outlines objectives of describing key telecommunications concepts, the Internet, wireless technologies, and their business value.
This document provides an introduction to computer networks. It discusses layers in networking like the physical layer, data link layer, and network layer. It explains the differences between connection-oriented and connectionless networks. The document also compares the OSI and TCP/IP models, noting they have different numbers of layers and whether they are connection-oriented. Key functions of the network layer like routing and extracting prefixes are outlined. The transport layer provides reliability through retransmission. The application layer is also mentioned.
This document introduces key concepts in data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of communication, different types of networks including LANs, MANs and WANs, the OSI reference model, and general implementations such as intranets. The OSI model is presented as a standard for network interconnection with 7 layers governing how data is packaged and communicated between applications and devices.
The document is a chapter from a textbook on business data communications. It discusses the history and architecture of the Internet, how it works, and various technologies used for Internet access such as DSL, cable modems, fiber networks, and WiMAX. It also covers governance and standards bodies that guide the Internet's development, as well as projects to develop next generation Internet technologies with faster speeds and new capabilities. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for management, such as concerns about Internet traffic and evaluating which broadband access technologies may dominate.
An internet with lower case “i” is two or more networks that can communicate with each other. The most notable internet is called the Internet with upper case “I” is composed of thousands of interconnected networks The Internet as several backbones, provider networks, and customer networks. At the top level, the backbones (international ISPs) are large networks owned by some communication companies such as Sprint, Verizon (MCI), AT&T, and NTT. The backbone networks are connected through some complex switching systems, called peering points. At the second level, there are smaller networks, called provider networks that uses the services of the backbones and pay them for their services. The provider networks are connected to backbones or other provider networks. At the edge of the Internet the customer networks are networks that actually use the services provided by the Internet. They pay to provider networks for receiving services. Backbones and provider networks are also called Internet Service Providers (ISPs). The backbones are known as international ISPs and the provider networks are known as national or regional lSPs.
E-commerce infrastructure the internet,web and mobile platformAnand Paranthawam
This document contains slides from a textbook on e-commerce covering Chapter 3 on e-commerce infrastructure including the Internet, web, and mobile platforms. The slides discuss topics such as the evolution of the Internet, key technology concepts like packet switching and TCP/IP, Internet addressing, domain names, client/server computing, mobile platforms, cloud computing, and organizations that govern the Internet. Limitations of the current Internet and initiatives to improve it like Internet2 and expanding fiber optics are also summarized.
The document provides an overview of a computer networks course, including its objectives, topics, and introduction. The course aims to develop an understanding of key networking principles, models, protocols, and technologies. It will cover the history and growth of networks and the Internet, network architectures and topologies, protocols, and various applications. Lectures will explore topics like different network types, the layered OSI and TCP/IP models, switching, routing, wireless networks and more. The introduction defines what a computer network is and discusses advantages and disadvantages of networking. It also classifies networks based on transmission medium, size, management methods, and topology.
This document provides a summary of the first lecture in an introduction to telecommunications and network management course. The professor discusses why the course is important for understanding an essential aspect of modern business. Topics to be covered include basic network design, standards, physical infrastructure, security, wired and wireless networks, protocols, and applications. Assignments include participation, labs, exams, and a network profile project. Communication models are defined, and the relationship between telecommunications, data communications, and networking is explained.
Data analysis telecommunications the int123456naji
This document discusses telecommunications, the Internet, and wireless technology. It covers the components of telecommunications networks, key networking technologies like client/server computing and packet switching, different types of networks and transmission media, how the Internet works, wireless technologies, and the development of mobile networks. The rise of high-speed wireless networks has enabled real-time inventory tracking for businesses.
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ADBMS ALL 2069-73 [CSITauthority.blogspot.com].pdfarvind pandey
The document contains questions from past exams for an Advanced Database Management Systems course at Tribhuwan University Institute of Science and Technology in Nepal. The questions cover a range of database topics including data mining, object-relational databases, temporal and mobile databases, XML, data warehousing, and distributed databases. Students are instructed to answer all questions in their own words drawing from their knowledge of database concepts and systems.
The document provides details about an advanced database management systems course including its objectives, course contents, and requirements. The course aims to study advanced database techniques beyond fundamental concepts. It contains 5 units covering relational and object-oriented database models, emerging technologies like data warehousing and data mining, and database standards. Students must complete a project using a commercial object-oriented database management system and model-view-controller framework.
Internet service provider and network backbonearvind pandey
Nepal has few internet service providers. A backbone interconnects different networks to exchange data between them. It can connect local area networks within offices or campuses. When multiple local area networks interconnect over a large area, it forms a wide area network or metropolitan area network for an entire city.
The document discusses topics related to rapid software development and evolution, including agile methods, extreme programming, rapid application development, and software prototyping. It provides details on characteristics of rapid application development processes like concurrent specification, design, and implementation. Iterative development approaches are covered along with advantages and challenges. Specific agile methods like extreme programming, with practices like test-driven development and pair programming, are also summarized.
Unit 5- Architectural Design in software engineering arvind pandey
This document provides an overview of architectural design for software systems. It discusses topics like system organization, decomposition styles, and control styles. The key aspects covered are:
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2. Common decisions include system structure, distribution, styles, decomposition, and control strategy. Models are used to document the design.
3. Organization styles include repository (shared data), client-server (shared services), and layered (abstract machines). Decomposition can be through objects or pipelines. Control can be centralized or event-based.
Unit 4- Software Engineering System Model Notes arvind pandey
This document discusses system modeling techniques used in software engineering. It covers context models, behavioral models, data models, object models, and CASE workbenches. Different types of models present the system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. Common model types include data processing, composition, architectural, and classification models. The document provides examples of context models, state machine models, data flow diagrams, and object models. It also discusses semantic data models, object behavior modeling with sequence diagrams, and components of analysis and design workbenches.
Unit 3- requirements for software development arvind pandey
The document discusses software requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, and system requirements. It covers topics like requirements engineering, the importance of requirements, problems that can arise from imprecise requirements, and how to classify and write good requirements. Functional requirements state what services the system should provide, how it should react to inputs, and how it should behave. Non-functional requirements constrain the system's operation and development. Good requirements are complete, consistent, understandable, and unambiguous.
Unit 2-software development process notes arvind pandey
Critical systems must be dependable to avoid catastrophic failures. Dependability encompasses availability, reliability, safety, and security. Availability refers to a system's ability to deliver services when requested, while reliability means delivering services correctly. Safety ensures excessive errors do not occur, as even one failure could endanger life. Development methods for critical systems aim to formally prove correctness due to high failure costs. An insulin pump example demonstrated how software controls a medical device, requiring stringent dependability to safely regulate insulin doses.
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This document discusses key concepts in software engineering. It begins with definitions of software and software engineering. It then covers differences between software engineering and computer science/system engineering. Software processes and models are explained. Costs, methods, CASE tools, attributes of good software and challenges in the field are summarized. The document also discusses professional and ethical responsibilities of software engineers, including issues like confidentiality, competence, intellectual property and computer misuse. Finally, it outlines the eight principles of the ACM/IEEE Code of Ethics for software engineers.
The document discusses computer networks and their components. It describes end systems like clients and servers that run applications. Clients request services from servers. The network core uses either circuit switching or packet switching to move data through links and switches. Packet switched networks can be datagram networks, like the Internet, which forwards packets based on destination address, or virtual circuit networks which use preplanned routes. The document also covers network access technologies like dial-up connections and DSL internet access.
This document summarizes a presentation on brain-machine interfaces. It begins by defining a brain-machine interface as a direct communication link between the brain and external devices. It then outlines the main components of a BMI system, including neural signal acquisition from the brain, signal processing algorithms to extract commands, and using those commands to control external devices with feedback. Challenges discussed include the complexity of the brain, weak signal strengths, and ethical concerns about thought control and memory modification. The future of BMI is predicted to include thought-based communication devices and advanced cyborg technologies.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!