The document is a chapter from a textbook on business data communications. It discusses the history and architecture of the Internet, how it works, and various technologies used for Internet access such as DSL, cable modems, fiber networks, and WiMAX. It also covers governance and standards bodies that guide the Internet's development, as well as projects to develop next generation Internet technologies with faster speeds and new capabilities. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for management, such as concerns about Internet traffic and evaluating which broadband access technologies may dominate.
The chapter discusses different components and architectures for backbone networks. It describes switches, routers, and gateways that can be used in backbone networks. It outlines common backbone architectures including switched, routed, and virtual LAN (VLAN) backbones. Switched backbones are most popular and use switches to interconnect local area networks (LANs) instead of routers. VLANs assign computers to network segments through software rather than hardware. The chapter provides examples of how different backbone designs are implemented in organizations and their advantages.
This chapter discusses the process of designing computer networks. It describes both traditional network design approaches as well as more modern building block network design. The building block approach involves cyclically refining needs analysis, technology design, and cost assessment phases. Needs analysis involves understanding user and application requirements, technology design specifies the necessary hardware and software components, and cost assessment evaluates design alternatives. Simulation tools can be used to test network designs. Requests for proposals may be issued to vendors to obtain pricing for components. The goal is to design a network that can meet current and future needs in a cost-effective manner.
The document summarizes key concepts about data link layer protocols from Chapter 4 of the textbook. It discusses media access control using contention-based and controlled access methods. It also covers error control techniques like error detection using parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks. Error correction is achieved using retransmission-based automatic repeat request and forward error correction methods. Asynchronous and synchronous transmission protocols are compared, along with common file transfer protocols for asynchronous lines.
This document provides an overview of chapter 6 from the textbook "Fundamentals of Business Data Communications". The chapter discusses wired and wireless local area networks (LANs). It covers LAN components such as network interface cards, cables, hubs, switches, and access points. It also discusses wired Ethernet standards and technologies, including shared Ethernet using hubs and switched Ethernet using switches. Wireless Ethernet and considerations for LAN design and performance are also covered. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for network management.
The document discusses security threats to business networks and methods for ensuring continuity of operations. It covers topics such as risk assessment, preventing disruption through controls like antivirus software and redundancy, and developing disaster recovery plans. Effective security requires identifying valuable network assets, potential threats, and controls to mitigate risks from viruses, hacking, device failure and natural disasters. A risk assessment matches threats to controls through a control spreadsheet. Ensuring continuity involves both preventative controls and disaster recovery plans for restoring operations after an outage or disaster.
The document discusses various network applications and their architectures. It begins by defining application architecture and describing host-based, client-based, and client-server architectures. It then examines specific applications like the World Wide Web, email, file transfer, videoconferencing and instant messaging. For each application it outlines how it works, common standards used, and examples. The document concludes by discussing implications for management.
This document provides information about web design and fundamentals including different types of computer networks and network topologies. It discusses local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers topics such as the different physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. Additional sections describe common network devices, internet connections, internet service providers, and basic internet applications and protocols.
The document provides an overview of network reference models and standards, specifically explaining the OSI reference model and IEEE 802 networking model. The OSI model is a seven-layer framework for networking that separates functions into the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The IEEE 802 standards define networking interfaces and cabling to ensure compatibility between devices.
The chapter discusses different components and architectures for backbone networks. It describes switches, routers, and gateways that can be used in backbone networks. It outlines common backbone architectures including switched, routed, and virtual LAN (VLAN) backbones. Switched backbones are most popular and use switches to interconnect local area networks (LANs) instead of routers. VLANs assign computers to network segments through software rather than hardware. The chapter provides examples of how different backbone designs are implemented in organizations and their advantages.
This chapter discusses the process of designing computer networks. It describes both traditional network design approaches as well as more modern building block network design. The building block approach involves cyclically refining needs analysis, technology design, and cost assessment phases. Needs analysis involves understanding user and application requirements, technology design specifies the necessary hardware and software components, and cost assessment evaluates design alternatives. Simulation tools can be used to test network designs. Requests for proposals may be issued to vendors to obtain pricing for components. The goal is to design a network that can meet current and future needs in a cost-effective manner.
The document summarizes key concepts about data link layer protocols from Chapter 4 of the textbook. It discusses media access control using contention-based and controlled access methods. It also covers error control techniques like error detection using parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks. Error correction is achieved using retransmission-based automatic repeat request and forward error correction methods. Asynchronous and synchronous transmission protocols are compared, along with common file transfer protocols for asynchronous lines.
This document provides an overview of chapter 6 from the textbook "Fundamentals of Business Data Communications". The chapter discusses wired and wireless local area networks (LANs). It covers LAN components such as network interface cards, cables, hubs, switches, and access points. It also discusses wired Ethernet standards and technologies, including shared Ethernet using hubs and switched Ethernet using switches. Wireless Ethernet and considerations for LAN design and performance are also covered. The chapter concludes by discussing implications for network management.
The document discusses security threats to business networks and methods for ensuring continuity of operations. It covers topics such as risk assessment, preventing disruption through controls like antivirus software and redundancy, and developing disaster recovery plans. Effective security requires identifying valuable network assets, potential threats, and controls to mitigate risks from viruses, hacking, device failure and natural disasters. A risk assessment matches threats to controls through a control spreadsheet. Ensuring continuity involves both preventative controls and disaster recovery plans for restoring operations after an outage or disaster.
The document discusses various network applications and their architectures. It begins by defining application architecture and describing host-based, client-based, and client-server architectures. It then examines specific applications like the World Wide Web, email, file transfer, videoconferencing and instant messaging. For each application it outlines how it works, common standards used, and examples. The document concludes by discussing implications for management.
This document provides information about web design and fundamentals including different types of computer networks and network topologies. It discusses local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs), and wide area networks (WANs). It also covers topics such as the different physical network topologies including mesh, star, bus, ring, and hybrid topologies. Additional sections describe common network devices, internet connections, internet service providers, and basic internet applications and protocols.
The document provides an overview of network reference models and standards, specifically explaining the OSI reference model and IEEE 802 networking model. The OSI model is a seven-layer framework for networking that separates functions into the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. The IEEE 802 standards define networking interfaces and cabling to ensure compatibility between devices.
This document discusses network media for wired and wireless networking. It describes the primary types of wired network media, including copper-based twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cables. Characteristics like bandwidth, maximum segment length, interference susceptibility, cable grade, and cost are important criteria for choosing network media. The document focuses on unshielded twisted-pair cable, describing cable categories and components of a structured UTP cable plant.
This document outlines the course DCN 330 which covers data communication and network interconnectivity, including distinguishing network devices, analyzing network designs, quality of service, cloud computing, and gaining hands-on experience through lectures, labs, and a course project using tools like Cisco Packet Tracer and lab equipment. Students will be evaluated through exams, quizzes, lab assignments, and a course project presentation and report.
This document introduces key concepts in data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of communication, different types of networks including LANs, MANs and WANs, the OSI reference model, and general implementations such as intranets. The OSI model is presented as a standard for network interconnection with 7 layers governing how data is packaged and communicated between applications and devices.
A communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
This document provides an overview of network operating systems and their components. It describes how network OSs allow computers to perform tasks like file sharing, email, and web browsing. It distinguishes between client OSs, which are optimized for end users, and server OSs, which provide infrastructure services and centralized resources. Server OSs incorporate features like user management, security policies, file storage, DHCP, DNS, and fault tolerance. The document also introduces virtualization and how it allows multiple guest operating systems to run simultaneously on a single physical computer.
This document provides an overview of network protocols and the TCP/IP model. It describes the purpose of network protocols and the layered architecture of TCP/IP, with protocols operating at different layers to enable communication. The layers include the network access, internet, transport and application layers. Key protocols discussed include IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP and UDP, with explanations of their functions in routing packets, resolving addresses, error checking, and reliable vs. connectionless delivery.
This document provides an overview of network topologies and technologies. It describes common physical topologies including bus, star, ring, and point-to-point. Logical topologies determine how data travels between devices and can mimic the physical topology or operate differently using switches. Popular network technologies are also examined, particularly Ethernet, wireless LANs, and Token Ring. Ethernet remains the most widely used LAN technology and comes in various speeds and media types.
The document discusses troubleshooting and support for computer networks. It describes the benefits of documenting a network, including making equipment changes easier and aiding troubleshooting. It outlines the problem-solving process, including defining the problem, gathering information, considering causes, testing solutions, and preventing future issues. Common troubleshooting tools are also described, such as ping, trace route, network monitors, and cable testers.
The document describes various network hardware components. It explains that repeaters and hubs receive and retransmit signals to extend network reach, while switches determine destination ports by reading addresses. Wireless access points function similarly to hubs to connect wireless devices. Network interface cards mediate the connection between computers and networks by assembling and transmitting signals. Routers connect local area networks and forward packets between networks using IP addresses and routing tables.
A network connects computer systems together to share computing power and storage facilities. Computers connect through cables or phone lines and may be in the same building or across different locations. Common examples include computer networks in offices and the global Internet. Networks allow for sharing of resources like printers and files as well as easy communication. While they provide advantages, networks also involve costs and security risks. The document describes different types of computer networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs as well as various network topologies, hardware, software, and security measures used in computer networking.
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from the Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition. It introduces networking concepts such as peer-to-peer and client/server networks. Peer-to-peer networks allow direct communication between equal nodes, while client/server networks use a centralized server to manage shared resources. The document also discusses common network types like LANs, MANs, and WANs and elements of client/server networks including clients, servers, network cards, and protocols. Finally, it outlines several common uses for networks such as file and print sharing, remote access services, and email communication.
The document discusses how the combination of CenturyLink and Savvis offers customers:
1) Access to a large fiber network and global access network as well as 50 data centers and over 2 million square feet of colocation space.
2) A one-stop shop for IT infrastructure management, networking, and cloud services.
3) Flexibility, performance, and security in delivering applications through a seamless, scalable platform.
This chapter discusses supporting small business networks. It explains that small business networks typically have less than 200 computers across one or two locations with modest technology needs. The chapter covers selecting network equipment for small businesses, including servers, desktops, switches, wireless access points and routers. It also discusses options for sharing files and other resources like printers for small business networks using Windows HomeGroups, Windows domains, Linux, and network attached storage devices.
Wide area networks connect local area networks over long distances using transmission technologies and devices. Common WAN connection methods include circuit-switched networks like ISDN, leased lines using T-carrier or SONET technologies, packet-switched networks like Frame Relay and ATM, and VPNs over the public Internet. Remote access allows connections from outside the LAN using dial-up, VPNs, or remote desktop applications. Cloud computing provides hosted applications, platforms, and infrastructure over the Internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.
This document describes how CenturyLink uses Splunk to gain insights from machine data across their entire network. It discusses how Splunk has helped streamline operations by automating data collection and connecting siloed data sources. Some key benefits highlighted include improved visibility into performance issues, more efficient troubleshooting, and enhanced accountability of technicians' work. Splunk has transformed CenturyLink's ability to monitor services, track key metrics, and ensure compliance with standards.
PDF Transforming Your Infrastructure into a Utility-Grade NetworkGraybar
Is your network ready and are you prepared for the Internet of Everything? The demands of the network are changing and changing very fast. A robust network infrastructure is critical as we enter this new era of “all things connected."
This G2 Talk webinar will help you understand the challenges that are ahead of you and outline a migration path to a utility-grade infrastructure to support the network of the future.
The document provides an overview of chapter 1 in a networking essentials textbook. It covers basic computer components and operations, networking fundamentals such as packets and frames, and common network terms. The chapter objectives are listed and the presentation slides cover input/output components, storage, processing, how the operating system interfaces with hardware, and examples of local area networks, wide area networks, and internetworks.
SIPfoundry CoLab 2013 - Specific customer case studies for sipXecs and ROI an...SIPfoundry
At the SIPfoundry CoLab users conference Pythian, Lafayette College, and Francis Tuttle University presented specific case studies on how they evaluated, selected, and eventually implemented sipXecs for their company or campus.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the Internet. It begins by defining what a network is and provides examples of point-to-point and multipoint connections. It then covers different network topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring and hybrid. The next sections discuss local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also distinguishes between a network and the Internet. The document concludes by explaining important Internet concepts like HTTP, URLs, and IP addresses.
This chapter discusses network hardware in depth, including switches, routers, wireless access points, and network interface cards. It describes the operation and advanced features of switches, such as creating the switching table, frame forwarding methods, and features like VLANs and port security. For routers, it explains routing tables, routing protocols, and access control lists. It also covers wireless security options, advanced wireless settings, and bus and feature options for network interface cards.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) architectures and technologies. It covers circuit-switched networks, dedicated-circuit networks, packet-switched networks, and virtual private networks. The key WAN technologies discussed include T-carrier services, SONET, Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet services, MPLS, and various VPN types. The chapter also addresses best practices for WAN design and improving WAN performance.
Data analysis telecommunications the int123456naji
This document discusses telecommunications, the Internet, and wireless technology. It covers the components of telecommunications networks, key networking technologies like client/server computing and packet switching, different types of networks and transmission media, how the Internet works, wireless technologies, and the development of mobile networks. The rise of high-speed wireless networks has enabled real-time inventory tracking for businesses.
This document discusses network media for wired and wireless networking. It describes the primary types of wired network media, including copper-based twisted-pair cable and fiber-optic cables. Characteristics like bandwidth, maximum segment length, interference susceptibility, cable grade, and cost are important criteria for choosing network media. The document focuses on unshielded twisted-pair cable, describing cable categories and components of a structured UTP cable plant.
This document outlines the course DCN 330 which covers data communication and network interconnectivity, including distinguishing network devices, analyzing network designs, quality of service, cloud computing, and gaining hands-on experience through lectures, labs, and a course project using tools like Cisco Packet Tracer and lab equipment. Students will be evaluated through exams, quizzes, lab assignments, and a course project presentation and report.
This document introduces key concepts in data communications and computer networks. It discusses the basic elements of communication, different types of networks including LANs, MANs and WANs, the OSI reference model, and general implementations such as intranets. The OSI model is presented as a standard for network interconnection with 7 layers governing how data is packaged and communicated between applications and devices.
A communications, data exchange, and resource-sharing system created by linking two or more computers and establishing standards, or protocols, so that they can work together
This document provides an overview of network operating systems and their components. It describes how network OSs allow computers to perform tasks like file sharing, email, and web browsing. It distinguishes between client OSs, which are optimized for end users, and server OSs, which provide infrastructure services and centralized resources. Server OSs incorporate features like user management, security policies, file storage, DHCP, DNS, and fault tolerance. The document also introduces virtualization and how it allows multiple guest operating systems to run simultaneously on a single physical computer.
This document provides an overview of network protocols and the TCP/IP model. It describes the purpose of network protocols and the layered architecture of TCP/IP, with protocols operating at different layers to enable communication. The layers include the network access, internet, transport and application layers. Key protocols discussed include IP, ARP, ICMP, TCP and UDP, with explanations of their functions in routing packets, resolving addresses, error checking, and reliable vs. connectionless delivery.
This document provides an overview of network topologies and technologies. It describes common physical topologies including bus, star, ring, and point-to-point. Logical topologies determine how data travels between devices and can mimic the physical topology or operate differently using switches. Popular network technologies are also examined, particularly Ethernet, wireless LANs, and Token Ring. Ethernet remains the most widely used LAN technology and comes in various speeds and media types.
The document discusses troubleshooting and support for computer networks. It describes the benefits of documenting a network, including making equipment changes easier and aiding troubleshooting. It outlines the problem-solving process, including defining the problem, gathering information, considering causes, testing solutions, and preventing future issues. Common troubleshooting tools are also described, such as ping, trace route, network monitors, and cable testers.
The document describes various network hardware components. It explains that repeaters and hubs receive and retransmit signals to extend network reach, while switches determine destination ports by reading addresses. Wireless access points function similarly to hubs to connect wireless devices. Network interface cards mediate the connection between computers and networks by assembling and transmitting signals. Routers connect local area networks and forward packets between networks using IP addresses and routing tables.
A network connects computer systems together to share computing power and storage facilities. Computers connect through cables or phone lines and may be in the same building or across different locations. Common examples include computer networks in offices and the global Internet. Networks allow for sharing of resources like printers and files as well as easy communication. While they provide advantages, networks also involve costs and security risks. The document describes different types of computer networks including LANs, WANs, and MANs as well as various network topologies, hardware, software, and security measures used in computer networking.
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 from the Network+ Guide to Networks, 6th Edition. It introduces networking concepts such as peer-to-peer and client/server networks. Peer-to-peer networks allow direct communication between equal nodes, while client/server networks use a centralized server to manage shared resources. The document also discusses common network types like LANs, MANs, and WANs and elements of client/server networks including clients, servers, network cards, and protocols. Finally, it outlines several common uses for networks such as file and print sharing, remote access services, and email communication.
The document discusses how the combination of CenturyLink and Savvis offers customers:
1) Access to a large fiber network and global access network as well as 50 data centers and over 2 million square feet of colocation space.
2) A one-stop shop for IT infrastructure management, networking, and cloud services.
3) Flexibility, performance, and security in delivering applications through a seamless, scalable platform.
This chapter discusses supporting small business networks. It explains that small business networks typically have less than 200 computers across one or two locations with modest technology needs. The chapter covers selecting network equipment for small businesses, including servers, desktops, switches, wireless access points and routers. It also discusses options for sharing files and other resources like printers for small business networks using Windows HomeGroups, Windows domains, Linux, and network attached storage devices.
Wide area networks connect local area networks over long distances using transmission technologies and devices. Common WAN connection methods include circuit-switched networks like ISDN, leased lines using T-carrier or SONET technologies, packet-switched networks like Frame Relay and ATM, and VPNs over the public Internet. Remote access allows connections from outside the LAN using dial-up, VPNs, or remote desktop applications. Cloud computing provides hosted applications, platforms, and infrastructure over the Internet on a pay-as-you-go basis.
This document describes how CenturyLink uses Splunk to gain insights from machine data across their entire network. It discusses how Splunk has helped streamline operations by automating data collection and connecting siloed data sources. Some key benefits highlighted include improved visibility into performance issues, more efficient troubleshooting, and enhanced accountability of technicians' work. Splunk has transformed CenturyLink's ability to monitor services, track key metrics, and ensure compliance with standards.
PDF Transforming Your Infrastructure into a Utility-Grade NetworkGraybar
Is your network ready and are you prepared for the Internet of Everything? The demands of the network are changing and changing very fast. A robust network infrastructure is critical as we enter this new era of “all things connected."
This G2 Talk webinar will help you understand the challenges that are ahead of you and outline a migration path to a utility-grade infrastructure to support the network of the future.
The document provides an overview of chapter 1 in a networking essentials textbook. It covers basic computer components and operations, networking fundamentals such as packets and frames, and common network terms. The chapter objectives are listed and the presentation slides cover input/output components, storage, processing, how the operating system interfaces with hardware, and examples of local area networks, wide area networks, and internetworks.
SIPfoundry CoLab 2013 - Specific customer case studies for sipXecs and ROI an...SIPfoundry
At the SIPfoundry CoLab users conference Pythian, Lafayette College, and Francis Tuttle University presented specific case studies on how they evaluated, selected, and eventually implemented sipXecs for their company or campus.
The document discusses various topics related to computer networks and the Internet. It begins by defining what a network is and provides examples of point-to-point and multipoint connections. It then covers different network topologies like mesh, star, bus, ring and hybrid. The next sections discuss local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It also distinguishes between a network and the Internet. The document concludes by explaining important Internet concepts like HTTP, URLs, and IP addresses.
This chapter discusses network hardware in depth, including switches, routers, wireless access points, and network interface cards. It describes the operation and advanced features of switches, such as creating the switching table, frame forwarding methods, and features like VLANs and port security. For routers, it explains routing tables, routing protocols, and access control lists. It also covers wireless security options, advanced wireless settings, and bus and feature options for network interface cards.
This chapter discusses wide area network (WAN) architectures and technologies. It covers circuit-switched networks, dedicated-circuit networks, packet-switched networks, and virtual private networks. The key WAN technologies discussed include T-carrier services, SONET, Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet services, MPLS, and various VPN types. The chapter also addresses best practices for WAN design and improving WAN performance.
Data analysis telecommunications the int123456naji
This document discusses telecommunications, the Internet, and wireless technology. It covers the components of telecommunications networks, key networking technologies like client/server computing and packet switching, different types of networks and transmission media, how the Internet works, wireless technologies, and the development of mobile networks. The rise of high-speed wireless networks has enabled real-time inventory tracking for businesses.
FUNDAMENTALS OF INTERNET AND WORLD WIDE WEBMuniba Bukhari
The document discusses the history and evolution of the Internet and World Wide Web. It begins with the creation of ARPANET in 1969 by the U.S. Department of Defense to allow scientists at different locations to share information. ARPANET eventually grew into today's Internet after connections to other networks like NSFNET. The World Wide Web was developed in the 1990s, allowing for multimedia content and hyperlinks between documents through browsers and servers. Today, billions of users access the Internet for services like email, social media, e-commerce, and streaming media.
The document discusses various network technologies, categorizing them based on geographical coverage, users, transmission medium, mobility, and link configuration. It covers wired access network technologies like Ethernet, telephone networks using copper or fiber, and digital subscriber line technologies. Core network technologies discussed include digital circuits using telephone networks, packet switching networks, and IP networks. Wireless network technologies for both access and core networks are also mentioned.
ELEC 6851 is an introduction to telecommunication networks course offered at Concordia University. The course covers topics such as the transport layer, network layer, and link layer. It also covers wireless and cellular communication. The textbook is "Computer Networking: A Top-Down Approach" and assessments include a midterm, final, and project. More details are provided on the ENCS Moodle page.
This chapter discusses telecommunications, networking technologies, the Internet, and wireless systems. It covers the components of networks, transmission media, protocols like TCP/IP, digital/analog signals, network types, and physical layers. The chapter also explains how the Internet works, including addressing, domains, architecture/governance. Finally, it addresses wireless devices, cellular standards, and wireless networking technologies like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi that provide mobile Internet access.
This document discusses wireless internet and wireless local area networks (WLANs). It provides an introduction to wireless networking, describing how WLANs use radio waves to connect devices without cables. It discusses technologies like IEEE 802.11 and protocols used for voice and video services over WLANs. The document also covers topics like wireless LAN architecture, wireless internet protocol, TCP/IP optimization for wireless networks, wireless security, and defines hotspots as publicly available Wi-Fi access points.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of the Internet. It discusses how the Internet began as a US military network called ARPAnet in 1969 and expanded throughout the 1970s. While initially used by researchers and the military, the creation of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s led to widespread commercial and public use of the Internet with over 1.9 billion users currently. The document also outlines the various technologies and standards that underpin modern Internet infrastructure like IP addressing, domains, and connection types.
This document provides an overview of telecommunications, networking technologies, the internet, and wireless technologies. It discusses the components of telecommunications networks including clients, servers, network interfaces, cabling, switches, and routers. It also describes different types of networks like local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). Additionally, it explains key concepts like packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, internet addressing, domain name systems (DNS), and the architecture of the internet. Wireless technologies and standards for internet access are also covered.
MIS-CH07: Telecommunications, the Internet, and Wireless TechnologySukanya Ben
This document provides an overview of key topics in telecommunications, networking, the internet, and wireless technologies. It discusses the components of telecommunications networks including clients, servers, interfaces, wiring, and devices. It also describes different types of networks like local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). The document outlines internet architecture, addressing, and governance. It explains technologies like packet switching, TCP/IP protocols, and wireless transmission standards that enable digital communication over networks.
Keynote presentation on the Internet of Things given by Paul Wilson, Director General at APNIC, at the inaugural Taiwan Internet Forum, held in Taipei, Taiwan from 8 December 2015
The document provides information about the Internet including:
1. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that uses TCP/IP protocols to serve billions of users worldwide through private, public, academic, business and government networks linked together.
2. The history of the Internet began in the 1950s with the development of early computer networks like ARPANET and packet switching which led to internetworking protocols allowing multiple networks to join.
3. Internet access technologies include local area networks, dial-up, Wi-Fi, broadband and mobile broadband which people use to access Internet services like email, the World Wide Web and online information.
Networking and communication technologies have evolved greatly over time. The document discusses the history of the ARPANET, development of the Internet, and key terms like packets, IP addresses, and protocols. It also covers the growth of the World Wide Web and broadband technologies that enabled new applications. Finally, it discusses organizational networking and cloud computing models like IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
This chapter discusses the history of networking and the internet. It describes how ARPANET led to the development of TCP/IP and the internet as an interconnected network. Key terms like packets, IP addresses, domains, and protocols are defined. The growth of the World Wide Web through browsers is outlined. Broadband enabled new uses of technology. Organizational networks can include intranets and extranets, while cloud computing relies on internet-based data farms and services.
Networking and communication technologies have evolved greatly over time. The document discusses the history of the ARPANET and TCP/IP protocol leading to the modern Internet. It also defines important networking terms, describes the growth of broadband enabling new uses, and how organizations can implement internal and external networks. Cloud computing provides on-demand services over the Internet.
This document provides an overview of computer networks and the Internet. It defines a computer network as a collection of connected computing devices that share resources. The main advantages are sharing devices and files, communication capabilities, and centralized data backup. Challenges include high setup costs and risk of viruses or hacking. It describes common network models like client-server, and different types of networks by transmission range. The Internet is defined as a global network of networks using TCP/IP that links billions of devices worldwide. Key components that enable the Internet include backbone networks, ISPs, packet switching, and TCP and IP protocols.
The document provides an overview of key concepts related to local area networks (LANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It discusses common LAN technologies like Ethernet, Fast Ethernet, and Token Ring. It also covers topics such as protocols, media, topologies, collisions, transceivers, network interface cards, and hubs/repeaters. The document is intended as a chapter in an introductory networking course.
A network allows two or more computers to connect and share resources like information. There are benefits to networking like increased productivity, ease of access to shared files from different locations, and sharing programs. Networks can use different transmission media like wired cables or wireless transmission. Common network types are LANs which connect devices within a single area, MANs which connect LANs within a geographic region, and WANs which connect LANs over long distances like across countries. Topologies define how computers are physically connected in a network, with common ones being bus, star, and ring.
This presentation provides valuable insights into effective cost-saving techniques on AWS. Learn how to optimize your AWS resources by rightsizing, increasing elasticity, picking the right storage class, and choosing the best pricing model. Additionally, discover essential governance mechanisms to ensure continuous cost efficiency. Whether you are new to AWS or an experienced user, this presentation provides clear and practical tips to help you reduce your cloud costs and get the most out of your budget.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024Intelisync
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
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System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
Ch09
1. Fundamentals of Business Data
Communications
11th Edition
Alan Dennis & Alexandra Durcikova
John Wiley & Sons, Inc
Dwayne Whitten, D.B.A
Mays Business School
Texas A&M University
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-1
3. Outline
9.1 – Introduction
9.2 - How the Internet Works
- Basic Architecture, Connecting to an ISP, The
Internet Today
9.3 - Internet Access Technologies
- DSL, cable modems, Fiber to the Home, and
WiMAX
9.4 – The Future of the Internet
- Internet Governance & Building for the Future
9.5 - Implications for Management
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-3
4. 9.1 Introduction to the Internet
• Most used network in the world
• Not one network, but a network of networks
• Made up of thousands of networks of
– National and state government agencies,
– Non-profit organizations and for-profit companies.
• A rigidly controlled club
– To exchange data, these networks must agree to use
Internet protocols
– TCP/IP MUST be supported by all networks
• Unrestricted applications and contents
– Developed freely
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-4
5. 9.2 How the Internet Works
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-5
6. Internet’s Hierarchical Structure
• Tier 1 Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
– Provide services to their customers and sell
access to tier 2 and 3 ISPs
• Tier 2 ISPs
– Connect with tier 1 ISPs
– Provide services to their customers and sell
access to local ISPs
• Tier 3 ISPs
– Connected to tier 1 or 2 ISPs
– Sell access to individuals
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-6
7. Internet’s Access Points
• Network Access Points (NAPs)
– Connect tier 1 ISPs together
– Sometimes large tier 2 and 3 ISPs also have access
directly to NAPs
• Indiana University, for example, which provides
services to about 40,000 individuals, connects
directly to the Chicago NAP
– About a dozen NAPs in the U.S.
– Run by common carriers such as Sprint and AT&T
• Metropolitan Area Exchanges (MAEs)
– Connect tier 2 ISPs together
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-7
9. Packet Exchange Charges
• Peering
– ISPs at the same level usually
do not charge each other for
exchanging messages
• Higher level ISPs charge lower level ISPs
• Tier 3 ISPs charge individuals
and corporate users for access
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9-9
10. Connecting to an ISP
• Done by through ISP’s Point of Presence (POP)
– A place at which ISP provides service to its customers
• Individual users
– Typically through cable or DSL
• Userid and password checked by Remote Access
Server (RAS)
• Once logged in, the user can send packets
• Corporate users
– Typically access the POP using a T-1, T-3 or ATM OC-3
connections provided by a common carrier
• Cost = ISP charges + circuit charges
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 10
11. Inside an ISP POP
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 11
12. Internet Backbones
• Backbone circuits for national ISPs
– OC-48 and OC-192 (10 Gbps) becoming more common
– Larger backbones converting to OC-192 (10 Gbps)
– OC-768 (40 Gbps) and use OC-3072 (160 Gbps) in
experiment stage
• Aggregate Internet traffic
– Growing rapidly
– Internet traffic was about 80 Terabits per second (Tbps)
in 2011.
– NAPs and MAEs becoming bottlenecks
• Requiring larger and larger switches
• www.navigators.com/isp.html
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 12
13. Sprint’s Internet Backbone
• A tier 1 ISP in North America
• Circuits: mostly ATM OC-12; few OC-48 and OC-192
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 13
14. 9.3 Internet Access Technologies
• Internet access technologies
– Most methods today are commonly called “broadband
access”
• Doesn’t refer to analog communication, rather it just
means high speed
– Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
– Cable Modems
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 14
15. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• A point-to-point technology
• Designed to provide high speed data
transmission over traditional telephone lines
– Traditional telephone lines (local loop)
• Limited capacity due to telephone and switching
equipment at the end offices
• Constrained by 4 KHz voice channel
• Much higher bandwidth possible (with new
technology based equipment DSL)
• Requires changing telephone equipment; not
rewiring the local loop
• Not available in all locations in the US
– More wide spread in Asia, Europe and Canada
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 15
16. Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
• Customer premises equipment (CPE)
installed at customer location
– Contains the line splitter
• Directs traffic to phone network and DSL
modem (aka DSL router)
• Local loops connect to the MDF
– MDF splits neighorhood voice and data traffic
to phone network and DSLAM (DSL access
multiplexer)
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 16
18. Types of DSL
• Asymmetric DSL (ADSL)
– Most common
– Uses frequency division multiplexing
– Uses three FDM channels
• 4 KHz analog voice channel
• A simplex data channel for downstream traffic
• A slower duplex data channel for Upstream traffic
– Size of digital channels
• Depends on the distance (CPE-Office) (up to 18,000 ft)
• Most common (T1): 1.5 Mbps down; 384 Kbps up
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 18
19. DSL Data Rates
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 19
20. Cable Modems
• A digital service offered by cable television
companies
• Uses hybrid fiber coax
• Data Over Cable Service Interface Specifications
(DOCSIS)
– Most common protocol used for cable modems
– Not a formal standard
• Offers vary (depends on the quality of cable plant)
– In theory: downstream: 150 Mbps; upstream: 100 Mpbs
– Typical: downstream: 1-10 Mbps; upstream 0.25 – 1 Mbps
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 20
21. Cable Modem Architecture
• Similar to DSL (with one main difference):
– DSL: point-to-point technology
– Cable modems: use shared multipoint circuits
• All messages on the circuit heard by all computers
on the circuit security issue
• 300 – 1000 customers per cable segment
• Type of equipment used
– Cable Modem Termination System (CMTS)
• Used for upstream traffic only
• Converts data from DOCSIS to Internet protocols
– Fiber Node with an Optical Electrical (OE) converter
– Combiner (for downstream traffic only)
• Combines Internet traffic with TV video traffic
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 21
23. Fiber to the Home
• A dedicated point-to-point fiber optic service
• As of 2011, 7 million US homes subscribed with
another 10 million available
• An optical unit network (OUN) at the customer site
acts as an Ethernet switch and a router
• Commonly provides
– 10-100 Mbps downstream
– 1-10 Mbps upstream
– Most common is 15 and 4
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 23
24. WiMAX
• Wireless standard developed to connect to
Ethernet LANs
• Can be used as fixed or mobile wireless
• Some vendors refer to it as 4G
• ISPs are beginning to provide this service
• Many mobile devices today use an Intel chip set
• PCF media access is used (controlled)
• 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz ranges
• Max range is 3-10 miles
• Common data rate is 40 Mbps
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 24
25. 9.4 The Future of the Internet
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 25
26. Internet Governance
• No one organization operates the Internet
• Closest thing: Internet Society (ISOC)
– Open membership professional society
– Over 175 organizational and 8000 individual members in
over 100 countries
– Mission: “Open development, evolution and use of the
Internet for the benefit of the people in the world.”
– ISOC work areas
• Public policy:
– Involves in debates in copyright, censorship, privacy
• Education
– Training and education programs
• Standards
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 26
27. ISOC Standard Bodies
• Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
– Concerned with evolution of Internet architecture and
smooth operation of Internet
– Work through groups (organized by topics)
– Request For Comments (RFC): basis of Internet standards
• Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG)
– Responsible for management of the standard process
– Establishes and administers rules in creating standards
• Internet Architecture Board (IAB)
– Provides strategic architectural oversight, guidance
• Internet Research Task Force (IRTF)
– Focus on long-term specific issues
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 27
28. The Future of the Internet
• Many new projects designing new technologies to
evolve Internet
• Two primarily North American projects
1.) 1996 - Next Generation Internet (NGI) funded by NSF
–A group called University Corporation for Advanced Internet
Development (UCAID) started with 34 universities
–Developed the Abilene network (also called Internet 2)
2.) Advanced Research and Development Network Operations Center
(ARDNOC) funded by Canadian government, Developed CA*Net
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 28
29. Backbone for Internet 2 and CA*net
Insert Figure 10.11 here
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 29
30. Features of Future Internet
• Access via Gigapops, similar to NAPs
– Operate at very high speeds (10 Gbps) using SONET,
ATM and IPv6 protocols
• IPv6 not IPv4
• New protocol development focuses on issues like
– Quality of Service
– Multicasting
• New applications include
– Tele-immersion
– Videoconferencing
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 30
31. 9.5 Implications for Management
• Concern about traffic slowing down
Internet
– New fiber based circuits deployment along
with Next Generation Internet
• Many new broadband technologies for
high speed Internet access
– Simple to move large amount of data into most
homes and business richer multimedia
apps
• Which access technology to dominate?
– Challenge: Figure out which one
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 31
32. Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of
this work beyond that permitted in section 117 of
the 1976 United States Copyright Act without
express permission of the copyright owner is
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be addressed to the Permissions Department,
John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make
back-up copies for his/her own use only and not
for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes
no responsibility for errors, omissions, or
damages caused by the use of these programs or
from the use of the information herein.
Copyright 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc 9 - 32