TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of data through the use of sequence numbers and acknowledgments. It accumulates data into segments and ensures delivery through retransmissions. UDP is a simpler protocol that does not ensure delivery or order, making it faster but unreliable. IP handles addressing and fragmentation of packets to accommodate networks with different maximum sizes. IPv6 was developed to support more devices, longer addresses, extension headers and simplified header processing.
This document discusses network protocol analysis. It provides an introduction to network protocols, packet sniffing, and the structure of IP packets and TCP segments. Specifically, it outlines the key components of IP packet headers including version, header length, total length, identification, flags, time to live, protocol, and source and destination addresses. It also describes the fields in a TCP segment header, including source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and urgent pointers. Finally, it briefly explains the three-way handshake used to establish connections in TCP.
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths. When sources and destinations are in different networks, the network layer must deal with these differences. The network layer uses logical addressing that is independent of the underlying physical network. Routing ensures packets are delivered through routers and switches from source to destination across interconnected networks.
PPT Slides explains about OSI layer, Internet Protocol(IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP). It focuses on Protocol Headers and the interpretation of various header fields.
PPT describes about how to detect malicious datagrams, packet filtering systems behaviors & anomalies causing due to fragmentation.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the fundamental protocol that defines how data is sent between computers on the Internet. IP addresses uniquely identify each computer and data is sent in packets that contain the source and destination addresses. Packets can take different routes and arrive out of order, with TCP ensuring proper ordering. IP is connectionless and sends each packet independently. The most common versions are IPv4 and the newer IPv6. The IP datagram structure includes a header with fields like version, length, checksum, and source/destination addresses, followed by the data. Large data can be fragmented into multiple packets for transmission.
The document discusses IPv4 and its datagram format. It explains that IPv4 is a best-effort, connectionless protocol that provides no error control or flow control. The datagram format includes a header containing fields like version, header length, total length, protocol, source/destination addresses, and an optional data field. It describes fields related to fragmentation, checksum calculation, and optional header fields like timestamps and routing options.
TCP provides reliable, ordered delivery of data through the use of sequence numbers and acknowledgments. It accumulates data into segments and ensures delivery through retransmissions. UDP is a simpler protocol that does not ensure delivery or order, making it faster but unreliable. IP handles addressing and fragmentation of packets to accommodate networks with different maximum sizes. IPv6 was developed to support more devices, longer addresses, extension headers and simplified header processing.
This document discusses network protocol analysis. It provides an introduction to network protocols, packet sniffing, and the structure of IP packets and TCP segments. Specifically, it outlines the key components of IP packet headers including version, header length, total length, identification, flags, time to live, protocol, and source and destination addresses. It also describes the fields in a TCP segment header, including source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and urgent pointers. Finally, it briefly explains the three-way handshake used to establish connections in TCP.
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
This document summarizes several internet protocols including IP, TCP, UDP, and ICMP. It describes key aspects of each protocol such as their purpose, packet structure, error handling mechanisms, and how they interact to enable communication over the internet. IP is a connectionless protocol that forwards packets based on destination addresses. TCP and UDP are transport layer protocols, with TCP providing reliable connections and UDP being connectionless. ICMP provides error reporting and control for IP. Port numbers and sockets are used to direct communication to specific applications.
The network layer is responsible for delivering packets from source to destination. It must know the topology of the subnet and choose appropriate paths. When sources and destinations are in different networks, the network layer must deal with these differences. The network layer uses logical addressing that is independent of the underlying physical network. Routing ensures packets are delivered through routers and switches from source to destination across interconnected networks.
PPT Slides explains about OSI layer, Internet Protocol(IP), Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP) & Internet Control Message Protocol(ICMP). It focuses on Protocol Headers and the interpretation of various header fields.
PPT describes about how to detect malicious datagrams, packet filtering systems behaviors & anomalies causing due to fragmentation.
The Internet Protocol (IP) is the fundamental protocol that defines how data is sent between computers on the Internet. IP addresses uniquely identify each computer and data is sent in packets that contain the source and destination addresses. Packets can take different routes and arrive out of order, with TCP ensuring proper ordering. IP is connectionless and sends each packet independently. The most common versions are IPv4 and the newer IPv6. The IP datagram structure includes a header with fields like version, length, checksum, and source/destination addresses, followed by the data. Large data can be fragmented into multiple packets for transmission.
The document discusses IPv4 and its datagram format. It explains that IPv4 is a best-effort, connectionless protocol that provides no error control or flow control. The datagram format includes a header containing fields like version, header length, total length, protocol, source/destination addresses, and an optional data field. It describes fields related to fragmentation, checksum calculation, and optional header fields like timestamps and routing options.
This document discusses the network layer in the internet. It covers the internet protocol (IP) which provides connectionless best-effort delivery of packets called internet datagrams. The transmission control protocol (TCP) provides reliable stream service using acknowledgments, while the user datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless datagram service. The document then describes the IP version 4 protocol, including the header fields, fragmentation, addressing, and subnetting techniques.
TCP & UDP ( Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol)Kruti Niranjan
This document provides information about the Transport Layer protocols TCP and UDP. It describes:
1) TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, in-order delivery of data through features like flow control, error control, and congestion control. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets.
2) The TCP header contains fields for source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and options. The UDP header contains fields for source/destination ports, length, and checksum.
3) The main differences between TCP and UDP are that TCP is connection-oriented, provides error control and flow control, and supports full duplex communication
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and address resolution. It describes the five layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite - physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. It also compares the TCP/IP and OSI models. Address resolution is explained, which is the process of mapping between Layer 3 network addresses and Layer 2 hardware addresses. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows hosts to dynamically discover the MAC address associated with a known IP address on the local network.
The document discusses the key aspects of the Internet Protocol (IP) including its connectionless delivery service, packet format and processing by routers. IP provides end-to-end delivery of packets across interconnected networks, with each packet containing a header for routing. Routers examine packet headers to forward packets via the best path towards the destination based on routing tables. IP itself provides a best-effort delivery service, while higher level protocols implement reliable connections.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, and C based on the number of bits used for the network portion. Class A uses 8 bits for the network portion, allowing up to 16 million hosts, Class B uses 16 bits for networks of 65,000 hosts, and Class C uses 24 bits for networks of 254 hosts. IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation with each 8-bit octet represented as a number between 0-255.
This document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the fundamental protocol that defines how devices communicate over the internet. IP provides a connectionless datagram service and uses mechanisms like routing tables, fragmentation and reassembly, and addressing to transmit data packets between devices. Key aspects of IP include its use of routing tables to determine the next hop for packets, placing time to live values on packets to prevent looping, and including fragmentation information to reassemble packets at the destination when they are split across networks.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) including:
- IPv4 provides unreliable, connectionless delivery of packets called internet datagrams between hosts on diverse networks.
- The IPv4 header contains fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time-to-live, protocol, header checksum, source address, and destination address.
- IPv4 addresses are hierarchical, consisting of a network portion and local host portion, and are divided into classes A, B, and C based on network size.
IP is the network layer protocol that provides an unreliable, connectionless, best-effort delivery service for transmitting data packets across networks. It operates by fragmenting large data packets into smaller fragments if needed to meet the maximum transmission unit size of the underlying data link layer. Key fields in the IP header include the identification field to identify fragments of the same packet, the fragment offset field to indicate the position of data in the original packet, and flags to indicate if a packet is a fragment or the last fragment.
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the delivery mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols. IPv4 is an unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol & a best-effort delivery service means that IPv4 provides no error control or flow control (except for error detection on the header). IPv4 assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and does its best to get a transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantees.ThesisScientist.com
Chapter 3. sensors in the network domainPhu Nguyen
This chapter discusses network sensors and the data they generate. Examples of network sensors include NetFlow sensors on routers and packet capture tools like tcpdump. The chapter covers challenges of analyzing large network traffic data, and describes common data formats generated by sensors like NetFlow records and packet captures. It also discusses techniques for filtering large packet capture data, such as using rolling buffers, limiting packet snap lengths, and Berkeley Packet Filter rules.
This document describes a custom network protocol designed to improve throughput performance compared to traditional TCP/IP protocols. The custom protocol uses a simplified 8-byte header containing only essential fields like source/destination addresses and port numbers, and sequence number. Tests of the custom protocol transferring a 10MB file between nodes achieved throughputs up to 902kbps, significantly higher than when using smaller packet sizes. By removing unnecessary TCP/IP header fields and processing, the custom protocol reduces overhead and improves throughput.
The document discusses network layer protocols, specifically Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). It begins by explaining the need for a network layer to enable delivery of data packets across multiple links between networks. The key responsibilities of the network layer are host-to-host delivery and routing packets through routers. It then describes the fields in the IPv4 header such as version, header length, total length, protocol, checksum, source/destination addresses, fragmentation, and time-to-live. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like fragmentation, checksum calculation, and identifying fragment properties. The network layer protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite are also named.
1.1.2 - Concept of Network and TCP_IP Model (2).pptxVINAYTANWAR18
This document provides an overview of network concepts and the TCP/IP model. It describes the key components of TCP/IP including the TCP and IP protocols and how they work together. The TCP/IP model layers are compared to the OSI model layers. Details are given on TCP and IP packet headers including fields like ports, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. Common applications that use TCP and UDP are also listed.
The document discusses the Transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. It describes TCP as a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, ordered delivery of streams of data through mechanisms like sequencing, acknowledgment, flow control and error checking. UDP is described as a simpler connectionless protocol that provides best-effort delivery without checking for errors or lost packets. The key concepts of ports, sockets, multiplexing and demultiplexing are also covered, as well as the header formats and functions of TCP and UDP.
This document discusses Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). It provides details on IPv4 including that it is an unreliable, connectionless protocol operating at layer 3. It describes IPv4 header fields and fragmentation. It also explains that ICMP is used for error reporting and network queries since IPv4 lacks these functions. Specific ICMP message types are outlined including echo request/reply, destination unreachable, and source quench.
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model created by the Department of Defense (DoD) and compares it to the OSI reference model. The DoD model consists of four layers - Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Network Access - which correspond to a condensed version of the seven-layer OSI model. The document describes the functions of each layer and some of the key protocols that operate at each layer, such as TCP, IP, ARP, and Ethernet. It also covers topics like IP addressing, private vs public addresses, broadcast vs unicast traffic, and network access technologies.
The document discusses various TCP/IP utilities used for network troubleshooting and analysis. It describes connectivity utilities like FTP, Telnet, and TFTP. Diagnostic utilities mentioned include ARP, IPConfig, Netstat, Ping, and Traceroute. Server utilities covered are TCP/IP printing service and Internet Information Services. The document also provides brief explanations of ARP, which converts IP addresses to MAC addresses, and Traceroute, which shows the network path between hosts.
This document discusses the network layer in the internet. It covers the internet protocol (IP) which provides connectionless best-effort delivery of packets called internet datagrams. The transmission control protocol (TCP) provides reliable stream service using acknowledgments, while the user datagram protocol (UDP) provides connectionless datagram service. The document then describes the IP version 4 protocol, including the header fields, fragmentation, addressing, and subnetting techniques.
TCP & UDP ( Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol)Kruti Niranjan
This document provides information about the Transport Layer protocols TCP and UDP. It describes:
1) TCP is a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, in-order delivery of data through features like flow control, error control, and congestion control. UDP is a connectionless protocol that does not guarantee delivery or order of packets.
2) The TCP header contains fields for source/destination ports, sequence numbers, acknowledgement numbers, flags, window size, checksum, and options. The UDP header contains fields for source/destination ports, length, and checksum.
3) The main differences between TCP and UDP are that TCP is connection-oriented, provides error control and flow control, and supports full duplex communication
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and the headers used at each layer.
It describes that TCP works to divide files into packets and send them to workstations, while IP handles routing packets through networks. The TCP header includes fields like source/destination port numbers, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. The IP header treats the TCP header+data as a datagram and adds its own header fields like version, length, identification, flags, time to live, and source/destination addresses.
An Authentication Header can also be added for security purposes to authenticate senders and protect against modification of packets.
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and address resolution. It describes the five layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite - physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. It also compares the TCP/IP and OSI models. Address resolution is explained, which is the process of mapping between Layer 3 network addresses and Layer 2 hardware addresses. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows hosts to dynamically discover the MAC address associated with a known IP address on the local network.
The document discusses the key aspects of the Internet Protocol (IP) including its connectionless delivery service, packet format and processing by routers. IP provides end-to-end delivery of packets across interconnected networks, with each packet containing a header for routing. Routers examine packet headers to forward packets via the best path towards the destination based on routing tables. IP itself provides a best-effort delivery service, while higher level protocols implement reliable connections.
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, and C based on the number of bits used for the network portion. Class A uses 8 bits for the network portion, allowing up to 16 million hosts, Class B uses 16 bits for networks of 65,000 hosts, and Class C uses 24 bits for networks of 254 hosts. IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation with each 8-bit octet represented as a number between 0-255.
This document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the fundamental protocol that defines how devices communicate over the internet. IP provides a connectionless datagram service and uses mechanisms like routing tables, fragmentation and reassembly, and addressing to transmit data packets between devices. Key aspects of IP include its use of routing tables to determine the next hop for packets, placing time to live values on packets to prevent looping, and including fragmentation information to reassemble packets at the destination when they are split across networks.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) including:
- IPv4 provides unreliable, connectionless delivery of packets called internet datagrams between hosts on diverse networks.
- The IPv4 header contains fields for version, header length, type of service, total length, identification, flags, fragment offset, time-to-live, protocol, header checksum, source address, and destination address.
- IPv4 addresses are hierarchical, consisting of a network portion and local host portion, and are divided into classes A, B, and C based on network size.
IP is the network layer protocol that provides an unreliable, connectionless, best-effort delivery service for transmitting data packets across networks. It operates by fragmenting large data packets into smaller fragments if needed to meet the maximum transmission unit size of the underlying data link layer. Key fields in the IP header include the identification field to identify fragments of the same packet, the fragment offset field to indicate the position of data in the original packet, and flags to indicate if a packet is a fragment or the last fragment.
The Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the delivery mechanism used by the TCP/IP protocols. IPv4 is an unreliable and connectionless datagram protocol & a best-effort delivery service means that IPv4 provides no error control or flow control (except for error detection on the header). IPv4 assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and does its best to get a transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantees.ThesisScientist.com
Chapter 3. sensors in the network domainPhu Nguyen
This chapter discusses network sensors and the data they generate. Examples of network sensors include NetFlow sensors on routers and packet capture tools like tcpdump. The chapter covers challenges of analyzing large network traffic data, and describes common data formats generated by sensors like NetFlow records and packet captures. It also discusses techniques for filtering large packet capture data, such as using rolling buffers, limiting packet snap lengths, and Berkeley Packet Filter rules.
This document describes a custom network protocol designed to improve throughput performance compared to traditional TCP/IP protocols. The custom protocol uses a simplified 8-byte header containing only essential fields like source/destination addresses and port numbers, and sequence number. Tests of the custom protocol transferring a 10MB file between nodes achieved throughputs up to 902kbps, significantly higher than when using smaller packet sizes. By removing unnecessary TCP/IP header fields and processing, the custom protocol reduces overhead and improves throughput.
The document discusses network layer protocols, specifically Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). It begins by explaining the need for a network layer to enable delivery of data packets across multiple links between networks. The key responsibilities of the network layer are host-to-host delivery and routing packets through routers. It then describes the fields in the IPv4 header such as version, header length, total length, protocol, checksum, source/destination addresses, fragmentation, and time-to-live. Examples are provided to illustrate concepts like fragmentation, checksum calculation, and identifying fragment properties. The network layer protocols that make up the TCP/IP protocol suite are also named.
1.1.2 - Concept of Network and TCP_IP Model (2).pptxVINAYTANWAR18
This document provides an overview of network concepts and the TCP/IP model. It describes the key components of TCP/IP including the TCP and IP protocols and how they work together. The TCP/IP model layers are compared to the OSI model layers. Details are given on TCP and IP packet headers including fields like ports, sequence numbers, flags, and checksums. Common applications that use TCP and UDP are also listed.
The document discusses the Transport layer protocols TCP and UDP. It describes TCP as a connection-oriented protocol that provides reliable, ordered delivery of streams of data through mechanisms like sequencing, acknowledgment, flow control and error checking. UDP is described as a simpler connectionless protocol that provides best-effort delivery without checking for errors or lost packets. The key concepts of ports, sockets, multiplexing and demultiplexing are also covered, as well as the header formats and functions of TCP and UDP.
This document discusses Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) and the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP). It provides details on IPv4 including that it is an unreliable, connectionless protocol operating at layer 3. It describes IPv4 header fields and fragmentation. It also explains that ICMP is used for error reporting and network queries since IPv4 lacks these functions. Specific ICMP message types are outlined including echo request/reply, destination unreachable, and source quench.
Introduction to the Network Layer: Network layer services, packet switching, network layer performance, IPv4 addressing, forwarding of IP packets, Internet Protocol, ICMPv4, Mobile IP Unicast Routing: Introduction, routing algorithms, unicast routing protocols. Next generation IP: IPv6 addressing, IPv6 protocol, ICMPv6 protocol, transition from IPv4 to IPv6. Introduction to the Transport Layer: Introduction, Transport layer protocols (Simple protocol, Stop-and-wait protocol, Go-Back-n protocol, Selective repeat protocol, Bidirectional protocols), Transport layer services, User datagram protocol, Transmission control protocol
This document provides an overview of the TCP/IP model created by the Department of Defense (DoD) and compares it to the OSI reference model. The DoD model consists of four layers - Process/Application, Host-to-Host, Internet, and Network Access - which correspond to a condensed version of the seven-layer OSI model. The document describes the functions of each layer and some of the key protocols that operate at each layer, such as TCP, IP, ARP, and Ethernet. It also covers topics like IP addressing, private vs public addresses, broadcast vs unicast traffic, and network access technologies.
The document discusses various TCP/IP utilities used for network troubleshooting and analysis. It describes connectivity utilities like FTP, Telnet, and TFTP. Diagnostic utilities mentioned include ARP, IPConfig, Netstat, Ping, and Traceroute. Server utilities covered are TCP/IP printing service and Internet Information Services. The document also provides brief explanations of ARP, which converts IP addresses to MAC addresses, and Traceroute, which shows the network path between hosts.
Similar to Chapter03.ppt Advance network concept chapter3 (20)
This document discusses Internet routing protocols and summarizes key concepts. It begins by explaining the operation of IP routers and routing methods like next-hop, network-specific, and default routing. It then discusses autonomous systems and how interior routing protocols like RIP and OSPF are used within an AS to dynamically update routing tables. RIP uses distance vector routing while OSPF computes least-cost paths using the Dijkstra algorithm.
This document provides information about TCP and UDP protocols. It defines port numbers and how they are used to identify processes. TCP provides connection-oriented and reliable data transmission, while UDP provides connectionless and unreliable datagram transmission. The key differences between TCP and UDP headers are described, including the fields in each header and their purposes. Port numbers, both well-known and ephemeral, are explained. Connection establishment and the TCP encapsulation format are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of a course on RF integrated circuit design and testing for wireless communications. The course covers semiconductor technologies for RF circuits, basic RF device characteristics, RF front-end design including LNAs and mixers, frequency synthesizer design including PLLs and VCOs, concepts of RF testing including distortion and noise measurements, and RFIC system-on-chip testing. It includes the course schedule, outlines of lecture topics, and references.
The document discusses the importance of security awareness training for employees. It describes different methods for conducting such training, including classroom-style sessions, online training websites, helpful hints, visual aids, and promotions. It also outlines important topics that should be covered, such as physical security, desktop security, password management, phishing, malware, and file sharing/copyright. The goal of security awareness training is to educate users about security policies, risks, and best practices in order to reduce human errors and insider threats to organizational networks.
This document provides an overview of a course on RF integrated circuit design and testing for wireless communications. The course covers semiconductor technologies for RF circuits, basic RF device characteristics, RF front-end design including LNAs and mixers, frequency synthesizer design including PLLs and VCOs, concepts of RF testing including distortion and noise measurements, and RFIC system-on-chip testing. The schedule outlines lectures on introduction to RF components, power and gain, distortion, noise, RF design topics, analog and embedded test, and built-in self-test.
The document discusses IP addressing and IP datagrams. It describes how IP addresses are composed of a network portion and host portion. Interfaces are assigned IP addresses and networks are groups of interfaces that can directly communicate without routers. The document also summarizes the different IP address classes (A, B, C) and how CIDR allows for more flexible allocation of address space. It provides an overview of the fields in an IP datagram header including source/destination addresses, protocol, TTL, and checksum.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
2. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
2
Introduction
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
Internet Protocol (IP)
IPv6
3. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
3
TCP
RFC 793, RFC 1122
Outgoing data is logically a stream of
octets from user
Stream broken into blocks of data, or
segments
TCP accumulates octets from user until
segment is large enough, or data marked
with PUSH flag
User can mark data as URGENT
4. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
4
Similarly, incoming data is a stream of
octets presented to user
Data marked with PUSH flag triggers
delivery of data to user, otherwise TCP
decides when to deliver data
Data marked with URGENT flag causes
user to be signaled
5. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
5
Checksum Field
Applied to data segment and part of the
header (Pseudo header). The pseudo
header includes the source and destination
IP addresses, protocol and segment length
fields from the IP header. TCP protects
itself from mis-delivery by IP.
Protects against bit errors in user data and
addressing information
Filled in at source
Checked at destination
6. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
6
Options
Maximum segment size – defined in RFC 793 –
it specifies the maximum segment size in octets
that will be accepted in this connection. 16-bit
and can only be used in the initial connection
request segments.
Window scale factor – The value of F in 2F,
where the value of the window field is
multiplied. Max value of F is 14 and this option
is only used in the initial connection request
segments.
Timestamp
8. Some of the Fields
Sequence Number (32 bits) – sequence number of the first data
octet in this segment except when SYN flag is set. If set this
field is ISN + 1 – ISN and the first data octet.
Data offset (4 bits) – number of 32-bit words in the header.
Window (16 bit) – Flow control credit allocation, in octets.
Contains the number of data octets beginning with the one
indicated in the ACK field that the sender is willing to accept.
Flags (6 bits) – URG, ACK, PSH, RST, SYN and FIN.
Urgent Pointer (16 bits) – points to the last octet in a sequence
of urgent data. This allows the receiver to know how much
urgent data is coming.
Chapter 3 TCP and IP
8
9. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
9
UDP
RFC 768
Connectionless, unreliable
Less overhead
Simply adds port addressing to IP
Checksum is optional
10. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
10
Appropriate Uses of UDP
Inward data collection – as in sensor ntks
Outward data dissemination – broadcast
message to users.
Request-response – when applications
control the transaction service.
Real-time applications – in voice and
telemetry.
11. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
11
IP
RFC 791
Field highlights:
– Type of service, defined in RFC 1349, see
Figure 3.1 – provides guidance to end-system
IP modules and to routers along the
datagram’s path.
– More bit
– Don’t fragment bit
– Time to live (similar to a hop count)
14. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
14
Fragmentation and Reassembly
Only two of the 3 bits in the flag field are currently defined.
The more bit and the don’t fragment bit.
Networks may have different maximum packet size
Router may need to fragment datagrams before sending to next
network
Fragments may need further fragmenting in later networks
In IP, Reassembly is done only at final destination since
fragments may take different routes.
– What is the disadvantage of this scheme (pkts can only get smaller as
data moves through the internet).
– What disadvantages result if intermediate routers do the reassembly?
(large buffers are required at routers and all fragments must pass
through the same router)
15. Fragmentation and Reassembly
The IP fragmentation technique uses the following information from the IP
header:
– Identification (ID), Data Length (difference between total length and Internet header
length), Fragment offset, More Flag
The source end system creates a datagram with a Data Length equal to the
entire length of the data field, with Offset = 0, and a More Flag set to 0
(False)
To fragment a long datagram, an IP module in a router performs the
following tasks:
– Create two new datagrams and copy the header fields of the incoming datagram into both.
– Divide the incoming user data field into two approximately equal portions along a 64-bit
boundary, placing one portion in each new datagram. The first portion must be a multiple
of 64 bits.
– Set the Data Length of the first new datagram to the length of the inserted data, and set
More Flag to 1 (true). The Offset field is unchanged.
– Set the Data Length of the second new datagram to the length of the inserted data, and
add the length of the first data portion divided by 8 to the Offset field. The More Flag
remains the same (in this case false if fragmented to two).
Chapter 3 TCP and IP
15
17. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
17
Type of Service TOS Subfield
Set by source system – provides guidance
on selection of the next path for this
segment.
Routers may ignore TOS
Router may respond to requested TOS
value through:
– Route selection – IPv4 focuses here
– Subnetwork service
– Queuing discipline
18. TOS
When TOS routing is implemented, RFC 1812 specifies the ff rules for
forwarding a datagram with a nonzero TOS.
– The router determines all available routes to the destination; if there
are none, the datagram is discarded.
– If one or more routes have the same TOS as the requested TOS, then
the router chooses the route with the best metric based on its routing
algorithms.
– Otherwise, if one or more routes with a TOS=0 (normal service), then
the best of these routes is chosen.
– Otherwise, the router discards the datagram.
Under this set of rules, a router might discard a datagram even though a
route is available, because there is no route with either the same TOS or
normal service.
In practice, routing algorithms always support a TOS=0 route for any
reachable destination.
Chapter 3 TCP and IP
18
20. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
20
Type of Service Precedence
Subfield
Indicates degree of urgency or priority to be
associated with a datagram.
Provides guidance about the relative allocation of
router resources for this datagram.
Like TOS subfield, may be ignored and there are
3 approaches to responding
Intended to affect queuing discipline at router
– Queue service
– Congestion control
21. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
21
IPv4 Options
Security
Source routing
Route recording
timestamping
22. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
22
IPv6
IPng turned to IPv6 standard in 1996.
Increase IP address from 32 bits to 128
Accommodate higher network speeds, mix
of data streams (graphics, video, audio)
Fixed size 40-octet header, followed by
optional extension headers
Longer header but fewer fields (8 vs 12),
so routers should have less processing
23. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
23
IPv6 Header
Version
Traffic class – to support various forms of differentiated
services.
Flow label – a flow is a sequence of pks sent from a
particular src to a particular dst for which the src desires
special handling by the intervening routers.
Payload length
Next header
Hop limit
Source address
Destination address
24. Chapter 3 TCP and IP
24
IPv6 Addresses
128 bits
Longer addresses can have structure that
assists routing
3 types:
– Unicast
– Anycast
– multicast