Epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health problems in human populations and the factors that influence them. The document discusses epidemiology research methods, which are divided into descriptive and analytical epidemiology. Descriptive epidemiology includes cross-sectional and prevalence studies, while analytical epidemiology includes experimental and non-experimental methods like cohort, case-control and ecological studies. The roles of epidemiology in public health are also outlined, which include identifying risk factors, informing health programs, and evaluating outcomes.
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
This presentation is created by Ruby Sinha Mahapatra, 1st Year MHA student of Future School of Hospital Management. The presentation is aimed to create a basic health awareness amongst students aspiring to pursue hospital management. For more information go to www.futurehospitalmanagement.in or visit us at our Future School of Hospital Management, Sonarpur Campus.
Natural History of Disease & Levels of preventionsourav goswami
I have tried to explain the National History of Disease taking the example of a disease condition. Similarly, the different prevention levels are also explained in a similar manner. The presentation also includes few newer concepts of screening like lead time and length time bias.
N.B: Please download to see all the animations.
Epidemiology is a basic discipline essential to both clinical and community medicines. It also helps to develop the way of thinking about health and disease.
This presentation is created by Ruby Sinha Mahapatra, 1st Year MHA student of Future School of Hospital Management. The presentation is aimed to create a basic health awareness amongst students aspiring to pursue hospital management. For more information go to www.futurehospitalmanagement.in or visit us at our Future School of Hospital Management, Sonarpur Campus.
Natural History of Disease & Levels of preventionsourav goswami
I have tried to explain the National History of Disease taking the example of a disease condition. Similarly, the different prevention levels are also explained in a similar manner. The presentation also includes few newer concepts of screening like lead time and length time bias.
N.B: Please download to see all the animations.
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
The First session in the Epidemiology Lecture Series
Defining Epidemiology. Keywords in the definition. Aims of Epidemiology, Epidemiological Approach & Reasoning
As per John M. Last (1988) Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems.
It is no fun being accused of sin! But sometimes being rebuked it is necessary for us to help each other get to heaven. In this lesson you will learn that we are accountable to one another and that the proper way to respond to accusation is to remember that there is Absolute Truth; Admit Error; Answer Honestly and Accept Brethren.
Introduction to Epidemiology
History of Epidemiology.
Definition of Epidemiology and its components.
Epidemiological Basic concepts.
Aims of Epidemiology.
Ten Uses of Epidemiology.
Scope or The Areas of Application .
Types of Epidemiological Studies.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Chapter i
1. CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background
It is known that in order to maintain and improve health status , prevent , and treat disease
and restore necessary public health services are provided and organized public health (public
health services ) are the best.
To be able to provide and organize the health services , many of which must be considered .
The most important is community service in question must be in accordance with the needs
of the community . But even if there were such conformity has been the agreement of all
parties , but in daily practice is not easy to provide and organize health services in question .
To overcome this , some sort of agreement has been obtained that the formulation of health
needs to be done if known health problems in the community . With a deal like this
diupayakanlah find existing health problems such society . Thus , based on the agreement
such as this , made various efforts to find and formulate health problems in the community .
The effort associated with determining the frequency , the spread and the factors that
influence the spread and frequency of health problems in the community sector in covered in
a special branch of science called by the name of Epidemiology .
Subject and object epidemiology is about health problems . Terms of the epidemiology ,
understanding of the health problems in the form of disease is very important . Due to a
variety of health problems that are actually not a disease will only have meaning if it has
something to do with the matter of disease . If a health problem is not anything to do with the
matter of disease . , Then the usual health problems are not too prioritized mitigation .
That is because of the importance about this disease , it is necessary to understand as well as
possible matters related to the disease . The interest in epidemiology least to recognize the
presence or absence of a disease in the community so that when no measurements were
missed or mixed up with other different diseases .
2. CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
A. Definition of Epidemiology
If the terms of the origin of the word , means science for understanding of the epidemiology
of population ( Greek : epi = on or about , demos = population , logos = knowledge ) . At this
time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of humans and the factors that influence it .
Some are common sense and half lay , can be read in a dictionary or encyclopedia common
are as follows :
Webster 's New World Dictionary of the American Languange , Epidemiology is the
branch of medicine that investigates the causes and how to control the outbreaks .
Big Indonesian Dictionary terbtan Balai Pustaka , Ministry Bud Dik 1990: Epidemiology is
the study of the spread of infectious diseases in humans and factors that may affect the
spread.
The National Encyclopaedia published by PT Cipta Indonesia Adi Library , Jakrta 1989:
Epidemiology is a way to examine the spread of diseases or conditions , including population
health factors - factors that cause it .
B. Epidemiology Research
Simply put , epidemiological studies can be divided into two groups as follows :
Descriptive epidemiology , namely Cross Sectional Study / cross sectional studies /
prevalence studies or surveys .
Analytic epidemiology consists of :
1 . Non-experimental :
Study cohort / follow-up / incidence / longitudinal / prospective study . The cohort is defined
as a group of people . The purpose of the study sought due to ( illness ) .
Case-control studies / case control study / retrospective studies . Goal is to find the causes of
disease .
Ecological Studies . The study uses ecology as a source of material for the empirical
investigation of risk facto or characteristics that are in a constant state of society . For
example , air pollution caused by fuel combustion that occurs in big cities .
2 . Experimental . Where research can manipulate / control the factors that can influence
research results and declared as the best test to determine the cause and effect relationship
and tests related to the etiology , control , disease and to answer questions other scientific
problems . Experimental study was divided into 2 ( two ) , namely :
1 ) Clinical Trial . example :
Hypertension regimen in people with high blood pressure to prevent stroke .
Tetanus Toxoid Giving pregnant women to reduce the frequency of tetanus neonatorum .
2 ) Community Trial . Example : Giving Study of fluoride in drinking water substances .
C. Limitation of Epidemiology
At this time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of the human family and the factors that influence it . Of such
restrictions , soon seen that in terms of epidemiology , there are three things that are the
principal :
a) The frequency of health problems
The frequency of health problems early is meant to refer to the magnitude of the health
3. problems found in a group of humans . To be able to know the frequency of a health problem
correctly , there are two main things to do : finding a health problem is to then proceed to
perform the measurement of the health problems that are found .
b ) Dissemination of health problems
The meaning here is that the spread of health problems appoint to the health problems of
grouping according to specific circumstances . Certain circumstances which meant a lot of
stuff , which in epidemiology divided into three types according to the characteristics of the
human (man ) , according to the place (place ) , and according to the time (time )
c ) Factors that memepengaruhi
What is meant by the factors that influence here is appoint to the causes of a health problem ,
both of which describe the frequency , distribution and explain the causes or the health
problems themselves . For that there are three basic steps that are commonly done to
formulate hypotheses about the causes in question , a test of hypothesis formulation that has
been compiled and then draw a conclusion against him . By knowing penybab a health
problem , it can be arranged further mitigation measures of the health problems .
D. Scope of Epidemiology
Like various other branches of science , epidemiology also has its own scope of activities .
The scope is simply can be divided into three types:
1 . Health problems as subject and object of epidemiology
Epidemiology is not just studying the problems of diseases , but also includes a very
extensive health problems found in society . Among the issues of family planning ,
environmental health issues , procurement of health workers , provision of health facilities
and so on . Thus , the subject and object of epidemiology related to overall health problems .
2 . Health problems in a group of human
Work in studying the epidemiology of health problems , will utilize data from the results of
an assessment of a group of people , whether it comes to diseases , family planning or
environmental health . Having analyzed and made known to cause reduction efforts as a
follow-up .
3 . Utilization data on the frequency and distribution of health problems in formulating the
cause of a health problem .
Epidemiological work will be able to know a lot about health issues and the cause of the
problem by analyzing the data on the frequency and spread of health problems that occur in a
group of people or society . By utilizing the difference then performed statistical tests , it can
be formulated causing health problems .
E. Benefits of Epidemiology
of the limits and scope of understanding , the method of epidemiology as a collection of
observations that cover various fields of science also have a fairly broad benefits , especially
in public health science and medical science in general . However the main benefit
substantially epidemiology in outline epidemiology can essentially be grouped in outline as
follows :
1 ) To recognize and understand the disease and other health problems . In accordance with
the limitations , it is useful to be able to outline the epidemiology and understand the
occurrence and spread of diseases and health problems , as well as the factors that influence it
.
4. 2 ) To complete the ' body of knowledge ' and ' scientific history of the disease ' . An
epidemiological observations should always be an attempt to ' research ' the results of which
are expected to be complete the ' natural history of disease ' which is also the ' body of
knowledge ' of the disease or condition in question .
3 ) To be applied in an attempt to control and prevention of disease or health problems .
Every effort is always more to complement our understanding of the ' natural history of
disease ' is nothing but the point is that we can find a way out in an effort to address the
problem of disease earlier .
F. Role in solving health problems in the community
Review the explanation of notion of epidemiology , as well as its scope , an epidemiologist or
epidemiologists have important roles in public health . There are several roles epidemiologist
in public health , which are:
Locate / identify the factors that affect the incidence of health problems or disease in a
given society in search of the data for the prevention and how to prevent it .
Preparing the data / information for the purposes of health programs to assess the health
status in the community as well as provide an overview of the threatened population groups .
Help assess some of the results of health programs .
Develop a methodology to analyze disease and how to cope , both individual diseases ( but
analyzed in the group ) and extraordinary events ( KLB ) / outbreaks in the community .
Epidemiology also has important benefits in solving public health problems is to give an
overview ( description ) about the spread ( distribution ) , and the large extent of health
problems and other factors explain the interaction of agent , host and environment , outlining
the population groups at risk and high risk the group of residents who do not have risk ,
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the success of the activities , which helps
health administrative work planning ( planning ) , monitoring ( observation ) , and evaluation
( evaluation ) , explains the causes of health problems that can be structured steps to alleviate
poverty , to explain the natural progression of a disease , to explain the circumstances of a
health problem are: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , and sporadic .
5. CHAPTER III
CLOSING
A. conclusions
Epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health problems in
a group of humans and the factors that influence it .
Simply put , epidemiological studies can be divided into two groups as follows :
Descriptive epidemiology , namely Cross Sectional Study / cross sectional studies /
prevalence studies or surveys .
Analytic epidemiology consists of :
non-experimental
Experimental .
At this time epidemiology is defined as the study of the frequency and distribution of health
problems in a group of the human family and the factors that influence it . Of such
restrictions , soon seen that in terms of epidemiology , there are three things that are the
principal :
a) The frequency of health problems
b ) Dissemination of health problems
c ) Factors that memepengaruhi
There are several roles epidemiologist in public health , which are:
Locate / identify the factors that affect the incidence of health problems or disease in a given
society in search of the data for the prevention and how to prevent it .
Preparing the data / information for the purposes of health programs to assess the health
status in the community as well as provide an overview of the threatened population groups .
Help assess some of the results of health programs .
Develop a methodology to analyze disease and how to cope , both individual diseases ( but
analyzed in the group ) and extraordinary events ( KLB ) / outbreaks in the community .
Epidemiology also has important benefits in solving public health problems , namely :
gives an overview ( description ) about the spread ( distribution ) , and the large extent and
other health problems .
factors explain the interaction agent , host and environment .
Population groups that outlines the risk and high- risk groups to the population that has no
risk .
evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency as well as the success of the activities .
administrative work which helps health planning ( planning ) , monitoring ( observation ) ,
and evaluation ( evaluation ) .
explain the causes of health problems that can be composed mitigation measures .
Can explain the natural progression of a disease .
Can describe the state of a health problem are: epidemic , pandemic , endemic , and
sporadic .
6. REFERENCES
Anwar , asrul.dr.m.ph.1988 . Introduction to Epidemiology . Jakarta : PT . Binarupa script
Sutrisna , Method Bambang.dr.MHSc.1986.Pengantar Epidemiology . Jakarta : PT . Dian
people .
Basic Material Module FKM UNDIP Epidemiology 2010.
Epidemiology Budioro.B.2007.Pengantar Edition II . . Semarang : Board Publisher Undip .
7. INTRODUCTION
Praise and Gratitude I pray to God the Almighty, because of the blessings and abundance
rahmatnyalah then I must finish an essay in a timely manner.
Here the author presented a paper entitled
"Epidemiology"
Through this preface first writer apologized and pleaded proclamation which the contents of
this paper when there is a shortage and there are posts that I make less precise or menyinggu
reader feeling.
I hereby dedicate this paper with gratitude and may God Almighty bless this paper so as to
provide benefits.
Raha, Maret 2014
AUTHOR
8. TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE.....................................................................................................i
TABLE OF CONTENTS.......................................................................... ii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.................................................................. 1
1.1 Background 1......................................................................................... 1
CHAPTER II DISCUSSION..................................................................... 2
A. Definition of Epidemiology 1................................................................ 2
B. Epidemiology Research 1....................................................................... 2
C. Limitation of Epidemiology 1.................................................................. 2
D. Scope of Epidemiology 1..................................................................... 3
E. Benefits of Epidemiology 1 ..................................................................... 3
F. Role in solving health problems in the community................................ 4
CHAPTER III CLOSING........................................................................... 5
3.1Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 5
3.2 Saran..................................................................................................... 5
REFERENCES ................................................ ............................................ 6