Chapter02
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The document outlines the key steps of the scientific method which include defining the problem, reviewing relevant literature, formulating testable hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, and developing conclusions. It also discusses major research designs used in sociology such as surveys, observations, experiments, and secondary analysis. Additionally, it covers ethics of research, the use of technology, and challenges around studying sensitive topics like human sexuality from a sociological perspective.
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Chapter06
The document discusses several topics related to groups and organizations, including:
1) It defines different types of groups such as primary, secondary, in-groups, and out-groups.
2) It describes formal organizations and bureaucracies, noting that bureaucracies use rules and hierarchies to achieve efficiency.
3) It discusses how technology has impacted the workplace through telecommuting and electronic communication like email.
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Institutions and institutional theory
This document discusses institutions and institutional theory. It begins by outlining the significance of institutions and how they matter for economic development. It then defines institutions and lists some of their key characteristics, including structure, stability, regulating behavior, and shared values. The document also presents a typology of institutional theories, including historical institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, and normative institutionalism. It provides details on historical institutionalism and how institutions evolve over time through path dependence.
Understanding local networks
This document discusses local networks and decision making. It defines local networks as relationships between individuals in a community that create a social system. Two types of decision making are described: strategic analysis which breaks problems into parts for focused analysis, and intuitive thinking which relies on experience and pattern recognition. Strategic analysis involves defining problems, analyzing variables, generating solutions, implementing plans, and assessing outcomes. Intuitive thinking is best used by experts familiar with their field. The document provides examples of how local networks and institutions influence individuals and communities.
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NIE & Regulated Network Industries
1. NIE is anything but new: what is it about?
2. Do Regulated Network Industries exist for NIE?
Chapt 1
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in politics and government, including definitions, principles, and collective action problems. It defines politics as conflicts over leadership, structure, and policies of government, and as deciding who gets what. Government is defined as having a monopoly on force and making and enforcing society's rules. The five principles of politics are introduced: the rationality principle states that political behavior has a purpose; the collective action principle notes that politics requires groups; the institution principle is that institutions solve collective action problems; the policy principle is that outcomes result from preferences and procedures; and the history principle is that history shapes politics. Collective action problems like the tragedy of the commons and free riding are explained.
Week4 slides display
This document discusses different approaches to institutionalism, including old institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism, and historical institutionalism. Old institutionalism focused too much on formal rules without considering human behavior. Rational choice institutionalism views institutions as sets of rules that structure games and influence payoffs. Sociological institutionalism emphasizes how institutions define roles that influence behavior through a logic of appropriateness rather than consequences. Historical institutionalism examines how path dependence affects institutional change over time through processes like displacement, layering, drift, conversion and exhaustion. The approaches provide different perspectives for understanding issues like the failure to properly investigate the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence.
Return To Institutionalism
A discussion on Institutionalism relating to the South African Market – created: 2007
This is not complete, any feedback would be appreciated.
Recommended
Chapter06
The document discusses several topics related to groups and organizations, including:
1) It defines different types of groups such as primary, secondary, in-groups, and out-groups.
2) It describes formal organizations and bureaucracies, noting that bureaucracies use rules and hierarchies to achieve efficiency.
3) It discusses how technology has impacted the workplace through telecommuting and electronic communication like email.
Aom presentation, csr & institutional theory evidence from a developing islam...
This study examines how formal and informal institutions shape corporate social responsibility (CSR) policies and practices in Iran. The researchers conducted interviews with companies and institutions to understand their perspectives. They found that informal institutions like culture, traditions and personal values have a stronger influence on CSR than formal institutions like laws and regulations, which are weakly developed in Iran. Religion has some impact but personal ethics and values were seen as more influential. Non-governmental organizations play a minimal role. The findings indicate institutional changes are needed to further advance CSR in Iran's unique social, political and economic context.
Institutions and institutional theory
This document discusses institutions and institutional theory. It begins by outlining the significance of institutions and how they matter for economic development. It then defines institutions and lists some of their key characteristics, including structure, stability, regulating behavior, and shared values. The document also presents a typology of institutional theories, including historical institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, and normative institutionalism. It provides details on historical institutionalism and how institutions evolve over time through path dependence.
Understanding local networks
This document discusses local networks and decision making. It defines local networks as relationships between individuals in a community that create a social system. Two types of decision making are described: strategic analysis which breaks problems into parts for focused analysis, and intuitive thinking which relies on experience and pattern recognition. Strategic analysis involves defining problems, analyzing variables, generating solutions, implementing plans, and assessing outcomes. Intuitive thinking is best used by experts familiar with their field. The document provides examples of how local networks and institutions influence individuals and communities.
Lessons I did learn from “New Institutional Economics”
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1. NIE is anything but new: what is it about?
2. Do Regulated Network Industries exist for NIE?
Chapt 1
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in politics and government, including definitions, principles, and collective action problems. It defines politics as conflicts over leadership, structure, and policies of government, and as deciding who gets what. Government is defined as having a monopoly on force and making and enforcing society's rules. The five principles of politics are introduced: the rationality principle states that political behavior has a purpose; the collective action principle notes that politics requires groups; the institution principle is that institutions solve collective action problems; the policy principle is that outcomes result from preferences and procedures; and the history principle is that history shapes politics. Collective action problems like the tragedy of the commons and free riding are explained.
Week4 slides display
This document discusses different approaches to institutionalism, including old institutionalism, rational choice institutionalism, sociological institutionalism, and historical institutionalism. Old institutionalism focused too much on formal rules without considering human behavior. Rational choice institutionalism views institutions as sets of rules that structure games and influence payoffs. Sociological institutionalism emphasizes how institutions define roles that influence behavior through a logic of appropriateness rather than consequences. Historical institutionalism examines how path dependence affects institutional change over time through processes like displacement, layering, drift, conversion and exhaustion. The approaches provide different perspectives for understanding issues like the failure to properly investigate the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence.
Return To Institutionalism
A discussion on Institutionalism relating to the South African Market – created: 2007
This is not complete, any feedback would be appreciated.
Functionalism
Functionalism provides a normative definition of crime and deviance as actions that violate social norms. It views society as based on consensus around shared core values. Crime is seen as functional for defining boundaries and reinforcing social bonds, and as inevitable because not everyone will fully commit to social norms. However, functionalism does not fully explain individual motivations for crime or issues of power in society. It influenced Robert Merton's strain theory, which argues crime stems from a disjunction between cultural goals like wealth and the legitimate means to achieve them.
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3. While collective decision making involves many influences, the final institutional arrangements reflect shared intentions and collective responsibility among designers.
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #4
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Spring 2013 - Power Point Presentation #4 - © 2013 Tabakian, Inc.
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Bureaucracy and formal organizations chapt 7 ss
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Chapter 7 Bureaucracy And Formal Organizations
Formal organizations and bureaucracies are rational, rules-based structures designed to achieve explicit goals efficiently. Bureaucracy refers specifically to organizations with clear hierarchies, division of labor, impersonal roles, and emphasis on written rules and records. While effective for their goals, formal structures can also lead to alienation among workers and goal displacement over time. The "Iron Law of Oligarchy" holds that organizations tend to become dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite, distant from regular members. To counter these issues, some advocate for more humanizing work environments that distribute power evenly and use work teams.
systems theory
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Economic institution
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Lesson 3.-power
The document discusses the concept of power. It defines power as the ability to control and influence others and direct events. It outlines four main objectives which are to define power, identify the nature and types of power and consequences of power, explain the nature, dimensions, and types of power and consequences of power, and explain how power is exercised in different situations. It then discusses different types of power including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, informational power, expert power, and referent power. It analyzes how power can be used and the dimensions of power.
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The document discusses several topics related to population, health, and communities. It begins by outlining Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and Karl Marx's response. It then discusses elements of demography such as death rates, life expectancy, and growth rates. The document also examines world population patterns, fertility trends in the United States, sociological perspectives on health, and the relationship between social factors and health outcomes.
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The document discusses several topics related to government, the economy, and the environment including:
1) Economic systems like capitalism and socialism and how they differ in their approaches to private ownership and profit motives.
2) Models of power and authority in political systems including Weber's three types of authority.
3) Political behavior in the US including factors that influence participation and voter trends over time.
4) Models of power structures in the US including elite and pluralist models.
5) Changes in the US economy including the growing diversity of the workforce and rise of contingent work arrangements.
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Functionalism
Functionalism provides a normative definition of crime and deviance as actions that violate social norms. It views society as based on consensus around shared core values. Crime is seen as functional for defining boundaries and reinforcing social bonds, and as inevitable because not everyone will fully commit to social norms. However, functionalism does not fully explain individual motivations for crime or issues of power in society. It influenced Robert Merton's strain theory, which argues crime stems from a disjunction between cultural goals like wealth and the legitimate means to achieve them.
Sociological institutionalism for a (mostly) economist audience
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MeTA multi-stakeholder processes workshop for MeTA pilot countries in Wageningen UR Centre for Development Innovation, January 2010
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The document discusses designers' intentions in establishing institutions. It makes three key points:
1. Institutional performance can be traced back to the intentions and purposes of their original designers.
2. Regional institutions in Africa, like the OAU and AU, were designed with limitations to respect states' sovereignty and avoid strict adherence.
3. While collective decision making involves many influences, the final institutional arrangements reflect shared intentions and collective responsibility among designers.
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #4
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Spring 2013 - Power Point Presentation #4 - © 2013 Tabakian, Inc.
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This document summarizes the key ideas of pragmatism and institutionalism. It discusses the views of early pragmatists like Peirce, James, and Dewey, as well as institutionalist thinkers like Veblen and Polanyi. Some of the main points covered include Veblen's concepts of conspicuous consumption and sabotage, Polanyi's notion of the double movement by which societies protect themselves from the destructive effects of unfettered markets, and his view that different societies develop different varieties of capitalism through re-embedding markets in different ways.
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The document discusses rationalization of society and the rise of formal organizations and bureaucracies. It describes how Karl Marx and Max Weber viewed the shift from traditional ways of thinking to an emphasis on efficiency. Formal organizations are designed to achieve objectives through a bureaucratic structure with hierarchies, rules, and impersonality. However, bureaucracies can lead to issues like alienation and inefficiency. Attempts have been made to humanize corporate culture and address diversity, but conflicts remain. New technologies also allow greater control and monitoring of workers.
Chapter 7 Bureaucracy And Formal Organizations
Formal organizations and bureaucracies are rational, rules-based structures designed to achieve explicit goals efficiently. Bureaucracy refers specifically to organizations with clear hierarchies, division of labor, impersonal roles, and emphasis on written rules and records. While effective for their goals, formal structures can also lead to alienation among workers and goal displacement over time. The "Iron Law of Oligarchy" holds that organizations tend to become dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite, distant from regular members. To counter these issues, some advocate for more humanizing work environments that distribute power evenly and use work teams.
systems theory
Easton constructed a systems theory model of politics that defines the basic processes of any political system. The model views the political system as converting "inputs" from the environment, like demands and support from citizens, into "outputs" like policies, plans and programs. There is also "feedback" as citizens react to outputs. The environment outside the political system also influences inputs, decision-making, outputs and feedback. However, critics argue the model presents an overly mechanical and rigid view of politics that better describes stable democracies and has a "black box" view of how decisions are made inside the political system.
Ebooksclub.org structuring_politics__historical_institutionalism_in_comparat...
Ebooksclub.org structuring_politics__historical_institutionalism_in_comparat...University of Campinas
STEIMO, S.; THELEN, K.; LONGSTRETH, F. Historical institutionalism in comparative analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1992.Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #5
This document summarizes the key topics and readings for Dr. Tabakian's Political Science 2 course on modern world governments. The topics covered in the upcoming lectures include defining democracy, direct democracy, democratic transition, five generalizations about democracy, democratic peace theory, republican forms of government, and the similarities between democracy and capitalism. The reading assignments examine paradoxes of contemporary democracy and reflections on the end of history.
Social Capital and Grassroots Development
This document discusses social capital and its relationship to grassroots development. It begins by reviewing four major perspectives on defining social capital: the communitarian view, networks view, institutional view, and synergy view. It then attempts to define social capital specifically in the context of the grassroots development efforts of the Inter-American Foundation. The document outlines methods that have been used to measure three dimensions of social capital: levels of social capital, how social capital affects welfare, and how social capital is created. It provides an example of how levels of social capital were measured in a study conducted in India. Finally, it discusses the Grassroots Development Framework that the Inter-American Foundation uses to measure organizational capacity and how this could be integrated with
Little
This document summarizes Daniel Little's views on social science as presented in his work "Action in History and Social Science". It discusses key concepts such as social regularities, causal explanations, and the relationship between agents and structures. Little argues that social science lacks universal laws and strong regularities. Instead, causal explanations should focus on causal powers, mechanisms, and how structures constrain yet are also shaped by individual agency. As a result, prediction in social science is limited compared to natural sciences.
Crime and deviance and the media
The document discusses how the media portrays crime and can influence perceptions of crime. It notes that the media tends to overrepresent violent crimes and underrepresent more common property crimes. This creates a distorted view of crime among the public. The media also plays a role in moral panics by sensationalizing certain issues and groups, which can amplify fears about crime. Fictional crime representations also tend to exaggerate violence and follow stereotypical portrayals rather than reflect reality.
research abaout " behaviour to bribe"
The document examines how cultural, institutional, and organizational factors influence bribery activity among firms using a multilevel analysis and theoretical framework of anomie theory. It analyzes survey responses from nearly 4,000 firms in 38 countries to investigate how national cultural values and institutional characteristics can create normlessness that encourages firms to engage in bribery. The study also considers how firm-level pressures like financial constraints and competitive intensity further explain a firm's propensity to supply bribes as a strategic tool.
Economic institution
The economy is the institution that provides for the production and distribution of goods and services, which people in every society need. Sometimes they can provide these things for themselves, and sometimes they rely on others to provide them. When people rely on others for goods or services, they must have something to exchange, such as currency (in industrialized societies) or other goods or services (in nonindustrialized societies). The customs surrounding exchange and distribution of good and services shape societies in fundamental ways.
Approaches to comparative politics
This document discusses different approaches to comparative politics, including traditional and structural-functional approaches. It outlines four traditional approaches: the philosophical approach, which uses deductive reasoning; the historical approach, which studies historical context; the institutional approach, which compares government institutions; and the legal approach, which treats states as organizations for law. It then describes the structural-functional approach, which views political systems as institutions that interact within a dynamic relationship to other systems and require feedback mechanisms.
Lesson 3.-power
The document discusses the concept of power. It defines power as the ability to control and influence others and direct events. It outlines four main objectives which are to define power, identify the nature and types of power and consequences of power, explain the nature, dimensions, and types of power and consequences of power, and explain how power is exercised in different situations. It then discusses different types of power including reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, informational power, expert power, and referent power. It analyzes how power can be used and the dimensions of power.
Introduction to Comparative Government Syllabus
This document provides the module specification for an "Introduction to Comparative Government and Politics" course. The course aims to examine and compare different democratic and non-democratic systems through studying political institutions like executive, legislative, and judicial branches. It will use comparative methods to analyze similarities and differences between regime types. The course is organized around institution-specific topics incorporating various country case studies. It will be taught through lectures and seminars. Upon completing the course, students will gain understanding of comparative methods, features of different political systems and institutions, and case studies of regime types from democracies to dictatorships.
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Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #4
Ebooksclub.org structuring_politics__historical_institutionalism_in_comparat...
Ebooksclub.org structuring_politics__historical_institutionalism_in_comparat...
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #5
Political Science 2 – Comparative Politics - Power Point #5
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Chapter13
The document discusses sociological perspectives on religion and education. It covers Durkheim's view of religion as a social phenomenon, describes major world religions, and examines the role and functions of religion in society. It also analyzes sociological views of education from functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives and discusses religious issues in schools such as prayer and creationism.
Chapter15a
The document discusses several topics related to population, health, and communities. It begins by outlining Thomas Malthus's theory of population growth and Karl Marx's response. It then discusses elements of demography such as death rates, life expectancy, and growth rates. The document also examines world population patterns, fertility trends in the United States, sociological perspectives on health, and the relationship between social factors and health outcomes.
Chapter14
The document discusses several topics related to government, the economy, and the environment including:
1) Economic systems like capitalism and socialism and how they differ in their approaches to private ownership and profit motives.
2) Models of power and authority in political systems including Weber's three types of authority.
3) Political behavior in the US including factors that influence participation and voter trends over time.
4) Models of power structures in the US including elite and pluralist models.
5) Changes in the US economy including the growing diversity of the workforce and rise of contingent work arrangements.
Chapter15b
Early communities formed around agriculture, which allowed people to settle instead of constantly moving. Preindustrial cities remained small due to reliance on animal power, limited surplus, and difficulties with transportation and food storage. The Industrial Revolution led to larger industrial cities with more open class systems and mobility. Postindustrial cities in the late 20th century were based on finance, information flow, and decentralized production. Addressing population growth through policies that encourage family planning and contraception has been controversial globally due to cultural and political sensitivities.
Chapter03
The document discusses several key aspects of culture, including its definition, development around the world, and common elements. It explores how culture is shaped by dominant ideologies and varies within subgroups. It also examines the social policy issue of bilingual education and debates around language diversity.
Chapter01
Sociology is the systematic study of human social behavior and its origins, development, organizations, and institutions. It examines how social relationships influence people's attitudes and how societies are formed and change. Sociological theories seek to explain social phenomena and behaviors in a comprehensive manner. Major theoretical perspectives in sociology include functionalism, conflict theory, interactionism, and feminism. Each perspective provides different insights into social issues.
Chapter11
The document discusses several topics related to social stratification including gender roles, aging, and the status of women. It provides information on:
1) How gender roles are socially constructed and differ for males and females in areas like behaviors, traits, and career paths.
2) Perspectives on the stratification of gender including functionalist, conflict, and feminist views of the unequal power dynamics between men and women.
3) Data showing women remain in subordinate positions globally and the "second shift" burden they face with unpaid domestic work.
4) Demographic trends in aging populations worldwide and theories explaining adjustment to aging.
Chapter04
The document discusses socialization and the various agents that influence it. It covers topics like the role of socialization, the development of self, socialization throughout the life course, and key agents of socialization like family, schools, peers, media, and the workplace. It also discusses sociological approaches to understanding socialization and compares childcare policies around the world.
Ast1001.Ch9
Asteroids are rocky objects that orbit the Sun, mostly located in a belt between Mars and Jupiter. Their irregular shapes indicate they have not undergone geological processes like planets. Some large asteroids even have their own moons. Most meteorites originate from asteroids. Comets are icy objects that originate much further from the Sun in the Kuiper belt and Oort cloud. When heated as they approach the Sun, comets grow dust and plasma tails. Pluto and other large Kuiper belt objects are classified as dwarf planets rather than planets due to their small size and icy composition. Evidence suggests a large asteroid or comet impact was responsible for the mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs 65 million years ago.
Chapter09
This document discusses stratification and social mobility. It defines different systems of stratification including ascribed and achieved status, slavery, castes, and social classes. It also discusses perspectives on stratification from Marx, Weber, functionalism, and conflict theory. The document examines social class measurement and trends in income, wealth, and poverty in the US. It describes types of social mobility including horizontal, vertical, intergenerational, and intragenerational mobility.
Chapter08
This document discusses social control, deviance, crime, and the death penalty in the United States. It defines key terms like social control, deviance, and crime. It provides statistics on crime rates and incarceration. It also examines functionalist, conflict, and interactionist perspectives on deviance. Finally, it analyzes the death penalty debate and provides data on its use in the US and worldwide.
Chapter16
This document discusses social movements, theories of social change, resistance to social change, and the relationship between technology and society. It addresses how technology has impacted communication, social control, stratification, and issues around privacy and censorship. Theories of social change like evolutionary theory, functionalist theory, and conflict theory are examined in how they view social change. Newer technologies such as the internet, biotechnology, and genetic engineering are discussed along with their potential impacts and issues they raise regarding social policy.
Chapter12
The document provides an overview of families and intimate relationships. It discusses different types of families including nuclear, extended, monogamous, and polygamous families. It also examines kinship patterns, authority structures, and trends in household composition in the United States over time. Functional, conflict, interactionist, and feminist views of studying families are introduced. Trends in marriage, divorce, and diverse lifestyles such as cohabitation and remaining single are also summarized.
Chapter10
This document provides an overview of concepts related to racial and ethnic inequality. It discusses key terms like minority groups, racial groups, and ethnic groups. It also examines prejudice and discrimination, and how they are studied. Patterns of intergroup relations in the US are reviewed, including segregation and pluralism. Specific racial and ethnic groups in the US are also described, including policies around immigration and diversity.
Chapter07
The document discusses sociological perspectives on mass media. It covers functionalist, conflict, and feminist views. Functionalist views see media as reinforcing social norms and conferring status. Conflict views see media reflecting social divisions and gatekeeping by elites. Feminist views see stereotypical gender portrayals in media. It also discusses the media industry, audiences, and social policy debates around media violence.
Chapter05
The document discusses several key aspects of social structure, including social interaction and reality, elements of social structure like status and roles, and Lenski's model of sociocultural evolution. It also examines social policy issues related to the global AIDS crisis and the challenges of developing responses to help protect populations.
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The document discusses the scientific method and how social scientists use it to develop and test hypotheses. It defines science as employing the scientific method to build an organized body of knowledge through explanation and testing of relationships between observable facts and events using hypotheses. Social scientists develop theories to explain social phenomena and test them using research designs that compare experimental and control groups to determine the effects of treatments while accounting for sampling error and other limitations. They gather data through survey research, field research, and analysis of secondary source data collected by other organizations.
Methods of research
This document discusses the key methods used in sociological research, including the scientific method, various research designs, and data collection techniques. It outlines the typical steps in conducting research such as formulating hypotheses, reviewing literature, collecting and analyzing data. Specific methods covered include experiments, surveys, participant observation, secondary data analysis. An example is given of the famous Stanford Prison Experiment which investigated how social roles and situations can influence human behavior.
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This document discusses research methodology and provides details about various aspects of research. It defines research as a systematic process involving identifying a problem, formulating a hypothesis, collecting and analyzing data, and reaching conclusions. It outlines the scope of business research and notes that research promotes logical thinking and provides the basis for government policies. The document also discusses the objectives of research such as gaining new insights, describing characteristics, determining frequencies of occurrences, and testing hypotheses. It describes different types of research like quantitative, qualitative, descriptive, analytical, and empirical research. Finally, it discusses criteria for good research and outlines the steps in the research process.
The scientific method
The document outlines the basic steps of the scientific method used in sociological research: 1) Define the problem, 2) Review relevant literature, 3) Formulate a testable hypothesis, 4) Select a research design and collect/analyze data through methods like surveys, observation, or experiments, and 5) Develop a conclusion and ideas for further research. It discusses key aspects of each step, such as developing operational definitions, identifying independent and dependent variables, ensuring validity and reliability, and addressing ethical concerns.
Chapter 02
This document provides an overview of sociological research methods. It discusses how sociologists use the scientific method to systematically study human behavior and social phenomena. The scientific method involves asking questions, researching existing literature, formulating hypotheses, designing and conducting studies, analyzing results, and reporting conclusions. Both quantitative and qualitative data can be collected through methods like surveys, field research including observation and ethnography, experiments, and secondary data analysis. Ethical guidelines help ensure research is conducted competently, objectively and protects participants.
Slide 1 what is social science social science is about examinin
Social science examines human behavior and interactions using empirical and scientific methods. It studies people and societies while natural sciences examine natural processes. Both use verifiable data and logical reasoning but social science must account for how research is a product of time and place as societies change.
Research is conducted for various reasons like influencing policy, academic inquiry, and personal interests. The main types of research are descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, and evaluation. Research methods can be quantitative using numbers or qualitative using words. Key aspects researchers must understand are theories, hypotheses, independent and dependent variables, and operational definitions. Research can use deductive reasoning starting with a theory or inductive reasoning developing a theory from data.
Introduction to Research.pptx
The document provides an introduction to research. It defines research as the careful consideration of studying a particular concern or problem using scientific methods. Research involves both inductive and deductive methods and can analyze observed events or verify observed events. The document discusses the uses of health research including drug approvals, discoveries and policy decisions. It also outlines the characteristics, purpose, types and methods of research including participatory, qualitative, operational and evaluative research.
General Psychology
The document outlines the scientific method of investigation which involves several key steps: defining the problem, reviewing related literature, formulating a hypothesis, developing a research design, collecting data, analyzing the data, and drawing a conclusion. It also discusses two common research methods - surveys and observation - outlining their advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it discusses the importance of psychology in understanding human behavior scientifically and applying findings to solve problems.
Research methods (arfan rai) assignment
This document provides an overview of research methods. It defines research as a systematic, careful examination aimed at discovering and establishing facts or principles. Research is classified in several ways, including by purpose (predictive, directive, illuminative), goal (basic/pure vs applied), level of investigation (exploratory, descriptive, experimental), scope (action research), choice of answers to problems (evaluation research, developmental research), and statistical content (quantitative vs qualitative). The key aspects of various research types are outlined at a high level.
Research Method in psychology
Psychologists use three main research methods to study human behavior: observation, correlation, and experimentation. Observation involves directly observing and recording behaviors in natural settings, correlation examines relationships between variables, and experimentation systematically manipulates variables to test hypotheses about causation. Each method has advantages like providing naturalistic, quantitative, or controlled data, but also limitations such as lack of control, inability to determine causation, or reduced ecological validity.
Class 2, Final
The document discusses various social science disciplines including sociology, political science, psychology, anthropology, and economics. It defines each discipline and provides examples of topics studied within each field. It also discusses sociological research methods and key concepts like variables, hypotheses, validity, reliability, and triangulation of methods.
Research methods
This document outlines the basic steps in research: 1) formulating the problem, 2) conducting exploratory studies to define the problem, 3) designing the research project including determining data needs, sources, and collection methods, 4) collecting data through various methods like observation, interviews, questionnaires, and records, 5) processing and analyzing the data both statistically and through inference, and 6) interpreting the results. The overall aim of research is to discover new facts and revise conclusions to further knowledge.
UNIT-1 BRM marketing to my career to solar.pptx
This document provides an overview of research, including definitions, objectives, significance, and process. It defines research as a systematic and organized way to find answers to questions through scientific investigation and discovery of new facts. The objectives of research are exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic, and hypothesis testing. Research is significant as it contributes to new knowledge, supports decision-making, improves practices, helps solve problems, and enhances quality of life. The research process involves problem formulation, literature review, developing hypotheses, research design, data collection and analysis, and reporting findings.
Chapter 2
Sociological inquiry (SI) aims to provide understanding of the social world through exploration of human social and cultural conditions. SI publishes both theoretical and empirical work using varied research methods. SI follows certain procedures like defining problems, gathering and analyzing data, and verifying results. Commonly used methods include experiments, surveys, and case studies which may employ qualitative or quantitative techniques like observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The overall goal of SI is to obtain understanding of how social phenomena work and change over time and context.
Introduction of research
The document provides an introduction to the concept of research, outlining that research involves systematically investigating phenomena through objective and logical methods such as collecting facts, answering questions, and explaining unexplained events. It discusses different types of research including pure research conducted for knowledge, applied research for problem solving, exploratory research to investigate unknown problems, and descriptive research to gather information without changing the environment. The document also covers research purposes, assumptions, significance, and maintaining objectivity.
Chapter 2
The document outlines the seven steps of the sociological research process: 1) defining the problem, 2) reviewing previous research, 3) developing hypotheses, 4) determining research design, 5) defining the sample and collecting data, 6) analyzing and interpreting data, and 7) preparing the research report. It discusses key concepts like independent and dependent variables, and the four main research methods: surveys, participant observation, experiments, and secondary analysis. It also covers issues of validity, reliability, research bias, sampling, and ethical concerns in sociological research.
Qualitative & Quantitative Methods of Research
This document discusses different types of studies and research methods used in social and social work research. It outlines qualitative and quantitative research methods. Qualitative methods are aimed at understanding human behavior and social processes, and include case studies, content analysis, narrative methods, and ethnography. Quantitative methods adopt a positivist perspective and use standardized data collection to test hypotheses, and include census, opinion polls, and evaluating relationships between variables. The document also distinguishes between pure research, driven by intellectual curiosity to expand knowledge, and applied research, which is problem-oriented and aims to inform actions or policies. In conclusion, it advocates that integrating qualitative and quantitative methods can produce richer results than using a single methodology.
Social_Research_Methods_on25Feb2016.pdf
This document outlines a core course on social research methods for sociology students. It contains 4 modules that cover the fundamentals of research, types and methods of social research, stages of social research, and data collection methods. The document provides an introduction to each module and lists the topics that will be covered. It also includes information about the authors and reviewers of the course content. The overall document provides an overview of the structure and topics that will be taught in the social research methods course for sociology students.
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Chapter02
- 10. What is the Scientific Method? Figure 2.2: Causal Logic
- 14. What is the Scientific Method? Figure 2.1: The Scientific Method
- 21. Major Research Designs Table 2-1: Existing Sources Used in Sociological Research
- 28. Social Policy and Sociological Research Figure 2.4: Percent of Television Shows that Contain Sexual Content (source: Kaiser Family Foundation 2001/02)
- 29. Social Policy and Sociological Research Figure 2.5: Views on Sex before Marriage