1) This document provides information on naming and writing formulas for ionic and molecular compounds. It discusses monatomic and polyatomic ions, and how to determine the charges on cations and anions.
2) Rules are provided for writing formulas and naming ionic compounds, including those containing transition metals. Prefixes are introduced for naming molecular compounds based on the number of atoms present.
3) Examples are worked through for writing formulas from names and names from formulas for different types of compounds. Practice problems are also included for students to try.
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An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
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The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Section 9.1
Naming Ions
OBJECTIVES:
• Identify the charges on monatomic ions by using the periodic table, and name the
ions.
• Define a polyatomic ion and write the names and formulas of the most common
polyatomic ions.
• Identify the two common endings for the names of most polyatomic ions.
Atoms and Ions
• Atoms are electrically neutral.
– Because there is the same number of protons (+) and electrons (-).
• Ions are atoms, or groups of atoms, with a charge (positive or negative)
– They have different numbers of protons and electrons.
• Only electrons can move, and ions are made by _____________________________.
An Anion is…
• A negative ion.
• Has ______________________ electrons.
• electrons.
• Charge is written as a superscript on the right.
F1- Has gained one electron (-ide is new ending = _____________________)
O2- Gained two electrons (__________________)
A Cation is…
• A positive ion.
• Formed by electrons.
• More protons than electrons.
• electrons
K1+ Has lost one electron (no name change for positive ions)
Ca2+ Has lost two electrons
Naming cations
• Two methods can clarify when more than one charge is possible:
2
3. 1) Stock system – uses roman numerals in parenthesis to indicate the
numerical value
2) Classical method – uses root word with suffixes (-ous, -ic)
• Does not give true value
• We will use the Stock system.
• Cation - if the charge is always the same (like in the Group A metals) just write the
name of the metal.
• Transition metals can have more than one type of charge.
– Indicate their charge as a ________________________________ in
parenthesis after the name of the metal (Table 6.3, p.144)
Exceptions:
• Some of the transition metals have only one ionic charge:
– Do not need to use roman numerals for these:
– Silver is always 1+ (Ag1+)
– Cadmium and Zinc are always 2+ (Cd2+ and Zn2+)
Practice by naming these:
• Na1+
• Ca2+
• Al3+
• Fe3+
• Fe2+
• Pb2+
• Li1+
Write symbols for these:
• Potassium ion
• Magnesium ion
• Copper (II) ion
3
4. • Chromium (VI) ion
• Barium ion
• Mercury (II) ion
Naming Anions
• Anions are always the same charge
• Change the monatomic element ending to – ide
• F1- a Fluorine atom will become a Fluoride ion.
Practice by naming these:
• Cl1-
• N3-
• Br1-
• O2-
• Ga3+
Write symbols for these:
• Sulfide ion
• Iodide ion
• Phosphide ion
• Strontium ion
Polyatomic ions are…
• Groups of atoms that stay together and have an overall charge, and one name.
• Usually end in –ate or -ite
• Acetate: C2H3O21-
4
5. • Nitrate: NO31-
• Nitrite: NO21-
• Permanganate: MnO41-
• Hydroxide: OH1- and Cyanide: CN1-
Know Table 6.4 on page 147
• Sulfate: SO42-
• Sulfite: SO32-
• Carbonate: CO32-
• Chromate: CrO42-
• Dichromate: Cr2O72-
• Phosphate: PO43-
• Phosphite: PO33-
• Ammonium: NH41+
If the polyatomic ion begins with H, then combine the word hydrogen with the other
polyatomic ion present: H1+ + CO32- → HCO31-
hydrogen + carbonate → ______________________________
5
6. Name _________________________________________________ Date ____________
9-1 Section Review
1. What does the presence of an –ide ending on the name of an ion tell you about that
ion?
2. Write the symbol and name for the cation formed when
a. a potassium atom loses one electron.
b. a zinc atom loses two electrons
3. Write the symbol and name for the anion formed when
a. a fluorine atom gains one electron
b. a sulfur atom gains two electrons
4. What is meant by the term polyatomic ion?
5. Using only the periodic table, name and write the formula for the typical ion of each
representative element.
a. potassium
b. sulfur
c. argon
d. bromine
e. beryllium
f. sodium
6. Write the formula (including charge) for each ion. (you will need your book for some
of these.)
a. ammonium ion d. nitrate ion
b. tin(II) ion e. cyanide ion
c. chromate f. iron (III) ion
6
7. g. permanganate ion
h. manganese (II) ion
Section 9.2
Naming and Writing Formulas for Ionic Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
• Apply the rules for naming and writing formulas for binary ionic compounds.
• Apply the rules for naming and writing formulas for compounds containing
polyatomic ions.
Writing Ionic Compound Formulas
Example: Barium nitrate (note the 2 word name)
Directions on how to write ionic compound formulas
1. Write the formulas for the cation and anion,
including CHARGES!
2. Check to see if charges are balanced.
3. Balance charges , if necessary, using subscripts.
Use parentheses if you need more than one of a
polyatomic ion. Use the criss-cross method to balance
subscripts.
Example: Ammonium sulfate (note the 2 word name)
Example: Iron (III) chloride (note the 2 word name)
Example: Aluminum sulfide (note the 2 word name)
Example: Magnesium carbonate (note the 2 word name)
7
8. Example: Zinc hydroxide (note the 2 word name)
Example: Aluminum phosphate (note the 2 word name)
Naming Ionic Compounds
1. Name the cation first, then anion
2. Monatomic cation = name of the element
Ca2+ = _________________________________
3. Monatomic anion = root + -ide
Cl- = __________________________________
CaCl2 = ____________________________________________
Naming Ionic Compounds
(Metals with multiple oxidation states)
• some metals can form more than one charge (usually the transition metals)
• use a Roman numeral in their name:
PbCl2 – use the anion to find the charge on the cation (chloride is always ________)
Pb2+ is the lead (II) cation
PbCl2 = ______________________________________
Things to look for:
1) If cations have ( ), the number in parenthesis is their charge.
2) If anions end in -ide they are probably off the periodic table (Monoatomic)
3) If anion ends in -ate or –ite, then it is polyatomic
Practice by writing the formula or name as required…
• Iron (II) Phosphate • Potassium Sulfide
• Tin (II) Fluoride • Ammonium Chromate
8
9. • MgSO4 • FeCl3
Name ___________________________________________ Date __________________
9-2 Section Review
1. Write the formulas for these binary ionic compounds.
a. copper (II) sulfide
b. potassium nitride
c. sodium iodide
d. potassium sulfide
e. calcium iodide
2. Write the formulas for compounds formed from these pairs of ions
a. Ba2+, S2-
b. Li+, O2-
c. Ca2+, N3-
d. Cu2+, I-
3. Name the following binary compounds
a. SrCl2
b. SnS2
c. CrI2
d. Li2Se
4. Write the formulas of the compounds formed from these pairs of ions
a. Pb2+, NO-3
b. iron (III) ion and sulfate ion
c. Cr3+, OH-
9
10. d. sodium ion and hydrogen phosphate ion
Section 9.3
Naming and Writing Formulas for Molecular Compounds
OBJECTIVES:
• Interpret the prefixes in the names of molecular compounds in terms of their
chemical formulas.
• Apply the rules for naming and writing formulas for binary molecular compounds.
Molecular compounds are…
• made of just _____________________________
• smallest piece is a ____________________________
• can’t be held together by opposite charge attraction
• can’t use charges to figure out how many of each atom (there are no charges present)
Molecular compounds are easier!
• Ionic compounds use charges to determine how many of each.
– You have to figure out charges.
– May need to criss-cross numbers.
• Molecular compounds: the name tells you the number of atoms.
– Uses prefixes to tell you the exact number of each element present!
Prefixes (Table 9.4, p.269)
• 1 = ____________________
• 2 = ____________________
• 3 = ____________________
• 4 = ____________________
• 5 = ____________________
• 6 = ____________________
• 7 = ____________________
• 8 = ____________________
• 9 = ____________________
• 10 = ___________________
10
11. To write the name, write two words:
Prefix & name Prefix & name -ide
• One exception is we don’t write mono if there is only one of the first element.
• Normally, we do not have double vowels when writing names (oa oo)
Practice by naming these:
• N2O ____________________________________________
• NO2 ____________________________________________
• Cl2O7 ___________________________________________
• CBr4 ____________________________________________
• CO2 ___________________________________________________________________
• BaCl2 _________________________________________________________________
Write formulas for these:
• diphosphorus pentoxide _____________________________
• tetraiodine nonoxide _____________________________
• sulfur hexafluoride _____________________________
• nitrogen trioxide ______________________________
• carbon tetrahydride ______________________________
• phosphorus trifluoride ______________________________
• aluminum chloride ______________________________
11
12. Name __________________________________________ Date ___________________
9-3 Section Review
1. Name these binary molecular compounds
a. PCl3 _________________________________________
b. SF6 __________________________________________
c. OF2 __________________________________________
d. Cl2O8 __________________________________________
e. SO3 _______________________________________________________________
f. CCl4 __________________________________________
g. PBr5 __________________________________________
h. P4S3 __________________________________________
2. Write the formulas for the following binary molecular compounds
i. nitrogen triflouride ____________________________
j. disulfur dichloride ____________________________
k. dinitrogen tetraoxide ____________________________
l. sulfur dibromide ____________________________
m. dinitrogen pentaoxide ____________________________
n. xenon tetraflouride ____________________________
o. dioxygen diflouride ____________________________
p. diphosporous trioxide ____________________________
12
13. Section 9.4
Naming and Writing Formulas for Acids and Bases
OBJECTIVES:
• Apply the rules for naming acids and bases.
Acids are…
• Compounds that give off _______________________________ (H1+) when dissolved
in water (the Arrhenius definition)
• Will start the formula with H.
• There will always be some Hydrogen next to an anion.
• The ______________ determines the name.
Rules for Naming acids: Name it as a normal compound first
1) If the anion attached to hydrogen ends in -ide, put the prefix _________________
and change -ide to _______________________
• HCl - hydrogen ion and chloride ion = ____________________________
• H2S hydrogen ion and sulfide ion = _______________________________
Naming Acids
• If the anion has oxygen in it, then it ends in -ate or -ite
2) change the suffix ___________ to ____________________ (use no prefix)
• Example: HNO3 Hydrogen and nitrate ions = _______________________
3) change the suffix ___________ to ____________________ (use no prefix)
• Example: HNO2 Hydrogen and nitrite ions = _______________________
Normal ending Acid name is…
____-ide hydro-___-ic acid
____-ate _____-ic acid
____-ite _____-ous acid
2 additional rules (not mentioned in the book)
4) If the acid has 1 more oxygen than the –ic acid, add the prefix _______________
a. HClO3 (Hydrogen Chlorate) is chloric acid
b. HClO4 would be _____________________________________
5) If there is 1 less oxygen than the -ous acid, add the prefix __________________
13
14. a. HClO2 (Hydrogen Chlorite) is chlorous acid, then HClO would be
______________________________________
Practice by naming these:
• HF
• H3P
• H2SO4
• H2SO3
• HCN
• H2CrO4
Writing Acid Formulas – in reverse
• Hydrogen will be listed first
• The name will tell you the anion
• Be sure the charges cancel out.
• Starts with prefix hydro?- there is no oxygen, -ide ending for anion
• no prefix hydro?
1) -ate anion comes from –ic ending
2) -ite anion comes from –ous ending
Write formulas for these:
• hydroiodic acid
• acetic acid
• carbonic acid
• phosphorous acid
• hydrobromic acid
14
15. Names and Formulas for Bases
• A base is an ionic compound that produces _____________________________
(OH1-) when dissolved in water (the Arrhenius definition)
• Bases are named the same way as other ionic compounds:
– The name of the cation (which is a metal) is followed by the name of the
anion (which will be hydroxide).
• NaOH is sodium hydroxide
• Ca(OH)2 is calcium hydroxide
• To write the formula:
1) Write the symbol for the metal cation
2) followed by the formula for the hydroxide ion (OH1-)
3) then use the criss-cross method to balance the charges.
Practice by writing the formula for the following:
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Iron (III) hydroxide
• Zinc hydroxide
15
16. Section 9.5
The Laws Governing Formulas and Names
OBJECTIVES:
• Define the laws of definite proportions and multiple proportions.
• Apply the rules for naming chemical compounds by using a flowchart.
• Apply the rules for writing the formulas of chemial compounds by using a flowchart.
Some Laws:
1. Law of Definite Proportions- in a sample of a chemical compound, the masses of the
elements are always in the same proportions.
• H2O (water) and H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide)
2. Law of Multiple Proportions- Dalton stated that whenever two elements form more
than one compound, the different masses of one element that combine with the same
mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
Summary of Naming and Formula Writing
• For naming, follow the flowchart- See textbook and handouts
• For writing formulas, follow the flowchart from your textbook and handouts
Helpful to remember...
1. In an ionic compound, the net ionic charge is zero (criss-cross method)
2. An -ide ending generally indicates a binary compound
3. An -ite or -ate ending means there is a polyatomic ion that has oxygen
4. Prefixes generally mean molecular; they show the number of each atom
5. A Roman numeral after the name of a cation is the ionic charge of the cation
16