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This document discusses Internet Protocol (IP) which is the fundamental protocol that defines how devices communicate over the internet. IP provides a connectionless datagram service and uses mechanisms like routing tables, fragmentation and reassembly, and addressing to transmit data packets between devices. Key aspects of IP include its use of routing tables to determine the next hop for packets, placing time to live values on packets to prevent looping, and including fragmentation information to reassemble packets at the destination when they are split across networks.
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1) IP packets can be fragmented into smaller pieces if they exceed the Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU) size of a network. Each fragment contains a header with fields like Identification, Flags, and Fragmentation Offset to allow reassembly.
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1) TCP and UDP are the two main Internet protocols for transferring data.
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The document summarizes the OSI network layer and TCP/IP model Internet layer. It describes how layer 3, the network layer, is responsible for routing packets from source to destination by adding addressing and routing. It focuses on IP version 4, the most common network layer protocol, explaining its packet header fields and how routers use IP addresses and routing tables to forward packets between networks. It also discusses techniques for dividing networks, such as hierarchical addressing and static versus dynamic routing protocols.
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speedup, depending on the network and router configuration.
Tcp ip
The document discusses the TCP/IP protocol stack and address resolution. It describes the five layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite - physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. It also compares the TCP/IP and OSI models. Address resolution is explained, which is the process of mapping between Layer 3 network addresses and Layer 2 hardware addresses. The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows hosts to dynamically discover the MAC address associated with a known IP address on the local network.
Ip protocol
IP addresses are 32-bit numbers that uniquely identify devices on the internet. They consist of a network portion and host portion. IP addresses are divided into classes A, B, and C based on the number of bits used for the network portion. Class A uses 8 bits for the network portion, allowing up to 16 million hosts, Class B uses 16 bits for networks of 65,000 hosts, and Class C uses 24 bits for networks of 254 hosts. IP addresses are written in dotted decimal notation with each 8-bit octet represented as a number between 0-255.
ETE405-lec7.pptx
IP resides at the network layer of the OSI model and provides logical addressing that allows systems on different logical networks to communicate. IP packets contain source and destination addresses as well as other fields. Transport protocols like UDP and TCP run on top of IP, with UDP being connectionless and used for real-time voice traffic in VoIP due to its simplicity and lower latency compared to TCP, which provides reliability but higher latency through mechanisms like acknowledgments and retransmissions. RTP runs on top of UDP to provide additional timestamping and sequencing information important for applications like voice calling.
Internet protocol
1. The Internet Protocol (IP) is responsible for addressing hosts and routing packets across networks to allow communication between devices.
2. There are two main versions of IP - IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses and IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses to allow for more devices as the number connected to the internet grows exponentially.
3. TCP and UDP are protocols that operate at a higher layer than IP and provide different functions - TCP enables reliable transmission of data through sequencing and acknowledgment while UDP provides a basic transmission model without these features.
TCP/IP Protocal Suite
TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol made up of interactive modules with each layer providing specific functionality. It was established in 1969 by ARPA to develop conventions for computers to communicate across its packet switching network, which later became known as TCP/IP.
Data is encapsulated as it passes through each layer, with the application layer creating messages, TCP/UDP creating segments/datagrams, and IP creating datagrams to move across the internet in an unreliable but best effort manner. IP supports various network protocols and transports data in packets called datagrams with headers containing routing information.
TCP/IP uses addresses with four bytes made up of class type, net ID, and host ID fields to identify host connections to networks on the
ETE405-lec7.ppt
IP resides at the network layer and provides logical addressing that allows systems on different logical networks to communicate. It is a connectionless protocol that does not provide reliability, flow control, or sequencing. VoIP uses RTP, which sits atop UDP, to transport real-time voice data in an efficient manner without retransmissions. UDP is used instead of TCP for VoIP as reliability is less important than latency for real-time voice communications.
Physical And Data Link Layers
This document summarizes the physical and data link layers that TCP/IP relies on. It describes how TCP/IP services are controlled by daemons like inetd. It then discusses the physical layer and different networking components like repeaters, bridges, switches, and routers. The rest of the document focuses on the data link layer, covering topics like data addressing, flow control, data integrity, frames, and common protocols like Ethernet, Token Ring, Serial Protocols, SLIP, and PPP.
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sandhiya
- 1. M.SANDHIYA (MSC INFO TECH) NADAR SARASWATHI COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCE INTERNET PROTOCAL
- 2. Internet Protocol ๏ The term internet is short for โinternetworkingโ ๏ interconnection of networks with different network access mechanisms, addressing, different routing techniques, etc. ๏ An internet ๏ Collection of communications networks interconnected by layer 3 switches and/or routers ๏ The Internet - note the uppercase I ๏ The global collection of individual machines and networks ๏ IP (Internet Protocol) ๏ most widely used internetworking protocol ๏ foundation of all internet-based applications
- 3. Design Issues ๏ Routing ๏ Datagram lifetime ๏ Fragmentation and re-assembly ๏ Error control ๏ Flow control ๏ Addressing ๏
- 4. Internet Protocol (IP) ๏ IP provides connectionless (datagram) service ๏ Each packet treated separately ๏ Network layer protocol common to all routers ๏ which is the Internet Protocol (IP)
- 5. Routing ๏ End systems and routers maintain routing tables ๏ Indicate next router to which datagram should be sent ๏ Static ๏ Tables do not change but may contain alternative routes ๏ Dynamic ๏ If needed, the tables are dynamically updated ๏ Flexible response to congestion and errors ๏ status reports issued by neighbors about down routers ๏ Source routing ๏ Source specifies route as sequential list of routers to be followed ๏ useful, for example, if the data is top secret and should follow a set of trusted routers. ๏ Route recording ๏ routers add their address to datagrams ๏ good for tracing and debugging
- 6. Datagram ๏ Datagrams could loop indefinitely ๏ Not good ๏ Unnecessary resource consumption ๏ Transport protocol needs upper bound on datagram life ๏ Datagram marked with lifetime ๏ Time To Live (TTL) field in IP ๏ Once lifetime expires, datagram discarded (not forwarded) ๏ Hop count ๏ Decrement time to live on passing through each router ๏ Time count ๏ Need to know how long since last router ๏ global clock is needed
- 7. Fragmentation and Re-assembly ๏ Different maximum packet sizes for different networks ๏ routers may need to split the datagrams into smaller fragments ๏ When to re-assemble ๏ At destination ๏ Packets get smaller as data travel ๏ inefficiency due to headers ๏ Intermediate reassembly ๏ Need large buffers at routers ๏ All fragments must go through same router ๏ Inhibits dynamic routing
- 8. Internet Protocol (IP) Version 4 ๏ Part of TCP/IP ๏ Used by the Internet ๏ Specifies interface with higher layer ๏ e.g. TCP ๏ Specifies protocol format and mechanisms ๏ RFC 791 ๏ Dated September 1981 ๏ Only 45 pages ๏ Will (eventually) be replaced by IPv6 (see later)
- 9. Internet Protocol (IP) Version 4 ๏ Next header ๏ Header extension length ๏ Options ๏ Type (8 bits), length (8 bits) , option data (variable size) ๏ type also says what should router do if it does not recognize the option ๏ Pad1 / Pad N ๏ Insert one/N byte(s) of padding into Options area of header ๏ Ensure header is multiple of 8 bytes ๏ Jumbo payload (Jumbogram) ๏ Option data field (32 bits) gives the actual length of packet in octets ๏ excluding the base IPv6 header ๏ For packets over 216 -1 = 65,535 octets, we use this option ๏ up to 232 octets ๏ for large video packets ๏ Router alert ๏ Tells the router that the content of packet is of interest to the router ๏ Provides support for Resource Reservation
- 10. IP Fragmentation ๏ In IP, reassembly is at destination only ๏ Uses fields in header ๏ Data Unit Identifier โ In order to uniquely identify datagram โ all fragments that belong to a datagram share the same identifier 1. Source and destination addresses 2. Upper protocol layer (e.g. TCP) 3. Identification supplied by that layer ๏ Data length ๏ Length of user data in octets (if fragment, length of fragment data) ๏ Actually header contains total length incl. header but data length can be calculated ๏ Offset ๏ Position of fragment of user data in original datagram (position of the first byte of the fragment) ๏ In multiples of 64 bits (8 octets) ๏ More flag ๏ Indicates that this is not the last fragment (if this flag is 1)