1. The document discusses concepts related to motion including speed, velocity, acceleration, and inertia. It defines these terms and provides examples of their calculations.
2. It also discusses the operation of four-stroke petrol engines and four-stroke diesel engines. The key differences between the two types of engines are outlined.
3. Safety features of vehicles like seat belts and air bags are described which help protect drivers and passengers during crashes by preventing sudden changes in motion due to a vehicle's inertia.
The document discusses various topics related to diesel engines, including:
- What a diesel engine is and how it works by compressing air and injecting fuel to ignite without a spark plug.
- The typical systems that support a diesel engine like the intake, exhaust, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems.
- Common faults that can occur in diesel engines like overheating, vibration, excessive fuel/oil consumption, and noise.
- Maintenance topics like servicing fuel injectors and bleeding air from the fuel system.
This document provides an overview of diesel engines and biodiesel. It defines key diesel engine components and systems such as direct injection, common rail injection, turbochargers and intercoolers. It also covers important biodiesel fuel properties like cetane number, viscosity, cloud point and lubricity. The document indicates biodiesel has 12% less energy than diesel but can increase combustion efficiency. It notes most engine manufacturers approve blends up to B5 if fuel meets specifications.
Rudolf Diesel invented the compression-ignition engine in the late 1800s in response to the low efficiencies of gasoline and steam engines at the time; the diesel engine operates using the heat of compressed air to ignite fuel injected into the cylinder, rather than a spark plug, and comes in both two-stroke and four-stroke varieties that differ in their power output, efficiency, and emissions.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It classifies engines based on their fuel type, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, cylinder arrangement, and cooling method. It then describes the key parts of an internal combustion engine, including the cylinder, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crank and crankshaft, valves, and flywheel. Finally, it explains the four strokes of operation in both a four-stroke petrol engine and four-stroke diesel engine: the intake stroke, compression stroke, power/expansion stroke, and exhaust stroke.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of internal combustion engines. It discusses the different types of engines including 4-stroke, V8, and 2-stroke engines. It also describes the key components that an engine needs to operate such as fuel, air, spark, and compression. Pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves and their functions are explained. The 4-stroke combustion cycle and engine timing are also summarized.
A two-stroke petrol engine completes the combustion cycle in two strokes of the piston rather than four as in a four-stroke engine. In a two-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust strokes are eliminated and ports instead of valves are used, with the exhaust gases driven out by the fresh fuel charge entering near the end of the power stroke. Everything a four-stroke engine does over two revolutions, a two-stroke engine accomplishes in one crankshaft revolution. Two-stroke engines are smaller, lighter, cheaper to produce but wear out faster and are less fuel efficient than four-stroke engines due to their greater pollution output.
This document discusses advances in internal combustion engines. It begins by introducing IC engines and classifying them based on combustion and strokes. Major areas of advancement discussed include engine design, material selection, timing controls, fuel injection, and combustion. Specific technologies covered are variable valve timing, active valve trains, cylinder deactivation, direct injection, superchargers, turbochargers, and six-stroke engines.
The document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on a six-stroke internal combustion engine. It includes an abstract, introduction, working principles, types of six-stroke engines, modifications made to convert a four-stroke engine to six-stroke, advantages such as reduced emissions and increased efficiency, and limitations. The six-stroke engine aims to extract more energy from the combustion process through adding an additional power stroke, utilizing the wasted heat from the four-stroke cycle. It functions by injecting water during the additional power stroke to generate steam for forcing the piston downward.
The document discusses various topics related to diesel engines, including:
- What a diesel engine is and how it works by compressing air and injecting fuel to ignite without a spark plug.
- The typical systems that support a diesel engine like the intake, exhaust, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems.
- Common faults that can occur in diesel engines like overheating, vibration, excessive fuel/oil consumption, and noise.
- Maintenance topics like servicing fuel injectors and bleeding air from the fuel system.
This document provides an overview of diesel engines and biodiesel. It defines key diesel engine components and systems such as direct injection, common rail injection, turbochargers and intercoolers. It also covers important biodiesel fuel properties like cetane number, viscosity, cloud point and lubricity. The document indicates biodiesel has 12% less energy than diesel but can increase combustion efficiency. It notes most engine manufacturers approve blends up to B5 if fuel meets specifications.
Rudolf Diesel invented the compression-ignition engine in the late 1800s in response to the low efficiencies of gasoline and steam engines at the time; the diesel engine operates using the heat of compressed air to ignite fuel injected into the cylinder, rather than a spark plug, and comes in both two-stroke and four-stroke varieties that differ in their power output, efficiency, and emissions.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It classifies engines based on their fuel type, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, cylinder arrangement, and cooling method. It then describes the key parts of an internal combustion engine, including the cylinder, piston, piston rings, connecting rod, crank and crankshaft, valves, and flywheel. Finally, it explains the four strokes of operation in both a four-stroke petrol engine and four-stroke diesel engine: the intake stroke, compression stroke, power/expansion stroke, and exhaust stroke.
The document provides an overview of the basic components and functions of internal combustion engines. It discusses the different types of engines including 4-stroke, V8, and 2-stroke engines. It also describes the key components that an engine needs to operate such as fuel, air, spark, and compression. Pistons, crankshafts, camshafts, valves and their functions are explained. The 4-stroke combustion cycle and engine timing are also summarized.
A two-stroke petrol engine completes the combustion cycle in two strokes of the piston rather than four as in a four-stroke engine. In a two-stroke engine, the intake and exhaust strokes are eliminated and ports instead of valves are used, with the exhaust gases driven out by the fresh fuel charge entering near the end of the power stroke. Everything a four-stroke engine does over two revolutions, a two-stroke engine accomplishes in one crankshaft revolution. Two-stroke engines are smaller, lighter, cheaper to produce but wear out faster and are less fuel efficient than four-stroke engines due to their greater pollution output.
This document discusses advances in internal combustion engines. It begins by introducing IC engines and classifying them based on combustion and strokes. Major areas of advancement discussed include engine design, material selection, timing controls, fuel injection, and combustion. Specific technologies covered are variable valve timing, active valve trains, cylinder deactivation, direct injection, superchargers, turbochargers, and six-stroke engines.
The document provides an overview of a seminar presentation on a six-stroke internal combustion engine. It includes an abstract, introduction, working principles, types of six-stroke engines, modifications made to convert a four-stroke engine to six-stroke, advantages such as reduced emissions and increased efficiency, and limitations. The six-stroke engine aims to extract more energy from the combustion process through adding an additional power stroke, utilizing the wasted heat from the four-stroke cycle. It functions by injecting water during the additional power stroke to generate steam for forcing the piston downward.
Difference between 4-stroke Petrol Engine and 4-stroke Diesel EngineShafaat Soomro
Diesel engines and petrol engines have several key differences. Diesel fuel is more dense and viscous than petrol fuel and has a lower self-ignition temperature. Diesel engines are heavier, larger, and more durable than petrol engines. They have higher compression ratios and thermal efficiencies up to 40%, producing more power and torque than petrol engines. While diesel engines are more fuel efficient, they are more expensive initially and have higher maintenance costs than petrol engines.
- Internal combustion engines convert the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical power through combustion.
- Rudolf Diesel considered his life's work complete upon inventing the diesel engine in 1892, which ignited fuel without a spark.
- The document traces the history of internal combustion engines from early gas engines in the 1800s to modern electronically controlled engines, highlighting key inventors and technological advances.
- Internal combustion engines are now widely used in applications like vehicles, ships, generators and more.
The document discusses the history and operation of different types of car engines, including:
- The first car invented in 1769 had a separate steam engine that required frequent stops to build steam power and had a maximum speed of only 4km/h.
- Diesel engines compress only air and ignite fuel injected into the combustion chamber via heat from the compressed air, without spark plugs.
- Petrol/gasoline engines use spark ignition and were first built practically in 1876 in Germany.
- Engine operation involves intake, compression, combustion (power stroke), and exhaust cycles to convert fuel into motion via internal combustion.
The document compares petrol and diesel engines. Petrol engines use spark ignition and gasoline as fuel, were invented in 1876, and operate on the Otto cycle. They have higher rpm, lighter weight, and lower costs but lower efficiency. Applications include cars, motorcycles, aircraft and small engines. Diesel engines were invented later and have higher compression ratios and efficiency. They rely on air compression instead of spark plugs. Diesel engines have better efficiency and reliability but also more emissions and noise. They are often used in trucks, buses, generators and irrigation pumps.
The document compares the characteristics of four-stroke and two-stroke engines. Four-stroke engines have more moving parts, run cooler, are heavier, use separate fuel and oil, produce less power per revolution, and require less maintenance than two-stroke engines. However, two-stroke engines are smaller, lighter, more powerful per revolution, and more fuel efficient.
Diesel engines differ from petrol/gasoline engines in that diesel engines ignite fuel via compression rather than with a spark plug. Diesel engines have higher compression ratios than petrol engines, ranging from 14:1 to 25:1. This makes diesel engines more efficient but also more expensive than petrol engines. While diesel engines have advantages like better fuel efficiency and reliability, they also have disadvantages like being noisier, producing more emissions, and being harder to start in cold weather. Both engine types are commonly used in vehicles, though diesel sees more use in larger transport like trucks and buses.
This document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines internal combustion engines as engines that combust fuel inside the engine cylinder. It classifies internal combustion engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, engine speed, cylinder number and position. It describes the four stroke cycles of Otto and diesel engines. It compares petrol and diesel engines and two stroke and four stroke engines. It defines indicated power and mechanical, thermal, brake and relative efficiencies of internal combustion engines.
The document discusses the fundamentals of internal combustion engines. It describes the two main types - two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The two-stroke engine completes the combustion cycle in one piston stroke, while the four-stroke engine uses intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes to complete the cycle. The document also examines the Otto and Diesel cycles that are used in spark ignition and compression ignition engines respectively. Current research focuses on improving internal combustion engine efficiency to reduce emissions and fuel consumption.
The document discusses different types of engines including flat-4, inline-4, and V-6 configurations for internal combustion engines as well as external combustion steam engines and Stirling engines. It also mentions 2-stroke gasoline engines and describes the 4-stroke engine process.
Two stroke engines complete the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes in one revolution of the crankshaft, using the crankcase as a pumping device. They are lighter and simpler than four stroke engines but are less efficient and more polluting. Common applications of two stroke engines include dirt bikes, lawnmowers, outboard engines, chain saws, jet skis, and snowmobiles.
This document provides an overview of physical principles related to engine operation, including:
- The basic parts of a gasoline engine like the cylinder block, piston, crankshaft, and valves.
- How engines convert heat energy into mechanical energy through the four stroke cycle of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
- A comparison of diesel and gasoline engines, noting advantages of diesel like better fuel economy but disadvantages like higher costs, noise, and slower acceleration.
It contains Working, Construction of 4 stroke petrol engine with PV Diagram and Advantages & Disadvantages.Very useful & all info compiled at same place.
This document provides an overview of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine. It describes the basic parts of an engine including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder head, valves, camshaft and spark plug. It then explains the 4 strokes of the engine cycle: the intake stroke brings in air/fuel mixture, the compression stroke compresses it, the power stroke ignites the mixture to push the piston, and the exhaust stroke pushes out gases. Diesel engines are also briefly mentioned. Key physical principles like energy conversion, pressure, and the 3 states of matter are summarized.
This document provides information about various types of engines. It discusses internal combustion engines like petrol engines and diesel engines. It explains the basic operating principles of 2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol engines. It also describes diesel engines and turbine gas engines. Additionally, it covers the main engine support systems, including ignition, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems. The key components of each system are identified and their basic functions are explained.
The document describes a presentation on four-stroke petrol engines. It includes sections on the introduction, construction, working principle, applications, and lubrication of four-stroke petrol engines. The key points are:
1. A four-stroke petrol engine completes its cycle over four strokes of the piston and two revolutions of the crankshaft. It was invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1876.
2. The main parts include the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, inlet and exhaust valves, spark plug, and carburetor.
3. The four strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust. During intake the mixture is drawn in, compression compresses it, combustion powers
Gasoline engine or petrol engine or si engineKumaravelJ4
A gasoline engine, also known as a petrol engine, is the most common type of engine found in vehicles. It uses an internal combustion process involving mixing gasoline and air in cylinder chambers, then igniting it to generate energy. The gasoline engine has a four-stroke cycle: intake of air, compression of the air-fuel mixture, combustion and power stroke, and exhaust of emissions. Each stroke involves the precise opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves while the piston moves up and down in the cylinder.
The document provides an overview of four-stroke engines, including:
- The four strokes that make up the combustion cycle: intake, compression, power/ignition, and exhaust.
- Key components of four-stroke engines like the intake/exhaust valves, piston, crankshaft, and spark plug.
- The basic operation of a four-stroke petrol/gasoline engine, which draws in an air-fuel mixture, compresses it, ignites it with a spark plug, and exhausts the gases.
This presentation discusses the two-stroke engine. A two-stroke engine completes the combustion process in one crankshaft revolution, obtaining one power stroke per revolution. It has fewer parts than a four-stroke engine and is lighter in weight. The basic parts are the piston, piston ring, spark plug, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The working principle is that the intake and exhaust are controlled by piston movement, with the fresh charge entering due to pressure differences and being compressed by the pumping action of the piston. Applications include dirt bikes, lawn mowers, outboard engines, and others.
This document provides an overview of basic diesel engine technology. It discusses the history of the diesel engine and its invention by Rudolf Diesel in 1895. The document outlines the major uses of diesel engines in agriculture, transportation, construction, forestry, marine, and electrical generation applications. It also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of diesel engines compared to gasoline engines. The core components and operating principles of diesel engines are explained, including the combustion process, fuel and air systems, cooling systems, and lubrication systems.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including their classification, operation, and differences between engine types. It discusses four-stroke petrol and diesel engines in detail, describing the four strokes of each cycle. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. Two-stroke engines are also summarized and compared to four-stroke engines. Various engine efficiencies are defined.
Difference between 4-stroke Petrol Engine and 4-stroke Diesel EngineShafaat Soomro
Diesel engines and petrol engines have several key differences. Diesel fuel is more dense and viscous than petrol fuel and has a lower self-ignition temperature. Diesel engines are heavier, larger, and more durable than petrol engines. They have higher compression ratios and thermal efficiencies up to 40%, producing more power and torque than petrol engines. While diesel engines are more fuel efficient, they are more expensive initially and have higher maintenance costs than petrol engines.
- Internal combustion engines convert the chemical energy in fuel into mechanical power through combustion.
- Rudolf Diesel considered his life's work complete upon inventing the diesel engine in 1892, which ignited fuel without a spark.
- The document traces the history of internal combustion engines from early gas engines in the 1800s to modern electronically controlled engines, highlighting key inventors and technological advances.
- Internal combustion engines are now widely used in applications like vehicles, ships, generators and more.
The document discusses the history and operation of different types of car engines, including:
- The first car invented in 1769 had a separate steam engine that required frequent stops to build steam power and had a maximum speed of only 4km/h.
- Diesel engines compress only air and ignite fuel injected into the combustion chamber via heat from the compressed air, without spark plugs.
- Petrol/gasoline engines use spark ignition and were first built practically in 1876 in Germany.
- Engine operation involves intake, compression, combustion (power stroke), and exhaust cycles to convert fuel into motion via internal combustion.
The document compares petrol and diesel engines. Petrol engines use spark ignition and gasoline as fuel, were invented in 1876, and operate on the Otto cycle. They have higher rpm, lighter weight, and lower costs but lower efficiency. Applications include cars, motorcycles, aircraft and small engines. Diesel engines were invented later and have higher compression ratios and efficiency. They rely on air compression instead of spark plugs. Diesel engines have better efficiency and reliability but also more emissions and noise. They are often used in trucks, buses, generators and irrigation pumps.
The document compares the characteristics of four-stroke and two-stroke engines. Four-stroke engines have more moving parts, run cooler, are heavier, use separate fuel and oil, produce less power per revolution, and require less maintenance than two-stroke engines. However, two-stroke engines are smaller, lighter, more powerful per revolution, and more fuel efficient.
Diesel engines differ from petrol/gasoline engines in that diesel engines ignite fuel via compression rather than with a spark plug. Diesel engines have higher compression ratios than petrol engines, ranging from 14:1 to 25:1. This makes diesel engines more efficient but also more expensive than petrol engines. While diesel engines have advantages like better fuel efficiency and reliability, they also have disadvantages like being noisier, producing more emissions, and being harder to start in cold weather. Both engine types are commonly used in vehicles, though diesel sees more use in larger transport like trucks and buses.
This document discusses internal combustion engines. It defines internal combustion engines as engines that combust fuel inside the engine cylinder. It classifies internal combustion engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, engine speed, cylinder number and position. It describes the four stroke cycles of Otto and diesel engines. It compares petrol and diesel engines and two stroke and four stroke engines. It defines indicated power and mechanical, thermal, brake and relative efficiencies of internal combustion engines.
The document discusses the fundamentals of internal combustion engines. It describes the two main types - two-stroke and four-stroke engines. The two-stroke engine completes the combustion cycle in one piston stroke, while the four-stroke engine uses intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes to complete the cycle. The document also examines the Otto and Diesel cycles that are used in spark ignition and compression ignition engines respectively. Current research focuses on improving internal combustion engine efficiency to reduce emissions and fuel consumption.
The document discusses different types of engines including flat-4, inline-4, and V-6 configurations for internal combustion engines as well as external combustion steam engines and Stirling engines. It also mentions 2-stroke gasoline engines and describes the 4-stroke engine process.
Two stroke engines complete the intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes in one revolution of the crankshaft, using the crankcase as a pumping device. They are lighter and simpler than four stroke engines but are less efficient and more polluting. Common applications of two stroke engines include dirt bikes, lawnmowers, outboard engines, chain saws, jet skis, and snowmobiles.
This document provides an overview of physical principles related to engine operation, including:
- The basic parts of a gasoline engine like the cylinder block, piston, crankshaft, and valves.
- How engines convert heat energy into mechanical energy through the four stroke cycle of intake, compression, power, and exhaust strokes.
- A comparison of diesel and gasoline engines, noting advantages of diesel like better fuel economy but disadvantages like higher costs, noise, and slower acceleration.
It contains Working, Construction of 4 stroke petrol engine with PV Diagram and Advantages & Disadvantages.Very useful & all info compiled at same place.
This document provides an overview of the 4-stroke internal combustion engine. It describes the basic parts of an engine including the cylinder block, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, cylinder head, valves, camshaft and spark plug. It then explains the 4 strokes of the engine cycle: the intake stroke brings in air/fuel mixture, the compression stroke compresses it, the power stroke ignites the mixture to push the piston, and the exhaust stroke pushes out gases. Diesel engines are also briefly mentioned. Key physical principles like energy conversion, pressure, and the 3 states of matter are summarized.
This document provides information about various types of engines. It discusses internal combustion engines like petrol engines and diesel engines. It explains the basic operating principles of 2-stroke and 4-stroke petrol engines. It also describes diesel engines and turbine gas engines. Additionally, it covers the main engine support systems, including ignition, fuel, cooling, and lubrication systems. The key components of each system are identified and their basic functions are explained.
The document describes a presentation on four-stroke petrol engines. It includes sections on the introduction, construction, working principle, applications, and lubrication of four-stroke petrol engines. The key points are:
1. A four-stroke petrol engine completes its cycle over four strokes of the piston and two revolutions of the crankshaft. It was invented by Nikolaus Otto in 1876.
2. The main parts include the piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, inlet and exhaust valves, spark plug, and carburetor.
3. The four strokes are intake, compression, power, and exhaust. During intake the mixture is drawn in, compression compresses it, combustion powers
Gasoline engine or petrol engine or si engineKumaravelJ4
A gasoline engine, also known as a petrol engine, is the most common type of engine found in vehicles. It uses an internal combustion process involving mixing gasoline and air in cylinder chambers, then igniting it to generate energy. The gasoline engine has a four-stroke cycle: intake of air, compression of the air-fuel mixture, combustion and power stroke, and exhaust of emissions. Each stroke involves the precise opening and closing of intake and exhaust valves while the piston moves up and down in the cylinder.
The document provides an overview of four-stroke engines, including:
- The four strokes that make up the combustion cycle: intake, compression, power/ignition, and exhaust.
- Key components of four-stroke engines like the intake/exhaust valves, piston, crankshaft, and spark plug.
- The basic operation of a four-stroke petrol/gasoline engine, which draws in an air-fuel mixture, compresses it, ignites it with a spark plug, and exhausts the gases.
This presentation discusses the two-stroke engine. A two-stroke engine completes the combustion process in one crankshaft revolution, obtaining one power stroke per revolution. It has fewer parts than a four-stroke engine and is lighter in weight. The basic parts are the piston, piston ring, spark plug, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The working principle is that the intake and exhaust are controlled by piston movement, with the fresh charge entering due to pressure differences and being compressed by the pumping action of the piston. Applications include dirt bikes, lawn mowers, outboard engines, and others.
This document provides an overview of basic diesel engine technology. It discusses the history of the diesel engine and its invention by Rudolf Diesel in 1895. The document outlines the major uses of diesel engines in agriculture, transportation, construction, forestry, marine, and electrical generation applications. It also summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of diesel engines compared to gasoline engines. The core components and operating principles of diesel engines are explained, including the combustion process, fuel and air systems, cooling systems, and lubrication systems.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of I.C. engines based on fuel type, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, and cylinder configuration. It also describes the basic components and workings of 4-stroke petrol and diesel engines, as well as 2-stroke engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines, and between 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines are outlined.
The document provides an overview of internal combustion engines, including their classification, operation, and differences between engine types. It discusses four-stroke petrol and diesel engines in detail, describing the four strokes of each cycle. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. Two-stroke engines are also summarized and compared to four-stroke engines. Various engine efficiencies are defined.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are different types of internal combustion engines classified by fuel, strokes, ignition, cycle, number of cylinders, and cooling method. The key parts include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel. A four-stroke engine intakes air/fuel, compresses it, combusts it to push the piston, and exhausts gases over two revolutions, while a two-stroke engine does this in one revolution.
An internal combustion engine uses combustion of fuel to drive pistons that convert the energy to mechanical energy. The first modern internal combustion engine was created by Nikolaus Otto in 1876. There are several types of internal combustion engines including four-stroke gasoline engines, two-stroke gasoline engines, diesel engines, and rotary engines. Engines can also be classified based on their fuel, number of strokes, ignition method, combustion cycle, number of cylinders, and cylinder arrangement. The key parts of an internal combustion engine include the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, valves, crankshaft, and flywheel.
This document provides an overview of internal combustion engines. It discusses the classification of IC engines based on fuel used, thermodynamic cycle, number of strokes, ignition method, cooling method, speed, number of cylinders, and cylinder position. It describes the four-stroke cycles of Otto petrol and diesel engines. The key differences between petrol and diesel engines are outlined. The document also compares two-stroke and four-stroke engines, discussing their cycles, revolutions, power strokes, flywheels, ports/valves, lubrication, efficiencies, and applications. Indicated power, mechanical efficiency, thermal efficiency, and specific fuel consumption are defined.
The document discusses the four stroke petrol engine. It begins by introducing the four main components: the intake stroke where air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber, the compression stroke where the piston compresses the mixture, the power stroke where combustion occurs and the piston is pushed down, and the exhaust stroke where burnt gases are pushed out. It then explains each stroke in more detail and analyzes the thermodynamic process. Advantages include less fuel consumption and higher efficiency, while disadvantages are more complex design and higher costs. Applications include use in cars, motorcycles, boats and other small engines.
The document discusses the concept and working of a six-stroke internal combustion engine. A six-stroke engine generates power twice per cycle by adding two additional strokes to the traditional four-stroke cycle. This results in higher efficiency and lower fuel consumption compared to four-stroke engines. The six-stroke cycle includes intake, compression, power, exhaust, and two additional strokes where heated air is used to generate a second power stroke. Major inventors who developed six-stroke engines include Malcolm Beare, Bruce Crower, and Velozeta. The advantages are increased efficiency and reduced emissions, but disadvantages include increased complexity and cost.
This document provides information on internal combustion (I.C.) engines, including:
- I.C. engines can be two-stroke or four-stroke, with four-stroke being more common. They work by combusting fuel inside cylinders to power pistons.
- In a four-stroke engine, the piston completes an intake, compression, power, and exhaust stroke per cycle. In a two-stroke, it completes the cycle in two strokes.
- Other topics covered include engine components, engine types and cycles, differences between two-stroke and four-stroke engines, and differences between diesel and petrol engines.
The document describes the components and operation of a single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine. It lists objectives related to studying, disassembling, and reassembling the engine. Key components discussed include the crankshaft, flywheel, piston, connecting rod, camshaft, valves, fuel injection system, and cooling system. Specifications of the Kirloskar engine are provided. An overview of four-stroke engine operation is given, outlining the intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust strokes of the cycle.
Engine, classification of heat engine, classification of IC engine, component of IC engine, four stroke engine and 2- stroke engine, petrol and diesel engine, comparisons, terminology related to engine
The document discusses the parts and functioning of a four-stroke engine. It explains the four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust. The intake stroke draws fuel and air into the cylinder. In the compression stroke, the valves close and piston compresses the fuel-air mixture. The power stroke ignites the mixture, pushing the piston. Finally, in the exhaust stroke, the spent gases are pushed out. It also lists key engine parts like the piston, crankshaft, connecting rod, valves, and spark plug. The document provides steps for measuring and adjusting tappet clearance to regulate the valves.
The document provides information about fixing a car. It discusses how cars have evolved over time, with over 100,000 patents creating the modern automobile. It notes that Nicolas Joseph Cugnot built the first self-propelled road vehicle in 1769, powered by a steam engine. In 1789, Oliver Evans was granted the first U.S. patent for a steam-powered land vehicle. It also mentions how tools and mechanics for servicing cars have changed dramatically to reflect how cars have evolved.
The document discusses internal combustion engines. It begins by introducing IC engines and their importance in replacing horse carriages with automobiles. It then discusses the development of the modern IC engine by Nikolas Otto in 1876, who developed the first four-stroke spark ignition engine. The document goes on to classify IC engines based on factors like number of strokes, fuel used, working cycle, design, ignition method, and applications. It also describes the major components of an IC engine like the cylinder, piston, connecting rod, crankshaft, and valves. Finally, it explains the working principles of two-stroke and four-stroke engines for both petrol and diesel fuels.
1. The document discusses the two-stroke cycle gasoline engine, describing its basic parts and principle of operation. It has several key advantages over the four-stroke engine, including higher power density and simpler design.
2. The basic parts are the piston, cylinder block, crankshaft, connecting rod, flywheel, spark plug, inlet port, exhaust port, and transfer port. Each downward piston stroke is a power stroke, and each upward stroke is a compression stroke.
3. It intakes and exhausts on the same stroke, achieving two cycles per revolution compared to one cycle per two revolutions for a four-stroke. However, its scavenging is less efficient, resulting in lower thermal
The document summarizes the history and workings of a diesel engine. It discusses:
1. Otto invented the four-stroke engine in 1876, using a gas-air mixture. This became known as the Otto cycle.
2. A four-stroke diesel engine completes one cycle over four strokes - intake, compression, power, and exhaust - within two revolutions of the crankshaft.
3. It provides labeled diagrams of the engine and describes the processes that occur in each stroke of the four-stroke cycle.
This document discusses the four stroke petrol engine. It describes the four strokes of the engine cycle: intake, compression, power, and exhaust. During intake, the piston moves down and air-fuel mixture enters the combustion chamber. In compression, the piston moves up and compresses the mixture. In power stroke, ignition occurs and the expanding gases push the piston down. Finally, in exhaust stroke, the piston moves up to push out the exhaust gases. The four strokes complete one cycle requiring two revolutions of the crankshaft.
Analysis And Review Of Six Stroke Internal Combustion Engineiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A six-stroke engine provides two power strokes in each cycle, improving efficiency over a traditional four-stroke engine. It works by using the heat from the exhaust stroke to generate a secondary expansion and power stroke. The first four strokes are identical to a four-stroke engine. In the fifth stroke, water is injected into the hot combustion chamber and turns to steam, expanding to drive the piston down for a second power stroke. This recovers waste heat from the exhaust to improve fuel efficiency over a four-stroke engine by up to 30-40%. However, additional systems are required to inject water and utilize the secondary expansion, increasing complexity over a traditional design.
The document discusses the four-stroke engine cycle and its key components. It describes the four strokes of intake, compression, power, and exhaust. It then lists and describes the main engine parts, including the cylinder block, pistons and piston rings, spark plug, valves, connecting rod and crankshaft, injector, camshaft, and sump. The core function of these parts is to intake air and fuel, compress it, ignite it to create power, and exhaust spent gases in the four-stroke cycle.
This document provides information about 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines. It defines a 2-stroke engine as completing its cycle in one crankshaft revolution, while a 4-stroke engine takes two revolutions. The basic parts of each engine are described, along with their working principles. Advantages of 2-stroke engines include higher power density, while disadvantages include lower fuel efficiency. A comparison notes that 4-stroke engines have higher volumetric efficiency but lower power density than 2-stroke engines.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
1. 1
CHAPTER 5 MOTION DATE/TARIKH:…………………….
5.1 THE MOTION OF VEHICLES ON LAND/PERGERAKAN KENDERAAN DI DARAT.
Land vehicles can be divided into two groups/Kenderaan di darat terbahagi kepada dua
kumpulan iaitu:
(a) Vehicles without engine such as bicycles
kenderaan tanpa enjin seperti basikal.
Vehicles without engine use the energy of humans or animals to move.
Kenderaan tanpa enjin guna tenaga manusia atau haiwan untuk bergerak
(b) Vehicles with engine such as cars, buses and motorcycles
Kenderaan berenjin seperti kereta, bas, motosikal
Vehicles with engine use fuels such as petrol and diesel to make them work.
Kenderaan berenjin guna bahan api seperti petrol dan disel untuk menggerakkan nya.
Principle of Operation of Vehicles with Engines
(a) There are three types of engines, i.e. the four-stroke petrol engine, the four-stroke
diesel engine and the two-stroke petrol engine.
Terdapat tiga jenis enjin iaitu enjin petrol empat lejang, enjin disel empat lejang dan
enjin petrol dua lejang
2. 2
(b) How a four-stroke combustion works in a four-stroke petrol engine
Bagaimana kerja-kerja pembakaran empat lejang dalam enjin petrol empat lejang.
Figure/rajah Stroke/lejang Figure/rajah Stroke/lejang
(1) Inductionstroke
lejangaruhan
-the piston movesdown.
-the inlet valve opens
-the exhaust valve closes
-the mixtureandair is sucked
into the cylinder.
-Ombohbergerakke bawah
-injapmasuk terbuka.
Injapekzos tertutup
-campuranpetrol dan udara
disedutmasuk
(2) Powerstroke
Lejangkuasa.
-A spark from the sparkplug
ignitesthe compressedmixture
causingitto explode
-Hot exhaust gasesfrom the
explosionexpandrapidly
forcingthe pistondownthe
cylinder
-Percikanapi daripalam
pencucuh menyalakan
campuran yang
dimampatkan menyebabkan ia
untuk meletup
-Gasekzos yang panas
daripadaletupan
mengembang danmemaksa
omboh dalamsilinderturun.
(2) Copression stroke
Lejang mampatan.
-Piston moves up
-inletand exhaustvalve close
-Themixtureofpetrol andair is
compressed
-Omboh bergerakke atas
-injapmasuk daninjapekzos
tertutup
-campuranpetrol dan udara
dimampatkan
(4) Exhausted stroke
Lejangekzos
-Piston moves up
-Theexhaustvalve opensthe
inletvalve closes.
-Theexhaustgasesare forced
out of the cylinderthroughthe
openexhaust valve
-Ombohbergerakke atas
-injapekzos terbukadaninjap
masuk tertutup
-Gasekzos yang panasdipaksa
keluardari ombohmelaluiiinjap
ekzos.
Structue offour stroke petrol engine
sturktu enjin petrol empat lejang
3. 3
(c) The table below shows the differences between the four-stroke petrol engine and the
four-stroke diesel engine.
Characteristic Four-stroke petrol engine Four-strokediesel engine
Cycles Inductionstroke
• Thepistonmovesdown.
• The inlet valve opens and the b exhaust
valve closes.
• The mixture of petrol and air is sucked into
the cylinder.
-Ombohbergerakke bawah
-Injap masuk terbuka daninjapekzos tertutup
-Campuran petrol dan udara disedut masuk
ke dalamsilinder
Compressionstroke
• Thepistonmovesup.
• Both valves close.
• Themixtureofpetroland airis compressed.
-Ombohbergerakke atas
-Kedua-duainjap tertutup
-Campuran petrol danudara dimampatkan
Powerstroke
• Both valves close.
• A spark from the spark plug ignites the
compressedmixturecausingitto explode,
• Hot gases forcethe pistondown.
-Kedua-duainjaptertutup.
-Percikan api dari palam pencucuh
menyalakan campuran menyebabkan ia
melatus.
-Gas panas memaksa omboh bergerak ke
bawah.
Exhauststroke
• Thepistonmovesup.
• The exhaust valve opens and the inlet valve
closes.
• The exhaust gases are forced out of the
cylinder,
-Omboh bergerakke atas.
-Injap ekzos terbuka dan injap masuk
tertutup.
-Gasekzos ditolakkeluardari silinder.
Inductionstroke
• Thepistonmovesdown.
• The inlet valve opens and the exhaust
valve closes.
• Airis suckedintothe cylinder.
-Ombohbergerakke bawah
-Injap masuk terbuka dan injap ekzos
tertutup
-Udara disedut masuk Ke dalam
silinder
Compressionstroke
• Thepistonmovesup.
• Both valves close.
• Air is compressed and becomes very
hot.
• Dieselisinjectedintothe cylinder.
-Ombohbergerakke atas
-Kedua-duainjaptertutup
-Udara dimampatkan dan menjadi
sangatpanas
-Disel disuntikmasuk ke dalamsilinder.
Powerstroke
• Both valves close.
• The hot mixture of compressed air
and diesel burns, releasing hot
exhaustgases.
• Hot gases forcethe pistondown.
-Kedua-duainjaptertutup.
-Campuran gas panas termapat dan
disel terbakar, membebaskan gas
ekzos yangpanas.
-Gas panas memaksa omboh bergerak
ke bawah.
Exhauststroke
• Thepistonmovesup.
• The exhaust valve opens and the inlet
valve closes.
• The exhaust gases are forced out of
the cylinder.
Ombohbergerakke atas.
-Injap ekzos terbuka dan injap masuk
tertutup.
-Gasekzos ditolakkeluardari silinder
Thicknessofthe wallof the
cylinder
Thin Thicker
Fuel injector
penyuntikbahan api
Figure 5.3 Four stroke
diesel engine
Figure 5.2 Four stroke
dpetrol engine
4. 4
Characteristic Four-stroke petrol engine Four-strokediesel engine
Efficiency Less efficient Moreefficient
Uses Lightvehicleslike car Heavy vehicleslike lorry, bus.
Power Morepowerful Less powerful
Exhaust gasesreleased Releasesmoreharmfulexhaustgases Releaseslessharmfulexhaustgases
(d) Two stroke Petrol engine
How a two stroke combustion cycle works in a two stroke petrol engine
Upstroke/lejang naik Downstroke/lejang turun
-When the pistonis at the top of the cylinder, the mixture
of the petrol andthe air above it is compreesed.
-Theexhausetandtransperports are closedbutthe
inletport is open.
-A fresh mixtureof petroland airis suckedinto the
crankcasethroughtheopeninletport
-A spark from the sparkplug ignitesthe compressed
mixtureof petrol andair causingitto explode
-Apabila ombohberadadi bahagian
atas silinder,campuran petrol dan udaradi
atasnyadimampatkan.
-Salurkeluar dansalurpenghantarditutuptetapi salur
masuk adalah terbuka.
-Satu campuran petrol dan udara disedutke dalam
kotak engkol melalui salurmasuk yangterbuka
-Percikan api dari palam
pencucuh menyala campuran petroldan udara yang
dimampatkan dan menyebabkan iameletup
-Hot gas from the explosionexpandrapidlyforcingthe
pistondown the silinder.
-Theinletport closesandcompress themixtureofpetrol
andair in the crankcase.
-Thepistonis at the bottom of the silinder,the
compressedmixturebelowitpassesthroughthe transfer
port into the cylinderabove the piston.
-Theexhaustport is openandthe exhaust gas are
pushedout.
-Gaspanas dari letupan mengembang danmemaksa
ombohbergerakke bawah silinder.
-Salurmasuk ditutup danmemampatkan
campuran petroldan udara dalamkotak engkol.
-Omboh di bahagianbawah silinder,
campuran yang termampatdi bawahnya melalui
salur penghantarkedalamsilinderdiatas omboh.
-Liangekzos dibuka dangas ekzosditolakkeluar.
Two stroke petrol engine
5. 5
The table below shows the comparison between the four-stroke and the two-stroke engine.
Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
In each cycle, the piston moves four strokes, two
upwardstrokes andtwo downwardstrokes.
In each cycle, the piston moves two strokes, one upward stroke
andone downwardstroke.
Power is released only on the third stroke, also
calledthepowerstroke.
Poweris releasedon every upward stroke.
Combustion of fuel takes place only on the third
stroke. During this stroke, an upward stroke,
sparks (electrical) given off by the spark plugs
ignitethe air-fuelmixture.
Combustion of fuel takes place on every upward stroke of the
piston. Sparks (electrical) given off by the spark plugs ignite the
air fuelmixture.
Generally more efficient because the combustion
processis morecomplete.
Less efficientbecausethecombustionprocessisincomplete.
Thedesigniscomplexandbulky. Thedesign issimpleandlesscomplex.
Exercise 5.1
1. Which of the following about a four-stroke diesel engine is true?
Yang manakah antara berikut mengenai enjin disel empat lejang?
I Spark plugs are not needed/Palam pencucuh tidak diperlukan.
II More exhaust gases are released/Lebih banyak gas ekzos dibebaskan
III It is more economical/Ianya lebih ekonomi(jimat)
A. I and II only B. I and III only C. II and III only D. I, II and III
1. In the four-stroke diesel engine, the mixture of air and fuel is burnt in...
Dalam enjin disel empat lejang, campuran udara dan bahan api dibakar dalam….
A. the power stroke. B. the intake stroke. C . the exhaust stroke. D
the compression stroke.
2. The four-stroke diesel engine has cylinders with thicker walls than those of the four-
stroke petrol engine because...
Enjin disel empat lejang mempunyai silinder yang lebih tebal daripada enjin petrol
empat lejang kerana……..
A. the engine uses spark plugs./Enjin guna palam pencucuh
B. the exhaust stroke of the engine is more powerful./Lejang ekzos lebih berkuasa.
C. the pressure in the cylinders during the compression stroke is very high.
Tekanan dalam silinder semasa lejang mampatan sangat tinggi
D. the power stroke contains very hot exhaust gases./Lejang kuasa mengandungi gas
ekzos yang sangat panas.
6. 6
Subjective
Figure 1
1. Figure 1 shows two different strokes in the four-stroke petrol engine.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan dua perbezaan dalam enjin petrol empat lejang
(a) Name the strokes shown in Figure 1. / Namakan lejang-lejang dalam rajah 1.
i. P: ____________________________ii. Q: _________________________
(b) What happens in stroke Q?/Apakah yang berlaku dalam lejang Q?
_________________________________________________________________
(c) State two difference between the four stroke diesel engine and the four-stroke petrol
engine.
Nyatakan dua perbezaan antara enjin disel empat lejang dan enjin petrol empat
lejang.
__________________________________________________________________
7. 7
Tarikh/Date……………………..
5.2 The Concept of Speed, Velocity and Acceleration
Konsep bagi Laju, Halaju dan pecutan
1.Speed is the distance travelled per unit time./Laju ialah jarak yang dilalui per unit masa.
Speed = distance Laju= Jarak yang dilalui
Time masa yang diambil
2. Velocity is the rate of change of distance travelled in a specific direction
Halaju adalah kadar perubahan jarak perjalanan ke arah tertentu..
Velocity = The change of distance in specific direction
Time taken
Halaju = perubahan jarak dalam arah tertentu
Masa yang diambil
3.The SI unit of velocity and speed is ms-1./Unit SI bagi halaju dan laju ialah ms-1
4.Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity./Pecutan ialah kadar perubahan halaju.
5.The SI unit of acceleration is ms-2/Unit SI bagi pecutan ialah ms-2
Acceleration = final velocity - initial velocity
time taken
Pecutan = halajau akhir - halaju awal
Masa yang diambil
Activity 5.2: Use ticker timer to measure velocity/Menggunakan jangka masa detik
untuk mengukur halaju.
Procedure ticker timer
Ticker tape
trolley
Incline plane
Ticker timer vibrate 50 tick in one second
Jangka masa detik bergetar 50 detik dalam masa satu saat.
Dot tick
Result:
Activity 5.2 and 5.3 of the practica
book on page 64, 65 and 66
Wooden
blockPower
pack
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . .
8. 8
Calculation:
Activity 5.3
Result:
Calculation:
Exercise 5.2
1. The ticker tape provided below record the velocity of a trolley in an experiment. By using
your ruler, calculate initial velocity, final velocity and acceleration of the trolley (The
current supplied to the ticker timer is 50 Hz).
Pita detik di bawah merekodkan halaju troli dalam satu eksperimen. Dengan
menggunakan pembaris, hitungkan halaju awal, halaju akhir dan pecutan troli.(arus
elektrik yang dibekalkan kepada jangka masa detik ialah 50Hz)
Initial velocity = Final velocity =
Acceleration =
9. 9
3. The diagram below shows part of a ticker tape of a moving trolley. What is the type
of motion of the trolley?
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan bahagian pita detik bagi satu pergerakan troli. Apakah
jenis pergerakan troli tersebut?
Underline the correct unswer.
Answer: acceleration/deceleration/constant velocity
4. A car moves with a constant velocity of 20 ms-1. The car accelerates and reaches a
velocity of 50 ms-1 in 6 seconds. What is its acceleration?
Sebuah kereta bergerak dengan satu halaju malar 20 ms-1
. Kereta tersebut
kemudian memecut dan mencapai halaju 50 ms-1
. Dalam masa 6 saat. Apakah
pecutan nya?
Answer:
5. The diagram below shows two strips of ticker tape of a moving trolley. The current
supplied to the ticker timer is 50 Hz. Calculate the acceleration of the trolley.
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan dua pita detik bagi satu pergerakan troli. Arus elektrik
yang dibekalkan kepada jangka masa detik ialah 50Hz. Hitungkan pecutan troli
tersebut.
Initial velocity=
Final velocity=
Acceleration=
10. 10
Tarikh/date………………………
5.3 The Concept of Inertia
The inertia of an object is the ability of the object to maintain its stationary position or
its movement.
Inertia bagi sesuatu objek ialah keupayaan objek tersebut untuk mengekal keadaan
asalnya sama ada diam atau bergerak dengan halaju seragam.
If the mass of the object is bigger, the inertia will be bigger.
Jika jisim objek besar, maka inertianya juga besar.
The safety features used in vehicles/ Ciri-ciri keselamatan yang digunakan di dalam
kenderaan
(a) Seat belts- protect the driver and passengers from injuries when the car
suddenly stops or crashes.
tali pinggang keledar-melindungi pemandu dan penumpang dari tercedera
apabila kerata berhenti secara tiba-tiba
(b) Headrest- protects the neck of the driver or passenger from injuries when the car
is hit from back
sandaran kepala-melindungi leher pemandu atau penumpang dari tercedera jika
kereta dilanggar dari belakang
(c) Air bag- protect the driver and passengers from banging the dashboard when
the car suddenly stops or crashes.
Beg udara-melindungi pemandu dan penumpang dari terhantuk ke dashboard
jika kereta terhenti secara tiba-tiba
Exercise 5.3
1. Which of the following affects the inertia of an object?/Yang manakah antara berikut
mempengaruhi inertia sesuatu objek
A Base area of the object B Volume of the object
Luas Dasar objek Isipadu objek
C Mass of the object D Size of the object
Jisim objek Saiz objek
2. The diagram below shows four cans filled with different quantities of soil. These four
cans are pushed at the same time. Which of the following cans,A,B,C or D, will be the
last to stop?
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan empat tin yang berisi pasir dengan kuantiti yang berbeza.
Keempat-empat tin tersebut ditolak pada masa dan ketinggian yang sama. Yang
manakah antara A, B, C dan D akan terakhir berhenti berayun
Experiment5.1of the practicalbook.page68and69
11. 11
Tarikh/date:……………………….
5.4 The Concept of Momentum
1.The momentum of an object is the product of its mass and velocity.
Momentum = mass x velocity
Momentum sesuatu objek ialah hasil darab jisim dan halajunya.
Momentum = jisim x halaju.
2.The SI unit of momentum is kg ms-1/Unit SI nya ialah kg ms-1
3.The momentum of an object is bigger if its mass is bigger and its velocity is higher.
Momentum bagi sesuatu objek adalah besar jika jisim lebih besar dan halajunya lebih
tinggi.
The Principle of Conservation of Momentum
This principle states that the total momentum of two or more objects before a collision is
equal to the total momentum after the collision provided no resultant external force acts on
the objects.
Prinsip ini menyatakan yang jumlah momentum bagi dua atau lebih objek sebelum
perlanggaran adalah sama dengan jumlah momentum selepas perlanggaran jika tiada daya
luar bertindak ke atasnya.
2.A force is required to change the momentum of an object.
Daya diperlukan untuk mengubah momentum bagi sesuatu objek
3. The resultant force acting on an object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum.
Daya paduan yang bertindak ke atas sesuatu objek adalah sama dengan kadar
perubahan momentum
Resultant force = change in momentum Daya paduan = perubahan momentum
time taken masa yang diambil
12. 12
Tarikh/Date……………….
5.5The Concept of Pressure
1. Pressure is defined as force per unit area./Tekanan ialah daya per unit luas
Pressure = force tekanan = Daya
Area Luas
3.The SI unit of pressure is newton per square meter (N/m2) or pascal (Pa).
Unit SI bagi tekanan ialah (N/m2
) or pascal (Pa).
4.The pressure acting on a surface depends on:
Tekanan yang bertindak ke atas sesuatu permukaan bergantung kapada:
(a) the force acting on the object; /Daya yang bertindak ke atas objek
(b) the area on which the force is acting./Luas permukaan dimana daya bertindak
The Application of pressure in everyday life
• A sharp knife cuts easily
• Carrying a heavy bag is more comfortable if the strap is broad
• Pisau yang tajam lebih senang memotong
• Membawa beg yang berat lebih selesa jika tali begnya lebar
Exercise5.5
1. Define Pressure.
Pressure= force/unit area
2. If the surface area greater, The pressure _________is smaller________________
3. A roller skater of mass 65 kg balance himself on one leg. If the skate touches the
floor with an area measuring 5 cm2, calculate the pressure the roller skater exerts on
the floor.
Pressure= 650/5
=130N/cm2
4. A strong wind exerts an average pressure of 50000 Nm-2 on a glass wall. If the area
of the glass is 10 m2, what is the force acting on the glass?
Pressure=force/unit area
forcre =50000x10
=500000N
13. 13
Tarikh/Date…………………..
5.6 Principle of Hidraulic System/Prinsip sistem hidrolik
1. The principle of transmission of pressure in fluids states that if pressure is
applied to an enclosed liquid, the pressure is transmitted uniformly throughout
the liquid.
Prinsip pemindahan tekanan dalam bendalir menyatakan bahawa jika tekanan
dikenakan kepada bendalir yang tertutup, tekanan dihantar secara seragam di
seluruh cecair
2. This principle is used in the hydraulic jack and hydraulic brake.
Prinsip ini digunakan dalam jek hidrolik dan brek hidrolik
3. Using this principle, the pressure acting on a small piston is the same as the
pressure acting on a larger piston.
Menggunakan prinsip ini, tekanan yang bertindak ke atas omboh kecil adalah
sama dengan tekanan ke atas omboh besar
Force acting on the small piston = force acting on the large piston
Surface area of the small piston surface area of the large piston
P1 = P2
P1 P2
Application
Hydraulic jack/jek hidrolik
14. 14
Hydraulic brake/brek hidrolik
Exercise 5.6
1. State two examples of machines which operate on the principle of the hydraulic
system?
Hydraulic jack and hydraulic brake
2. In a hydraulic jack, a force of 50 N is applied to a small piston with an area of 5 cm2.
(a) What is the pressure transmitted through the fluid?
Pressure= 50N/5cm2
=10N/cm2
(b) If the large piston has an area of 20cm2, what is the maximum weight that the jack
can lift
F/20=10
F=200N
15. 15
Tarikh/Date;……………………
5.7 The Motion of Vehicle in Water
1. Water vehicles usually have streamlined shapes to reduce turbulence while moving in
the water.
Pengangkutan air biasanya mempunyai bentuk yang streamlined untuk
mengurangkan pergolakan semasa bergerak di dalam air
2. Archimedes’ principle./Prinsip Archimedes
Archimedes’ principle states that when an object is immersed in a fluid (liquid or gas), the
upthrust on the object is equal in size to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
Prinsip Archimedes menyatakan bahawa apabila sesuatu objek tenggelam di dalam
bendalir (cecair atau gas), tujahan ke atas pada objek adalah sama
dengan berat bendalir yang disesarkan oleh objek tersebut.
Upthrust (buoyancy force) = weight of fluid displaced
3. This principle is applied to boats, ships, hovercraft, hydrofoils and submarines.
Submarine/kapal selam
(a) A submarine has ballast tanks that control the submarine, making it sink or float.
Kapal selam mempunyai tangki balast yang mengawal kapal selam, tenggelam atau
timbul.
(b) The submarine will sink when the ballast tanks are filled with water.
Kapal selam akan tenggelam apabila tangki balast diisikan dengan air.
(c) The submarine rises to the surface when the water in the ballast tanks are blown out.
Kapal selam akan naik ke permukaan apabila air dalam tangki dikosongkan
16. 16
Hydrofoil Hovercrafts
Exercise 5.7
1. Figure below shows an experiment to investigate Archimedes’ principle.
Rajah dibawah menunjukkan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji prinsip Archimedes.
The result for the experiment provided in the table below
Keputusan eksperimen adalah seperti jadual di bawah.
Object Water
Weight in air/berat dalam udara = 7.0 N Weight of beaker + water = 4.0 N
Berat bikar + air
Weight in water/berat dalam air = 6.0 N Weight of empty beaker = 3.0 N
Berat bikar kosong
Upthrust of water /daya julangan= 7-6=1N Weight of water displaced= 1.0N
Berat air tersesar
17. 17
(a) Determine the upthrust of water and weight of water displaced on the above table.
Tentukan daya julangan air dan berat air tersesar pada jadual di atas.
(b) The object appears to have lost weight in water. State the reason of apparent loss in
weight ?
objek nampaknya telah kehilangan berat di dalam air. Nyatakan sebab
kehilangan ketara dalam berat objek
disebabkan oleh dayajulangan
(c) Based on the result, what is the relationship between the upthrust of the water and
the weight of the water displaced?
Berdasarkan keputusan, apakah hubungan antara daya julangan air dan berat
air yang disesarkan?
Upthrust = the weight of the waterdisplaced
18. 18
Tarikh/Date:…………………..
5.8 The Motion of Vehicles in the Air
1. Examples of vehicles that move in the air are hot air balloons, aeroplanes, helicopters
and rockets.
Contoh kenderaan yang bergerak dalam udara ialah belun udara, kapal terbang,
helikopter dan roket.
2. These vehicles use Bernoulli’s principle to work.
Kenderaan ini menggunakan prinsip Bernoulli untuk bergerak.
3. Bernoulli’s principle states that pressure is inversely proportional to the velocity of a
flowing fluid.
Prinsip Bernoulli menyatakan yang tekanan adalah berkadar songsang dengan halaju
udara (cecair) yang mengalir.
(a) When the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low.
Apabila halaju bendalir tinggi, tekanannya rendah
(b) When the velocity of a fluid is low, the pressure is high.
Apabila halaju bendalir rendah,tekanannya tinggi.
4 .Examples of the use of Bernoulli’s principle / Contoh kegunaan Prinsip Bernoulli.
(a) The flow of water through capillary tubes/Pengaliran air dalam tiub Bernoulli.
(b) The flow of air through capillary tubes/Pengaliran udara dalam tiub Bernoulli
19. 19
(c) Aerofoil shape of the wings of the aeroplane/Bentuk Aerofoil pada sayap kapal terbang.
Rocket.
Jet Engine
-Air flows under the wings slower, The air
pressure is higher.
-Pengaliran udara di bawah sayap kapal
terbang rendah, tekanan udara adalah lebih
tinggi.
-This pressure will produce higher upthrust
and can cause the aeroplane move upwards
Tekanan yang lebih tinggi di bawah sayap
kapal terbang menghasilkan daya julangan
yang tinggi dan menyebabkan kapal terbang
bergerak ke atas.
20. 20
The table below shows the comparison between the rocket engine and the jet engine.
Rocket engine Jet engine
Carries its own oxygen supply
Bawa bekalan oksigen sendiri
Uses the oxygen of the atmosphere
Menggunakan oksigen atmosfera
Can move in the Earth’s atmosphere and in outer space
Boleh bergerak dalamatmosfera bumi dan di angkasa
lepas
Can move in the Earth’s atmosphere only
Boleh bergerak dalamatmosfera bumi sahaja
Fuel used is liquid hydrogen
Bahan api yang digunakan ialah hidrogen cecair
Fuel used is kerosene
Bahan api yang digunakan ialah karosene
Exercise 5.8
1. Figure below shows Bernoulli’s tube.
(a) Draw in the figure the water level in each capillary tube.