The document provides information on types of ropes, wires, and fibers used on ships. It discusses the care and storage of ropes, as well as wire ropes. Different types of knots, bends, hitches, and splices used for ropes are described. The document also covers blocks, tackles, ladders, and other rigging equipment found on ships. Safety procedures for handling wires, rigging tackles and other equipment are emphasized.

1. C O N T RO L L I N G T H E
O P E R AT I O P N O F
S H I P S

2. T Y P E S O F
RO P E S A N D
W I R E S
1) NATURAL FIBERS
MANILA, HEMP, COIR, SISAL, JUTE, FALX, AMD
COTTON
2) SYNTHETIC FIBERS
NYLON, POLYTHENE, POLYPROPYLENE AND
SPECTRA
3) STEEL WIRES
STEEL WIRE, FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE, EXTRA
FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE

3. C A R E O F
RO P E S
1. ROPE SHOULD BE STORED IN A DRY WELL VENTILATED PLACE, AWAY FROM HOT BULKHEADS,
2. COILS SHOULD BE STORED ON GRATINGS,
3. ROPES SHOULD BE STOWED IN SEPARATE COMPARTMENTS FROM CONTAINERS OF CHEMICAL , PAINT
AND RUST REMOVERS AND OTHER SUBSTANCES CAPABLE OF DAMAGING THEM,
4. SYNTHETIC ROPES SHOULD BOT BE EXPOSED TO SUNLIGHT FOR PROLONGED PERIODS,
5. ROPES SHOULD BE INSPECTED CAREFULLY BEFORE USE FOR SIGNS OF DETERIORATION, UNDUE
WEAR OR DAMAGE,
6. AVOIDING CAUSING KINKS IN ROPES, SINCE THEY CAUSE PERMANENT INJURY TO THE ROPES AND
REDUCE STRENGTH
7. DO NOT SURGE ROPES AROUND DRUM ENDS OR BITTS, AS THE FRICTION TEMPERATURE GENERATED
MAY BE HIGH ENOUGH TO MELT THE FIBERS.

4. W I R E RO P E S
• THE SIZE OF A WIRE ROPE IS MEASURED
BY ITS DIAMETER.
• THE NUMBER OF WIRES PER STRANDS IS
MOST COMMONLY 12 FOR STEEL WIRES
ROPES,
24 FOR FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE ROPES, AND
37 FOR EXTRA FLEXIBLE STEEL WIRE
ROPES.
• ALL WIRES ROPES SHOULD BE PROVIDED
WITH A TEST CERTIFICATE
• SAFE WORKING STRENGTH IS GENERALLY
TAKEN AS ONE SIXTH OF BREAKING
STRESS.

5. S A F E H A N D L I N G P RO C E D U R E S
F O R W I R E RO P E S
1. WIRES ROPES SHOULD BE REGULARLY LUBRICATED WITH WIRE GREASE,
2. KEEP WELL CLEAR OF TIGHT WIRES,
3. SHARP ANGLES ON WIRE ROPE LEADS SHOULD BE AVOIDED,
4. IF THE LEAD IS SUCH THAT THE WIRE WILL CHAFE THEN USE A SNATCH BLOCK,
5. WHEN WIRE ROPE IS TO BE JOINED TO A FIBER ROPE, THEN THE FIBER ROPE SHOULD BE
FITTED WITH A THIMBLE, TO PREVENT CHAFE AND WEAR ABOUT THE EYE,
6. CHAIN STOPPERS SHOULD BE USED ON WIRE ROPES,
7. WIRE ROPE SHOULD BE CONDEMNED IF MORE THAN 10 PERCENT OF THE VISIBLE WIRES
ARE BROKEN IN A LENGTH OF EIGHT DIAMETERS,
8. WIRE ON DRUM ENDS SHOULD NOT BE USED AS CHECK WIRES.

6. W I R E RO P E
C H E C K S
WIRE ROPES ARE TO BE CHECKED
REGULARLY IN ORDER TO RECOGNIZE
DAMAGE IN GOOD TIME. THESE CHECKS ARE
THEN TO BE RECORDED IN THE CARGO
GEAR BOOK.
• WEAR AND TEAR ON THE OUTER
STRANDS
• RUST BUILD UP
• TWIST LOOSENING
• REDUCTION IN WIRE DIAMETER
• WIRE AND STRAND FRACTURES
• LOCATION OF THE PINCHES

7. WHIPPING
COM M ON
WHIP P ING
The Common Whipping is a knot tied
at the end of a rope to keep the end
from unraveling. The benefit of the
Common Whipping knot is that it is
quite easy to tie and no tools are
required. However, the knot is more
appropriate for temporary use or on
decorative ropes as it is known to slip
off the rope easily.
S AIL M AKE RS
WHIP P ING
to prevent the end of a rope
unravelling or fraying, as the whipping
binds the end of the rope together.
The advantage of whipping the the
end of a rope, is that unlike back
splicing a rope, the diameter of the
rope is not increased.
PALM AND
NE E DLE
WHIP P ING
This durable and reliable whipping is
especially suited to twisted natural
fiber rope, but can also be tied on
braided or artificial fiber ropes. It will
stand up well to friction, so it can be
employed for heavy usage. You will
need a needle with an eye big
enough to take whipping twine.

8. KNOTS, BENDS & HITCHES
KNOTS
A knot is done only with the
use of one rope for securing
it
BENDS
• A bend is used when two
ropes have to be joined
together
HITCHES
• A hitch is used for
fastening two ropes
together, or a rope to a
ring, bar or hook

9. K N OT
1. OVER HAND KNOT – PROVIDING
FOOTHOLDS IN A LIFELINE OR FOR
PREVENTING A ROPE UNREEVING FROM A
BLOCK.
2. FIGURE OF EIGHT KNOT – PREVENT ROPE
FROM UNREEVING THROUGH AN EYE, FOR
LIFELINE, ETC.
3. REEF KNOT – TYPING TWO ROPES WITH
APPROX. EQUAL IN SIZE.
4. SHEEP SHANK KNOT – FOR SHORTENING
THE BIGHT OF A ROPE TEMPORARILY
WITHOUT CUTTING IT.

10. 5. BOW LINE – USED TO MAKE A TEMPORARY
EYE IN THE END OF A ROPE, SECURE A
HEAVING LINE TO THE EYE OF A MOORING
ROPE WHEN RUNNING A LINE ASHORE.
6. BOWLINE ON HE BIGHT – USED TO MAKE
TEMPORARY BOSUN’S CHAIR FOR LIFTING
OR LOWERING AN INJURED PERSON. AND
FORMING A LOOP IN THE MIDDLE OF A
LENGTH OF ROPE.

11. B E N D S
1. SINGLE SHEET BEND – USED FOR
SECURING ROPE ENDS.
2. DOUBLE SHEET BEND – USED FOR
SECURING A BOSUN’S CHAIR TO A
GANTLINE.
3. CARRICK BEND - ALSO KNOWN AS THE
SAILOR'S BREASTPLATE, IS A KNOT USED
FOR JOINING TWO LINES.
4. FISHERMAN’S BEND – USED TO SECURING A
HAWSER TO THE RING OF BUOY

12. H I TC H E S
1. HALF HITCH - USED TO TIE ROPE AROUND
AN OBJECT AND BACK TO ITSELF.
2. COW HITCH – A QUICK MEANS OF TYPING A
ROPE TO A TAIL.
3. ROLLING HITCH – USED TO A SECURE A
ROPE TO A SPAR.
4. CLOVE HITCH – TWO HALF HITCH JAMMING
AGAINST EACH OTHER. IT IS A USEFUL KNOT
FOR TURNING ABOUT A RAIL AND HANGING
THINGS.

13. 5. ROUND TURN AND TWO HALF HITCH - USED
TO SECURE THE TAIL BLOCK OF A
BREECHES BUOY RIG.
6. TIMBER HITCH – USED TO HOIST OR LOWER
A SPAR.
7. MARINE SPIKE HITCH – USED FOR
SECURING MARLINE SPIKE OR SIMILAR
OBJECT INTO THE BIGHT OF THE LINE.

14. M O N K E Y F I S T
A MONKEY'S FIST KNOT WAS TRADITIONALLY
USED BY SAILORS TO ADD EXTRA WEIGHT AT
THE END OF A HEAVING LINE, USED TO THROW
A CABLE FROM SHIP TO SHORE. THE KNOT,
OFTEN CONTAINING AN EXTRA WEIGHT, WOULD
BE TIED AT ONE END OF THE LINE, AND THE
OTHER END WOULD BE TIED TO THE HEAVIER
CABLE.

15. S P L I C I N G O F RO P E S
1. EYE SPLICING
2. SHORT SPLICING
3. LONG SPLICING
4. BACK SPLICING
•it is method of joining two ropes together or making an eye at the
end of he rope interlocking the strands. ( all the splicing reduce the
strength of the rope by one-eighth.
•There are four types splicing -

16. S H AC K L E S , T H I M B L E S ,
H O O K S A N D U G R I P S
 Shackles – these are coupling links used for joining ropes or
chains together, or to some fitting.
 Thimbles – used to make loop , also used when we should
pass mooring ropes with mooring wires.
 Hooks – the purpose it to hoist or lower any heavy items. For
extra secure we should mousing a hook, purpose of mousing it
to prevent the object being lifted or the hook from adrift.
 Bulldog grips ( u grips) – used to make eye or joining two wires
in case splicing are not possible.

17. EXPLORING THE
DIFFERENT TYPES OF
LADDERS FOUND ON
SHIPS
In this presentation, we will explore the different types
of ladders found on ships, including accommodation
ladders, pilot ladders, and embarkation ladders.
Understanding these ladders is crucial for safe and
efficient maritime operations.

18. PILOT LADDER
 As per the international regulations, ever ship on long
international voyages is required to carry a ladder which
is to be used only for the embarkation and
disembarkation of pilots.
 The single length ladder must provide the pilot
convenient access to the ship after between 1.5 m to 9m
.

19. S A F E T Y P R E C AU T I O N S B E F O R E
LOW E R I N G T H E P I LOT L A D D E R
 While rigging it must wear proper PPE.
 Inspect all steps and spreaders are in good condition and free from oil and grease.
 Inspect manropes and side ropes are in good condition.
 Check pilot ladder should be properly clean.
 Check that tripping line should be attached or are in good condition.
 Established proper communication.
 Keep a life buoy with line.
 In night , ladder should be well illuminated.

20. C O M B I N AT I O N L A D D E R
When freeboard is more than 9m then we combine
pilot ladder along with accommodation ladder for
safe embarkation of pilot onboard

21. JAC O B ’ S O R
C O O L I E L A D D E R
USED FOR READING DRAFT MARKS OR FOR
COMING UP FROM A STAGE OR FOR GOING
DOWN OR COMING UP FROM A BARGE.
IT IS IMPORTANT TO CHECK BEFORE USE THAT
THE ROPES ARE IN GOOD CONDITION AND
STEPS OF THE LADDER ARE WELL SECURED
AND NOT BROKEN.

22. AC C O M M O DAT I O N O R
G A N G W AY L A D D E R
A GANGWAY IS USED FOR THE MOVEMENT OF PEOPLE
FROM TH ESHIP TO SHORE, OR VICE VERSA.
WHEN A VESSEL IS ALONGSIDE A QUAY, A PROPER
GANGWAY OR ACCOMMODATON LADDER AS ABOVE SHOULD
BE PROVIDED AND IT MUST BE PROPERLY SECURED AND
TENDED.
GANGWAY OR ACCOMMODATION PARTS AND FIITTINGS-
 STANCHIONS * LIGHT FOR THE ACCOMMODATION
 HAND HOLD ROPE * NOTICE BOARDS
 SAFETY NETS
 LIFE BUOY WITH LINE

23. RIGGING THE
BOSUN’S CHAI R
IN MOST WORK DONE ALOFT A BOSUN’S CHAIR AND
GANTLINE IS USED. A GANTLINE IS A HANDLIEST SIZED ROPE
OF DIAMETER 20 MM. THE GANTLINE IS ALWAYS ATTACHED
SHOULD BE REEVED THROUGH A TAIL BLOCK OR LIZARD FOR
EASE OF HAULING AND LOWERING ONESELF.
PRECAUTONS
1. CHECK BOSUN’S CHAIR FOR DEFECTS.
2. INSPECT ALL LINES AND FITTINGS.
3. CORRRECTLY RIG THE GANTLINE,
4. LOAD TEST 4-5 TIMES THE INTENDED LOAD.
5. WHEN HAULING ALOFT IN A BOSUN’S CHAIR IT SHOULD BE
DONE BY HAND.

24. R I G G I N G A S TAG E
THE PRACTICAL HANDIEST SIZE LINE FOR A STAGE ROPE IS 20 MM.
THIS IS KNOWN AS A “GANT” LINE. IT MUST BE LONG ENOUGH TO
REACH THE WATERLINE ON THE BIGHT WHEN WORKING OVER THE
SHIP'S SIDE.
IN THE ABOVE METHOD THE ROPE TAIL IS MADE FAST TO THE
STANDING PART AFTER THE HITCH IS COMPLETED, USING A
BOWLINE. IF THE STAGE IS EXTRA LONG, IT IS ADVISABLE TO RIG A
CENTRE LINE TO PREVENT SAGGING IN THE MIDDLE.
THE STANDING PART SHOULD BE REEVED THROUGH A LIZARD,
SHACKLE OR BEST OF ALL A TAIL BLOCK TO ENABLE IT TO BE
LOWERED AND ADJUSTED BY THOSE WORKING FROM THE STAGE.
TAKE TWO FULL TURNS OF THE HAULING PART AROUND THE END OF
THE STAGE AND ONE FULL TURN AROUND THE HORN AS A MEANS
OF LOWERING.

25. P R E C AU T I O N S W H I L E R I G G I N G
A S TAG E
1. CHECK STAGE FOR DEFECTS.
2. INSPECT ALL LINES AND FITTINGS.
3. CORRECTLY RIG THE STAGE.
4. LOAD TEST THE STAGE TO 4 TIMES THE INTENDED LOAD.
5. GANTLINES MUST TRAIL IN THE WATER TO BE USED AS LIFELINES.
6. STAGES SHOULD ONLY BE RIGGED OVER WATER.
7. DO NOT USE WHILST UNDERWAY.
8. ALWAYS SET DOWN BEFORE RAISING AND LOWERING.
9. RIG A ROPE LADDER FOR ACCESS.
10.BE POSITIVELY TENDED AND HAVE A LIFE BUOY AVAILABLE.

26. BLOCKS
THESE ARE FRAMES OF WOOD OR STEEL FITTED WITH ONE OR
MORE SHEAVES. THEY ARE DESIGNATED AS SINGLE, DOUBLE
OR TREBLE DEPENDING ON THE NUMBER OF SHEAVES, OR
FROM SOME SPECIAL SHAPE OR CONSTRUCTION EG., SNATCH
BLOCK.
PARTS OF BLOCK ARE -

27. C A R E A N D OV E R H AU L I N G O F
B LO C K S
• CHECK THE SWIVEL EYES FOR FREE MOVEMENT.
• GREASE SWIVEL, SHANK AND BEARINGS.
• EXAMINE SIDE PLATES FOR DISTORTION.
• SHEAVES SHOULD TURN FREELY BY HAND, EXAMINE FOR CRACKS AND BUSH WEAR, CHECK
GROOVES FOR WEAR.
• CHECK AXLE PINS CANNOT WORK LOOSE.
• OIL ALL SURFACES RATHER THAN PAINT. PAINT MAY CLOG OIL HOLES AND HIDE MARKS AND
DEFECTS.
• CHECK WOODEN BLOCKS FOR SPLITTING.
• NEVER DROP A BLOCK ON THE DECK.

28. P U RC H A S E S A N D
TAC K L E S
A PURCHASE IS ANY MECHANICAL DEVICE WHICH CAN
INCREASE OUTPUT POWER. A TACKLE IS A SIMPLE DEVICE
COMPRISED OF ROPE AND BLOCKS. THE LIFTING POWER OF
A TACKLE IS REFERRED TO AS THE MECHANICAL
ADVANTAGE (MA). MA OF A TACKLE DEPENDS ON THE
NUMBER OF SHEAVES IN THE BLOCK, HOW THE ROPE IS
MOVED AND WHETHER IT IS RIGGED TO ADVANTAGE OR
DISADVANTAGE.
PARTS OF A TACKLE ARE -

29. A DVA N TAG E S A N D
D I S A DVA N TAG E S O F
TAC K L E S
WHEN HAULING FROM THE MOVING BLOCK, THE TACKLE IS
ROVE TO ADVANTAGE.
IN COMPARISON, ROVE TO DISADVANTAGE IS WHEN
HAULING, FROM THE STANDING BLOCK.
BELOW A ‘GUN TACKLE’ IS SHOWN TO ADVANTAGE AND
DISADVANTAGE.

30. T Y P E S O F
TAC K L E S