This document provides an overview of research methods and processes. It discusses:
1) Three ways to understand the world - experience, reasoning, and research. Research involves forming hypotheses, testing theories, and problem solving.
2) Types of reasoning - deductive, inductive, and inductive-deductive. Inductive reasoning leads to hypothesis formation while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific.
3) The research process which involves defining the problem, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting results.
The document discusses different categories of research including:
- By type (primary vs secondary research)
- By objective (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods)
- By form (exploratory, constructive, empirical research)
- By reasoning (deductive vs inductive reasoning)
It also briefly outlines four main research paradigms: postpositivism, social constructivism, advocacy/participatory, and pragmatism.
The document discusses scientific research concepts and methods. It defines key terms like concepts, theories, facts, and variables. It also describes the objectives of research as investigating phenomena, analyzing data for patterns, and advancing theories. Additionally, it outlines three main types of research: exploratory research for ambiguous problems, descriptive research for partially defined problems, and causal research for clearly defined problems aimed at identifying relationships between variables.
This document provides an overview of scientific research methods. It discusses key concepts like the scientific method, basic and applied research, how researchers choose topics, formulating research problems and hypotheses. It also covers literature reviews, choosing variables, research participants, experimental design, and strategies to control bias. The goal of research methods is to conduct valid and reliable studies to advance scientific knowledge in a systematic and objective manner.
This document provides an overview of managing research. It discusses the structure of the course, which will examine definitions of research, approaches, and the research process. The assessment will be a research proposal. It defines research and discusses types including exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and predictive. It also covers research approaches such as quantitative vs qualitative and pure vs applied. Deductive research moves from general to specific while inductive produces rules from observations. Finally, it discusses research philosophies including positivism and phenomenology.
The document provides an overview of the scientific method and compares it to common sense reasoning. It discusses how science uses structured processes like empirical testing, replication, and verification of conclusions. In contrast, common sense relies more on individual experience and intuition, which can be biased. The document also covers different types of research methods like descriptive, correlational, explanatory and exploratory research. It discusses approaches like quantitative structured research versus qualitative unstructured research. Finally, it discusses various aspects of the research process like problem identification, data collection and analysis, and interpretation of results.
This document discusses research methodology and provides an overview of key concepts in conducting research. It describes research as a systematic, rigorous, and empirical process of inquiry aimed at discovering and interpreting new facts or reaching new conclusions. The document outlines various types of research based on their application, objectives, and inquiry mode, and discusses important characteristics of research such as being controlled, valid, and verifiable. It also presents various frameworks for classifying research purposes and types.
This document outlines several social science paradigms used in research, including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, critical theory, and feminism. It also discusses deductive and inductive theory construction. Positivism views reality as objective and values empirical observation, while constructivism sees reality as subjective and values interpretation. Deductive research reasons from existing theories to hypotheses, while inductive research uses observation to discover patterns and develop theories.
This document provides an overview of research methods and processes. It discusses:
1) Three ways to understand the world - experience, reasoning, and research. Research involves forming hypotheses, testing theories, and problem solving.
2) Types of reasoning - deductive, inductive, and inductive-deductive. Inductive reasoning leads to hypothesis formation while deductive reasoning moves from general to specific.
3) The research process which involves defining the problem, objectives, hypotheses, methodology, data collection and analysis, and reporting results.
The document discusses different categories of research including:
- By type (primary vs secondary research)
- By objective (qualitative, quantitative, mixed methods)
- By form (exploratory, constructive, empirical research)
- By reasoning (deductive vs inductive reasoning)
It also briefly outlines four main research paradigms: postpositivism, social constructivism, advocacy/participatory, and pragmatism.
The document discusses scientific research concepts and methods. It defines key terms like concepts, theories, facts, and variables. It also describes the objectives of research as investigating phenomena, analyzing data for patterns, and advancing theories. Additionally, it outlines three main types of research: exploratory research for ambiguous problems, descriptive research for partially defined problems, and causal research for clearly defined problems aimed at identifying relationships between variables.
This document provides an overview of scientific research methods. It discusses key concepts like the scientific method, basic and applied research, how researchers choose topics, formulating research problems and hypotheses. It also covers literature reviews, choosing variables, research participants, experimental design, and strategies to control bias. The goal of research methods is to conduct valid and reliable studies to advance scientific knowledge in a systematic and objective manner.
This document provides an overview of managing research. It discusses the structure of the course, which will examine definitions of research, approaches, and the research process. The assessment will be a research proposal. It defines research and discusses types including exploratory, descriptive, analytical, and predictive. It also covers research approaches such as quantitative vs qualitative and pure vs applied. Deductive research moves from general to specific while inductive produces rules from observations. Finally, it discusses research philosophies including positivism and phenomenology.
The document provides an overview of the scientific method and compares it to common sense reasoning. It discusses how science uses structured processes like empirical testing, replication, and verification of conclusions. In contrast, common sense relies more on individual experience and intuition, which can be biased. The document also covers different types of research methods like descriptive, correlational, explanatory and exploratory research. It discusses approaches like quantitative structured research versus qualitative unstructured research. Finally, it discusses various aspects of the research process like problem identification, data collection and analysis, and interpretation of results.
This document discusses research methodology and provides an overview of key concepts in conducting research. It describes research as a systematic, rigorous, and empirical process of inquiry aimed at discovering and interpreting new facts or reaching new conclusions. The document outlines various types of research based on their application, objectives, and inquiry mode, and discusses important characteristics of research such as being controlled, valid, and verifiable. It also presents various frameworks for classifying research purposes and types.
This document outlines several social science paradigms used in research, including positivism, post-positivism, constructivism, critical theory, and feminism. It also discusses deductive and inductive theory construction. Positivism views reality as objective and values empirical observation, while constructivism sees reality as subjective and values interpretation. Deductive research reasons from existing theories to hypotheses, while inductive research uses observation to discover patterns and develop theories.
This document provides an overview and teaching notes for a book titled "Scientific Research in Information Systems: A Beginner's Guide" by Professor Jan Recker. The book covers basic principles of research, conducting research, and publishing research. It discusses topics like general principles of science, constructing research questions, research design including induction, deduction and abduction, and planning a research project. The teaching notes provide an outline of the book's content and chapters, and cover key concepts from the book in more detail like research design considerations and choosing a research methodology.
How Is Each Related To Deductive Inquiry?
Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Approach Paper
Inductive Approach
Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses
Deductive Approach In Research Approach
Deductive Reasoning Case
Examples Of Unsound Valid Deductive Argument
Deductive Critical Thinking
Social Work And Violence Essay
Deductive Reasoning
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deductive Method
What Makes A Deductive Argument
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Example Of An Unsound Deductive Argument
Deductive Bible Studies
Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching
Inductive & Deductive Research
Research Approach And Inductive Approach
Research Methodology and Types of Research.pdftarunisarva
This document discusses research methodology. It defines research as a systematic investigation to generate or validate knowledge. Research is conducted through proposing and testing hypotheses using valid methodology. The methodology section of a research paper allows readers to evaluate its validity and reliability by describing how data was collected and analyzed. The document outlines the basic types of research as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It provides examples and definitions of each type.
This document discusses different aspects of the research process including the location of various components. It covers:
- The scientific method which assumes objectivity, evidence based on observation, replication, and precise findings.
- Different types of scientific methods like nomothetic which understand general phenomena and ideographic which understand specific actions.
- Paradigms which organize observations through assumptions about existence and knowledge like positivism.
- Components of theory including hypotheses that predict observations and variables that are predicted.
- Logical systems like deductive which moves from theory to hypotheses to variables, and inductive which moves from observations to patterns to explanations.
Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 researchBhumi Dangi
mk bhavnagar university, net set remedial classes are being held. part of that, this ppt is about, net exam general paper 1, unit 2 research aptitude part 1.
This document provides an outline for a course on research methodology and scientific writing. The course covers topics such as introduction to scientific research, scientific writing methods, use of chemical literature, research methods, preparing scientific papers and presentations, and evaluating scientific papers. It defines science and research, and discusses the objectives, characteristics, assumptions, and types of scientific research such as quantitative vs qualitative and descriptive vs explanatory. It also outlines the basic steps of the scientific method including observation, developing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and drawing conclusions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research including:
1. The importance of research is to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge. Research aims to discover answers and truths through objective and systematic methods.
2. The main objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, accurately portray characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses of causal relationships.
3. Motivations for research include desires for degrees/benefits, solving problems, intellectual joy, service, and respectability.
4. The goals of scientific research are description, prediction, and explanation/understanding of phenomena through identifying covariation of events, proper time sequencing, and eliminating alternative
This document outlines a core course on social research methods for sociology students. It contains 4 modules that cover the fundamentals of research, types and methods of social research, stages of social research, and data collection methods. The document provides an introduction to each module and lists the topics that will be covered. It also includes information about the authors and reviewers of the course content. The overall document provides an overview of the structure and topics that will be taught in the social research methods course for sociology students.
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and examples of different types of research. It begins with an introduction to research and defines it as a systematic process to investigate a topic through scientific inquiry and search for new information. The document then discusses characteristics of good research and different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, basic vs applied. It also covers components of research, the research process, problems researchers face in India, and the importance of understanding research methodology.
The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. The first module highlights an overview of all concepts adopted in Research.
Project Report on Research MethodologyOjas Narsale
This document provides a summary of a student research project on research methodology regarding Apple and Samsung. It includes sections on the meaning of research, objectives of research, and an introduction that outlines the structure and components of the research project such as objectives, literature review, data collection methods, questionnaire design, data analysis methods, and theoretical framework. The project was completed by a student at the University of Mumbai for their M.Com degree under the guidance of a professor.
This document provides an overview of different research paradigms and approaches. It discusses positivism and interpretivism as the two dominant epistemological views. Positivism follows the scientific method and seeks objective facts, while interpretivism sees knowledge as subjective and seeks meanings and interpretations. The document then outlines some key features and differences between positivist and interpretive research approaches, including their views on the nature of reality, the role of the researcher, and the types of data and methods typically used.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research as a systematic process of discovering new facts. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses research objectives such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic and hypothesis testing studies. The document emphasizes the importance of research for advancing knowledge and addressing practical problems. It distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting and analyzing data, and research methodology, which is the systematic process of solving a research problem.
The document summarizes key concepts in research methods in industrial-organizational psychology. It outlines the goals of science as description, explanation, prediction, and control. It also discusses the assumptions of science, definitions of theory, types of research design, data collection techniques, measurement, statistics, and correlation and regression analysis.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach to research and some key assumptions of experimental design, including controlling variables and manipulating independent variables.
It then defines experimental design and discusses the importance of controlling extraneous variables. It identifies the key steps in conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, pilot testing, and analyzing data.
The document also discusses the differences between internal and external validity in experiments. It outlines three main types of experimental designs - true experiments, quasi-experiments, and pre-experiments - and provides examples of designs within each type. It concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of true experiments and quasi
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach to research, which includes assumptions that nature is orderly, phenomena have natural causes, and knowledge is superior to ignorance. It then defines research design and describes different types, focusing on experimental design. Experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable in a controlled setting to observe its impact on a dependent variable. The document outlines the steps to conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, implementing treatments, collecting data, and analyzing results. It emphasizes that proper experimental design allows for testing hypotheses and distinguishing between competing theories.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach and assumptions of research, including that nature is orderly, phenomena have natural causes, and knowledge is superior to ignorance. It then defines research design and different types of designs, focusing on experimental design. Experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable in a controlled setting to observe its impact on a dependent variable. The document outlines the steps to conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, implementing treatments, collecting data, and analyzing results. It emphasizes that proper experimental design allows for testing hypotheses and distinguishing between competing theories.
The document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts related to research. It provides definitions of research from various authors and outlines the common meaning, objectives, and characteristics of research. It also discusses the concepts of theory, variables, constructs, and the scientific method. Research is presented as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at increasing understanding and involving both deductive and inductive approaches.
The document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts related to research. It provides definitions of research from various authors and outlines the common meaning, objectives, and characteristics of research. It also discusses the concepts of theory, variables, constructs, and the scientific method. Research is presented as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at increasing understanding and involving both deductive and inductive approaches.
This document provides an overview and teaching notes for a book titled "Scientific Research in Information Systems: A Beginner's Guide" by Professor Jan Recker. The book covers basic principles of research, conducting research, and publishing research. It discusses topics like general principles of science, constructing research questions, research design including induction, deduction and abduction, and planning a research project. The teaching notes provide an outline of the book's content and chapters, and cover key concepts from the book in more detail like research design considerations and choosing a research methodology.
How Is Each Related To Deductive Inquiry?
Deduction Vs Deductive Reasoning
Deductive Approach Paper
Inductive Approach
Deductive Reasoning Strengths And Weaknesses
Deductive Approach In Research Approach
Deductive Reasoning Case
Examples Of Unsound Valid Deductive Argument
Deductive Critical Thinking
Social Work And Violence Essay
Deductive Reasoning
Advantages And Disadvantages Of Deductive Method
What Makes A Deductive Argument
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning
Example Of An Unsound Deductive Argument
Deductive Bible Studies
Deductive and Inductive Grammar Teaching
Inductive & Deductive Research
Research Approach And Inductive Approach
Research Methodology and Types of Research.pdftarunisarva
This document discusses research methodology. It defines research as a systematic investigation to generate or validate knowledge. Research is conducted through proposing and testing hypotheses using valid methodology. The methodology section of a research paper allows readers to evaluate its validity and reliability by describing how data was collected and analyzed. The document outlines the basic types of research as descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, and conceptual vs empirical. It provides examples and definitions of each type.
This document discusses different aspects of the research process including the location of various components. It covers:
- The scientific method which assumes objectivity, evidence based on observation, replication, and precise findings.
- Different types of scientific methods like nomothetic which understand general phenomena and ideographic which understand specific actions.
- Paradigms which organize observations through assumptions about existence and knowledge like positivism.
- Components of theory including hypotheses that predict observations and variables that are predicted.
- Logical systems like deductive which moves from theory to hypotheses to variables, and inductive which moves from observations to patterns to explanations.
Net coaching & remedial . paper 1 researchBhumi Dangi
mk bhavnagar university, net set remedial classes are being held. part of that, this ppt is about, net exam general paper 1, unit 2 research aptitude part 1.
This document provides an outline for a course on research methodology and scientific writing. The course covers topics such as introduction to scientific research, scientific writing methods, use of chemical literature, research methods, preparing scientific papers and presentations, and evaluating scientific papers. It defines science and research, and discusses the objectives, characteristics, assumptions, and types of scientific research such as quantitative vs qualitative and descriptive vs explanatory. It also outlines the basic steps of the scientific method including observation, developing hypotheses, experimentation, analysis and drawing conclusions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research including:
1. The importance of research is to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge. Research aims to discover answers and truths through objective and systematic methods.
2. The main objectives of research are to gain familiarity with phenomena, accurately portray characteristics, determine frequencies of occurrences, and test hypotheses of causal relationships.
3. Motivations for research include desires for degrees/benefits, solving problems, intellectual joy, service, and respectability.
4. The goals of scientific research are description, prediction, and explanation/understanding of phenomena through identifying covariation of events, proper time sequencing, and eliminating alternative
This document outlines a core course on social research methods for sociology students. It contains 4 modules that cover the fundamentals of research, types and methods of social research, stages of social research, and data collection methods. The document provides an introduction to each module and lists the topics that will be covered. It also includes information about the authors and reviewers of the course content. The overall document provides an overview of the structure and topics that will be taught in the social research methods course for sociology students.
This document discusses research methodology and provides definitions and examples of different types of research. It begins with an introduction to research and defines it as a systematic process to investigate a topic through scientific inquiry and search for new information. The document then discusses characteristics of good research and different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical, basic vs applied. It also covers components of research, the research process, problems researchers face in India, and the importance of understanding research methodology.
The systematic investigation into and study of materials, sources, etc, in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions. Research is what we do when we have a question or a problem we want to resolve. Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict and control the observed phenomenon. The first module highlights an overview of all concepts adopted in Research.
Project Report on Research MethodologyOjas Narsale
This document provides a summary of a student research project on research methodology regarding Apple and Samsung. It includes sections on the meaning of research, objectives of research, and an introduction that outlines the structure and components of the research project such as objectives, literature review, data collection methods, questionnaire design, data analysis methods, and theoretical framework. The project was completed by a student at the University of Mumbai for their M.Com degree under the guidance of a professor.
This document provides an overview of different research paradigms and approaches. It discusses positivism and interpretivism as the two dominant epistemological views. Positivism follows the scientific method and seeks objective facts, while interpretivism sees knowledge as subjective and seeks meanings and interpretations. The document then outlines some key features and differences between positivist and interpretive research approaches, including their views on the nature of reality, the role of the researcher, and the types of data and methods typically used.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in research methodology. It discusses the meaning of research as a systematic process of discovering new facts. The document outlines different types of research including descriptive vs analytical, applied vs fundamental, quantitative vs qualitative, conceptual vs empirical. It also discusses research objectives such as exploratory, descriptive, diagnostic and hypothesis testing studies. The document emphasizes the importance of research for advancing knowledge and addressing practical problems. It distinguishes between research methods, which are techniques for collecting and analyzing data, and research methodology, which is the systematic process of solving a research problem.
The document summarizes key concepts in research methods in industrial-organizational psychology. It outlines the goals of science as description, explanation, prediction, and control. It also discusses the assumptions of science, definitions of theory, types of research design, data collection techniques, measurement, statistics, and correlation and regression analysis.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach to research and some key assumptions of experimental design, including controlling variables and manipulating independent variables.
It then defines experimental design and discusses the importance of controlling extraneous variables. It identifies the key steps in conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, pilot testing, and analyzing data.
The document also discusses the differences between internal and external validity in experiments. It outlines three main types of experimental designs - true experiments, quasi-experiments, and pre-experiments - and provides examples of designs within each type. It concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of true experiments and quasi
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach to research, which includes assumptions that nature is orderly, phenomena have natural causes, and knowledge is superior to ignorance. It then defines research design and describes different types, focusing on experimental design. Experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable in a controlled setting to observe its impact on a dependent variable. The document outlines the steps to conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, implementing treatments, collecting data, and analyzing results. It emphasizes that proper experimental design allows for testing hypotheses and distinguishing between competing theories.
This document discusses experimental research design. It begins by outlining the scientific approach and assumptions of research, including that nature is orderly, phenomena have natural causes, and knowledge is superior to ignorance. It then defines research design and different types of designs, focusing on experimental design. Experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable in a controlled setting to observe its impact on a dependent variable. The document outlines the steps to conducting an experiment, including selecting variables, specifying treatment levels, controlling the environment, choosing a design, selecting subjects, implementing treatments, collecting data, and analyzing results. It emphasizes that proper experimental design allows for testing hypotheses and distinguishing between competing theories.
The document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts related to research. It provides definitions of research from various authors and outlines the common meaning, objectives, and characteristics of research. It also discusses the concepts of theory, variables, constructs, and the scientific method. Research is presented as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at increasing understanding and involving both deductive and inductive approaches.
The document discusses research methodology and defines key concepts related to research. It provides definitions of research from various authors and outlines the common meaning, objectives, and characteristics of research. It also discusses the concepts of theory, variables, constructs, and the scientific method. Research is presented as a systematic process of inquiry aimed at increasing understanding and involving both deductive and inductive approaches.
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3. Hallmarks of Scientific Research:
Hallmarks or main distinguishing
characteristics of scientific research:
Purposiveness
Rigor
Testability
Replicability
Precision and Confidence
Objectivity
Generalizability
Parsimony
Slide 2-3
4. Hallmarks of the Scientific Research
1. Purposiveness- clear purpose
2. Rigor - based on a theoretical background
3. Testability - ability to develop hypotheses
4. Replicability - same result in similar settings
5. Precision and Confidence – how close the findings to
reality ( confidence Intervals , confidence levels)
6. Objectivity -Conclusions are based on facts and findings
7. Generalizability - applicability its population
8. Parsimony - simplicity in explanation, application
5. Two Broarder categories
Quantitative Research: Variables in this research
could be measured numerically or contains
data that could be usefully be quantified.
Qualitative research: variables of this research deals
with qualitative data or non numeric data which have
not been quantified.
6. Quantitative vs Qualitative
Quantitative
To confirm hypothesis
about a phenomena
Rigid instrument
Use structured methods
of data collection
Questionnaire,
experiments,
Numerical data for
analysis
Study design is subjected
statistical assumptions
Qualitative
To explore a phenomena
in question
Flexible instruments
Use semi structured
methods of data
collection
Interview, discussions,
observations
Text, audio, video
Study design is
changeable according to
steps
7. Mix methods
Both qualitative and quantitative data are
used to find a solution when one source of
data alone cannot answer the problem.
Data collection and analysis one after another
or parallel
Most of the business research follow this
approach
8. Triangulation
Triangulation is a technique that is also often
associated with mix methods
Triangulation. Use of different sources of
data for one to be confident with a result.
Several kind of triangulation
1. Method triangulation: use of multiple
methods of data collection and analysis
10. Deductive Vs Inductive Research/ reasoning : Reasoning is the
action of constructing thoughts into a valid argument.
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning
uses general principles
to create a specific
conclusion. Deductive
reasoning is also known
as 'top-down reasoning'
because
it goes from general
and works its way
down more specific.
Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning is
also referred to as
'cause and effect
reasoning' or 'bottom-
up reasoning' .
This is usually derived
from specific instances
to develop a general
conclusion.
13. Research Philosophy
A research philosophy is a belief about the way
in which data about a phenomenon should be
gathered, analyzed and used.
Ontology: The researchers view about the
nature of reality. it deals with the nature of
reality or truth. What is there ?
Epistemology: a way of understanding and
explaining how we know. ‘How do you know it
15. 1. Positivism : is the name for the scientific
study of the social world. In positivism, laws
are to be tested against collected data
systematically. Objectively, counting and
measuring
2. Interpretivism: Interpretivism (social science),
an approach to social science that opposes
the positivism of natural science. Qualitative
research, a method of inquiry in social
science and related disciplines. Subjectively,
deeper understanding qualitatively.
18. Deduction and Induction
Deductive reasoning: application of a general
theory to a specific case.
Hypothesis testing
Inductive reasoning: a process where we
observe specific phenomena and on this
basis arrive at general conclusions.
Counting white swans
Both inductive and deductive processes are
often used in research.
Slide 2-18
19. Alternative Approaches to What Makes
Good Research
Positivism
Post- Positivism/Interpretivism
The middle ground:
1. Critical realism
2. Pragmatism
Slide 2-19
20. Positivism
Scientific research is the way to get to the
truth
Rigor and replicability, reliability, and
generalizability
We use often Quantitative Methodology to
investigate truth
Key approach: experiment
Slide 2-20
21. Constructionism
The world as we know it is fundamentally
mental
Accordingly, there are multiple truths in the
world.
Aim to understand the rules people use to
make sense of the world
Research methods are often qualitative in
nature
Slide 2-21
22. Critical Realism
There is an external reality but we cannot
always objectively measure this external
reality
The critical realist is critical of our ability to
understand the world with certainty
Slide 2-22
23. Pragmatism
Do not take a particular position on what
makes good research
Research on both objective and subjective
phenomena can produce useful knowledge
Relationship between theory and practice
Purpose of theory is to inform practice
Slide 2-23
24. Social Method
Social science research/management works to answer
many of the questions we have about human behavior.
Through scientific study, social science research seeks
to understand the how and whys of human behavior.
Social science researcher use the 6 steps to handle his
problems using the scientific approach.
But results will not be exact and error free due to the
nature of data and related characteristics
Most of the data are from subjective area like, feelings,
emotions, attitudes and perceptions.
Hence measurements are not as precise as data from
biology or engineering
Characters are Abstract and not concrete
27. The philosophical position
Positivism Interpretivism
Ontology: what is the
nature of reality ?
Reality is objective and singular,
apart from the researcher
Reality is subjective and
multiple as seen by the
participants
Epistemology: What is
valid knowledge?
Researcher is independent from
that being researched
Researcher interacts with
that being researched
Axiology: Role of values Value free and un-biased Value-laden and biased
RESEARCH
STRATERGY
• Cross-sectional studies
• Experimental studies
• Longitudinal studies
• Surveys
• Etc..
• Action research
• Case studies
• Ethnography
• Grounded Theory
• Hermeneutics, etc
34. Hypothetico-deductive Research
The Seven-Step Process in the Hypothetico-
Deductive Method
Identify a broad problem area
Define the problem statement
Develop hypotheses
Determine measures
Data collection
Data analysis
Interpretation of data
Slide 2-34
35. The Research Process
Research
Idea
Data
Analysis
Answering the
empirical research
question
Theoretical
interpretation of the
results
Theoretical
Formulation of the
research Problem
Comparison with
earlier(research)
Literature
Review
Conclusions
Data
Collection
Research Design
(planning)
Empirical research
questions
(operationalization)
