CCNA 4 Answers, CCNA 1 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 2 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 3 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 4 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 1 Final Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 2 Final Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 3 Final Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 4 Final Version 4.0 Answers
CCNA 4 Answers, CCNA 1 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 2 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 3 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 4 Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 1 Final Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 2 Final Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 3 Final Version 4.0 Answers, CCNA 4 Final Version 4.0 Answers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
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Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Lecture-07 .pdf
1. 1
Internet Routing
Protocols – Part I
Prof. Indranil Sen Gupta
Dept. of Computer Science & Engg.
I.I.T. Kharagpur, INDIA
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Lecture 7: Internet routing
protocols – Part I
On completion, the student will be able to:
1. Explain the operation of an IP router.
2. Understand the various routing methods.
3. Interpret the various fields in a typical routing
table.
4. Explain the basic concept of an autonomous
system (AS).
5. Explain the working of the RIP and OSPF
protocols for dynamically updating the routing
tables.
2. 2
Connection Options
1. Connection-oriented
¾ Network layer protocol first makes a
connection.
¾ All packets delivered as per the
connection.
2. Connection-less
¾ Network layer protocol treats each
packet independently.
¾ No relationship between packets.
Packet Delivery Options
1. Direct Delivery
¾ Host-to-host
¾ Router-to-host
H1 H2
R
Network
3. 3
2. Indirect Delivery
¾ Through one or more routers.
H1 R1 R2
H2
N N
N
Routing Methods
• Several alternatives possible:
a) Next-hop routing
b) Network-specific routing
c) Host-specific routing
d) Default routing
4. 4
a) Next-hop routing
• Routing tables based on next hop.
H1 H2
R1 R2
R1
H2
Next
Hop
Dest
R2
H2
Next
Hop
Dest
--
H2
Next
Hop
Dest
b) Network-specific routing
• Routing table based on destination
network address.
H1
H2
R1
N1 N2
R1
N2
Next
Hop
Dest
5. 5
Next Hop
Dest
c) Host-specific routing
• Can specify the address of a host.
H1
N1
R1
R2
N2
N3
R3
H2
R2
H2
R2
R1
N3
N2
d) Default routing
• Follow a default path if no match found.
H1 R1
N1 N2
R2
Next Hop
Dest
R1
N2
R2
Default
6. 6
Types of Routing Table
1. Static
¾ Contains information inserted
manually.
¾ Does not change with time.
2. Dynamic
¾ Updated periodically depending on
network condition.
¾ Uses protocols like RIP, OSPF, BGP,
etc.
Typical Fields in a Routing Table
• Subnet mask
• Destination IP address
• Next hop address
• Flags
¾ U : router is up and running
¾ G : destination is in another network
¾ H : host-specific address
¾ D : added by redirection
¾ M : modified by redirection
• Interface
7. 7
Example (Routing table for R1)
M0
112.11.35.18
0.0.0.0
0.0.0.0
M1
--
196.23.15.161
255.255.255.224
M0
--
115.0.0.0
255.0.0.0
Interface
NextHop
Dest
Mask
R1 115.0.0.0
196.23.15.161
R2
M0
M1
Routing Protocols
RIP and OSPF
8. 8
Routing Protocols
• Two classes of protocols:
1. Interior
• Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
2. Exterior
• Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
R
R
R
N
N
N
AS
R
R
R
N
N
N
AS
R
R
R
N
N
N
AS
Autonomous Systems
9. 9
• What is an AS?
¾A set of routers and networks managed
by a single organization.
¾The routers within the AS exchange
information using a common routing
protocol.
¾The AS graph is connected (in the
absence of failure).
• Which class of protocols to use?
¾Use interior router protocols to
exchange information between routers
within an AS.
¾Use exterior routing protocol to pass
exchange routing information between
routers in different AS’s.
10. 10
Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
• Routers within an autonomous
system exchange messages.
¾Distance vector routing using hop
count.
¾Table entries updated using values
received from neighbors.
¾Maintain timers to detect failed links.
¾Used in first generation ARPANET.
Problems
• Slow convergence for larger networks.
• If a network becomes inaccessible, it
may take a long time for all other
routing tables to know this.
¾After a number of message transfers.
• Routing loops may take a long time to
be detected.
¾Counting to infinity problem.
• Too much bandwidth consumed by
routing updates.
11. 11
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
• Widely used as the interior router
protocol in TCP/IP networks.
• Basic concept:
¾Computes a route that incurs the least
cost.
ƒ User configurable: delay, data rate,
cost, etc.
¾Each router maintains a database.
ƒ Topology of the autonomous system
to which the router belongs.
ƒ Vertices and edges.
• Two types of vertices:
¾Router
¾Network
• Two types of (weighted) edges:
¾Two routers connected to each other by
direct point-to-point link.
¾A router is directly connected to a network.
• A router calculates the least-cost path to all
destination networks.
¾Using Dijkstra’s algorithm.
¾Only the next hop to the destination is
used in the forwarding process.
12. 12
• At steady state
¾All routers know the same network
topology.
¾“Hello” packets sent every 10 seconds
(configurable) to neighbors.
¾Link State Advertisement (LSA) flooded
initially from each router.
¾Absence of “Hello” packet for 40 seconds
indicate failure of neighbour.
ƒ Causes LSA to be flooded again.
¾LSAs re-flooded every 30 minutes anyway.
OSPF Header Format
Authentication
Version Type Message length
Checksum Authentication type
SourceAddr
AreaId
0 8 16 31
Authentication
13. 13
• Packet types :
¾1 : Hello (check if neighbor is up)
¾2 : Database Description (synchronize
database at beginning)
¾3 : Link State Request (request specific
LSA)
¾4 : Link State Update (LSAs flooded)
¾5 : Link State Acknowledgement
(flooded LSAs are explicitly ack’ed –
reliable flooding)
• Authentication type:
¾Cleartext
¾Encrypted (MD5 Hash, others possible)
15. 15
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
1. For the subnet mask 255.255.192.0, how
many hosts per subnet are possible?
ƒ 11111111 11111111 11000000 00000000
ƒ 14 bits available for host addresses.
ƒ Number of hosts possible is 214-2=16382.
2. In classful addressing, if we are using the
subnet mask 255.255.192.0, which address
class does it correspond to?
ƒ Either Class A or Class B.
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
3. What is the subnet address if the
destination IP address is 144.16.34.124
and the subnet mask is 255.255.240.0 ?
34 :: 0010 0010
240:: 1111 0000
AND:: 0010 0000
Subnet address will be
144.16.32.0
16. 16
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
4. What is the natural mask for a class C
network?
255.255.255.0
5. Using simple subnets, is it possible to
divide a network into unequal sized
subnets?
No. Simple subnets can only divide a
network into equal-sized subnets.
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
6. For an IP address 10.17.5.122 and subnet
mask 255.255.128.0, what is the subnet
address? How many hosts per subnet
are possible?
Subnet address = 10.17.5.122 AND
255.255.128.0
= 10.17.0.0
There are 15 bits in the host portion.
Hosts per subnet = 215-2 = 32766.
17. 17
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
7. Among multiple network classes and
subnets, which alternative imposes more
burden on the external router?
Multiple network classes.
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
8. Using VLSM, give a scheme to split a
class C address into four subnets where
the number of hosts required are:
100, 55, 20, 30
256
128 128
64 64
32 32
18. 18
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
9. If the number of hosts required are 100,
50, 50 and 20, can VLSM be used?
Not possible. The last subdivision of
50 and 20 cannot be done.
10. Can the following be the beginning
addresses in CIDR based addressing?
144.16.192.32/28 --- YES
10.17.18.42/28 --- NO
188.15.170.55/28 --- NO
200.0.100.80/28 --- YES
Divisible
by 16
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
11. For a CIDR address of the form W.X.Y.Z/20,
what is the maximum number of hosts
possible in the network?
Number of bits in host part = 32-20 = 12.
So, number of hosts possible = 212-2 = 4094
19. 19
Quiz Solutions on Lecture 6
12. Which of the following can be the starting
address of a CIDR block that contains 512
addresses?
144.16.24.128 --- NO
144.16.75.0 --- NO
144.16.24.0 --- YES
144.16.0.0 --- YES
QUIZ QUESTIONS ON
LECTURE 7
20. 20
Quiz Questions on Lecture 7
1. What is a connection-oriented protocol?
2. What is a connectionless protocol?
3. What is the difference between direct and
indirect packet delivery options?
4. How is the default route specified in the
routing table?
5. What is the problem if we use only host-
specific routing and no network-specific
routing?
Quiz Questions on Lecture 7
6. What do the G and U flags in the routing
table signify?
7. What is the difference between interior
and exterior routing protocols?
8. What is an autonomous system?
9. How do routers update information in
RIP?
10. How to routers compute path in OSPF?
11. Which paths do the packets follow in
OSPF?