Safety in Material Handling at Construction Sites

CE769 - SAFETY IN MATERIAL HANDLING AT
CONSTRUCTION
ROPES, CHAINS & SLINGS
AND THEIR SAFETY
CONSIDERATIONS

WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Wire rope is made of several strands laid helically around a central core.
There are three main things to observe when
examining the construction of wire rope:
 Center wire/ King wire
 Number of wires in each strand
 Number of strands in the rope
 Direction in which wires and strands are laid
 Lay (spiral) in the rope

WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Basic components of Wire rope slings
 The core : Core is in the center of wire
rope consists of stranded wire or a
complete independent wire rope core.
Core of a wire rope can be: (a)Fiber (b)
Wire strand core (c)independent wire rope
core
 The multi wire strands :- These are
helically laid around the core.
 The individual wire :- Forms the strands

CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
(A) REGULAR LAY
 Wires are laid in one direction and strands in other
direction such that the visible wires appears
running parallel to the rope axis.
 In right-hand ordinary lay, the wires spiral to the
left and the strands to the right.
 In left-hand ordinary lay, the wires spiral to the
right properties than ordinary lay, but it is harder
to handle. and the strands to the left.
 Rope under tension may rotate as the strands
unwind but at the same time the wires in the
strand are being twisted more tightly and balance
is thus reached between the two opposing
rotational forces.
 On relaxation of tension returns to its normal state

CLASSIFICATIONS BASED ON TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION
(B) LANG’S LAY
In this construction, wires and
strands spiral in the same
direction.
Usually available in Right Hand lay
but left hand lay is also
manufactured.
6 and 8 stranded Lang’s lay rope
has better wearing properties
than ordinary lay, but it is harder
to handle.

COMPARISON
(A) REGULAR LAY (B) LANG’S LAY
These ropes are easily
handled.
These can be used with one
end left free to rotate.
Wear quickly because only
few crown wires are in
contact with the bearing
surface at any one time.
These ropes are harder to handle.
Both ends must be secured to
prevent twisting or the load has
to be guided (i.e. not free to
rotate)
Not normally used for slings
Has better wear resistance
because a longer part of the wire
is in contact with the surface.

MULTI-STRANDED ROPE
Both Lang’s lay and regular/ordinary lay are used, with a double-layer (or triple
layer) construction.
If the inner rope is left-handed , then the outer covering will be right-handed , or
vice-versa. Occasionally used for crane pennants.
It is a rotation-resistant rope :- has a steel core which is an independent rope,
closed in the opposite direction to the outer strands.
Under load the core tries to twist the rope in the one direction, the outer strands
try to twist it in the opposite direction. The moments in the core and the outer
strands compensate each other. over a wide load-spectrum, so that even with great
lifting heights no rope twist occurs

GRADES OF WIRE ROPE
Wire rope manufacturers have many different grades to meet the varying demand for strength and
toughness. Tensile strength is the wire rope's resistance to breaking under tension. Higher tensile strength
in a wire rope means that it's ability to be drawn out or stretched changes with different grades of steel.
Tensile Strength :- Identifies the level of minimum breaking force (KN) or minimum breaking load (T)
Grades of wire rope are:-
 Plow Steel -1570 Grade-Tensile strength of 1570 N/mm2, Unusually tough and strong
 Improved Plow Steel (IPS)-1770 Grade - Tensile strength of 1770 N/mm2, one of the best grades of
rope available, and is the most commonly used rope. It is stronger, tougher, and more resistant to wear
than plows teel.
 Extra Improved Plow Steel(XIP/EIPS)-1960 Grade- Tensile strength of 1960 N/mm2, used for
special installations, where maximum rope strength is required, and conditions of use permit some
applications such as mine shaft hoisting, where increased tonnages on existing skips and drums can be
tolerated, and where conditions such as sheave and drum diameters are favorable.
 Extra Extra Improved Plow Steel Grade (XXIP)- Tensile strength of 2160 N/mm2

FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS)
FACTOR OF SAFETY is applied to all wire ropes used for industrial purposes.
When the manufacturer makes a new wire rope, they remove a sample piece and test it to destruction.
When the sample piece breaks, we refer to this as MINIMUM BREAKINGLOAD (M.B.L).
The MINIMUM BREAKING LOAD (MBL) is then divided by the FACTOR OF SAFETY (FOS) relevant to the
ropes intended application to achieve a SAFE WORKING LOAD (SWL).
FOS = MBL ÷ SWL
SWL = MBL ÷ FOS
SAFE WORKING LOAD SHOULD NEVER BE EXCEEDED

SAFE WORKING LOAD (SWL)
 Safe Working Load (SWL) also known as Normal Working Load (NWL) is the maximum safe force that a
piece of lifting equipment, lifting device or accessory can exert to lift, suspend, or lower, a given mass without
fear of breaking.
 Usually marked on the equipment by the manufacturer.
 It is a calculation of the Minimum Breaking Strength (MBS) aka Minimum Breaking Load (MBL) divided by a
safety factor.
 Usually ranging from 4 to 6 on lifting equipment, can be as high as 10:1 or 10 to 1, if the equipment poses a
risk to a person's life.
 Working Load Limit (WLL) is the maximum working load designed by the manufacturer. This load
represents a force that is much less than that required to make the lifting equipment fail or yield. The WLL is
calculated by dividing MBL by a Safety Factor (SF)/ Factor of Safety (FOS).
WLL = MBL / SF
 Example :-A chain that has a MBL of 2000 lbf would have a SWL or WLL of 400 lbf if safety factor is 5 (5:1)
SWL is no longer used to identify the maximum capacity of equipment due to it being too vague and
leaving it open for legal issues. The US and European standards switched to The Working Load Limit
(WLL) standard shortly after.

MEASUREMENT OF ROPE DIAMETER
 2 measurements at right angles at two positions
spaced approximately one meter apart.
 Measurements taken over strand crowns
 Average of the four measurements is the rope
diameter.

EFFECT OF SLING ANGLE
VIDEO -1

PARTS OF WIRE ROPE SLING
 The eyes of the sling can be fitted
with or without thimbles
according to its purpose.
 For general use , soft eye super
loop slings are preferred, the eyes
of which are constructed by
splicing the wire and pressing on a
steel ferrule to secure the splice,
also known as Flemish eyes.

FACTORS CAUSING ROPE DETERIORATION
 Normal wear and tear - Broken
wires
 Corrosion
 Abrasion
 Mechanical Damage
 Thermal Damage (Overheating)
 Malformations
 Rotation
 Fatigue

 Normal wear and tear
 Usually caused by mechanical damage or
corrosion.
 Reduces the strength or the rope and can
cause hand injury to the user.
 Sling must be rejected and replaced if any
strands show any of the case :-
 Totally broken
 Wire breaks occur very close to each other
 Number of wire breaks exceeds 5% of the total
number of wires
 Nominal diameter of the rope has worn more
than 10%in any point

 Corrosion
 Causes loss of flexibility and roughness to the touch.
 Withdraw the sling and refer to supervision if
necessary.
 Wire rope corrosion is caused by:
 Poor storage E
 Exposure to the weather/elements
 Exposure to corrosive chemical
 It is recognized by :
 Discoloration
 Lack of flexibility
 Roughness to the tough
CAN BE A MAJOR CAUSE OF DETERIORATION

 Abrasion
 Normal - expected due to rope duty
e.g. drag rope on dragline; trawl warp
 Abnormal - unexpected
e.g. Contact with adjacent structure; seized sheave/
pulley/ roller/ fairlead; undersized sheaves/ pulleys;
misaligned sheaves/pulleys
As shown, the majority of abrasion damage is caused by unnecessary chaffing action against the deck /
ground, load or adjacent objects :-
 Contact with adjacent structure
 Dragging from under a load
 Double choke hitching
Abnormal abrasion > Heat generated > Possibility of martensite being formed

 Mechanical Damage
 During storage/handling
 During installation (kinks & bends)
 Damage from vehicles
 Rope jumping out of sheave
 Rope trapped
 Incorrectly profiled sheave grooves
 Poor spooling at drum

 Thermal Damage
 Too high temperature – Loss in strength
 Electric arching during welding – localized
damage
 Lightening
 Malformations
 Poor installation techniques
 Shock Loading
 Unacceptable fleet angle
 Lack of maintenance

 Rotation
 Incorrect handling/installation techniques
 Incorrect use of swivel
 Wrong rope for job
 Fatigue
 Bending fatigue
 Tension - tension fatigue
 Torsional fatigue
Resulting in Broken Wires

WIRE ROPE SLING - INSPECTION
Initial inspection:
 Prior to use, slings shall be inspected by a Competent
Person.
Frequent inspection:
 Visual inspection, not recorded, by user or designated
person.
Regular inspection while in use.
Periodic inspection:
 Visual inspection recorded, by Competent Person at
defined periodic basis.
EACH DAY BEFORE USE
WHERE SERVICE CONDITION WARRANT
• SWL/WLL • Expire Date • Color code
REMOVE THEM FROM SERVICE IF DAMAGE ORDEFECTIVE
VIDEO -2

STORAGE PROCEDURE OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Ensure that slings are marked with Safe Working Load ( SWL), valid
colour coding and without any visual damage. No damage shall be
accepted.
Light duty slings are better to be stored and hung so that they do not
twist.
Heavy duty slings are to be stored on wooden supports separately one
from other.
In mobile crane operation slings need to be carried in the crane itself,
necessary suitable boxes with lids to protect slings from dust and rain are
provided at the convenient place on the crane.
After use each slings must be wiped dry, cleaned and lubricated
periodically with acid free lubricants for e.g. OKS 451 or equivalent.

STORAGE PROCEDURE OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Slings are very much prone to wear and tear during use and storage and
as such, care should be taken while handling, should be periodically
examined for defects and deterioration.
All slings, belts, shackles shall be visually inspected for wear and tear,
cuts before any lift.
Selection of slings should always be of greater capacity than the actually
needed to lift the load.
In practice it is recommended that the load (tension) on slings, belts,
shackles should not exceed 50% of the marked safe load.
It is recommended that the angle of spread between the legs of the sling
should not exceed 60 degree. This requirement can be met by increasing
the length of legs of the slings or by using a cross bar and attaching the
sling legs to each end.

MAINTAINANCE OF WIRE ROPE SLING
 PURPOSE OF LUBRICATION - Initial factory will
not last
 FREQUENCY OF LUBRICATION - Recommended
at least quarterly, Depend on the usage, Working
environment etc.
 GOOD LUBRICATION CHARACTERISTIC
 Corrosion resistance
 Water repellent
 Penetrating ability
 Temperature stability

SAFE USE OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS
Never use a sling that is knotted or kinked.
Never drag a sling from under a load.
The minimum radius around which a sling can be bent is 3 times
the diameter of the sling wire rope.
Never overload a sling.
Never lift a container on two slings only.
Keep slings away from welding and cutting operations.

HAND SIGNALS FOR CRANE DIRECTION

HITEHES & TYPES OF HITCHES
 Vertical  Choker  Basket  Bridle
A hitch is any of various knots used to form a temporary noose in a rope or to secure a rope
around a timber, pipe, or post so that it will hold temporarily but can be readily undone.

SAFE OPERATING PRACTISES
 Practises for Hoisting
 Securely attach slings to their loads.
 Pad or protect slings from loads’ sharp edges.
 Keep clear of suspended loads and loads about to be lifted.
 Keep your hands or fingers clear of the space between a sling and the load
when the sling is being tightened.
Housekeeping: When rigging equipment is not in use, remove it from the
immediate work area to assure that it does not present a hazard

FIBRE ROPES
 In the fabrication of fiber rope, several fibers of various
plants are twisted together to form yarns.
 These yarns are then twisted together in the opposite
direction of the fibers to form strands
 The strands are twisted in the opposite direction of the
yarns to form the completed rope.
 The direction of twist of each element of the rope is known
as the "lay" of that element.
 Twisting each element in the opposite direction puts the
rope in balance and prevents its elements from unlaying
when a load is suspended on it.
 The principal type of fiber rope is the three-strand, right
lay, in which three strands are twisted in a right-hand
direction. Four-strand ropes, which are also available, are
slightly heavier but are weaker than three-strand ropes of
the same diameter.

CARE OF FIBRE ROPES
The strength and useful life of fiber rope is shortened considerably by improper care. To prolong
its life and strength, observe the following guidelines:
 Ensure that it is dry and then stored in a cool, dry place. This reduces the possibility of mildew
and rotting.
 Coil it on a spool or hang it from pegs in a way that allows air circulation.
 Avoid dragging it through sand or dirt or pulling it over sharp edges. Sand or grit between the
fibers cuts them and reduces the rope's strength.
 Slacken taut lines before they are exposed to rain or dampness because a wet rope shrinks
and may break.
 Thaw a frozen rope completely before using it; otherwise, the frozen fibers will break as they
resist bending.
 Avoid exposure to excessive heat and fumes of chemicals; heat or boiling water decreases rope
strength about 20 percent.

INSPECTION OF FIBRE ROPES
 Rope softens with use. Dampness, heavy strain, fraying and breaking of strands, and chafing
on rough edges all weaken it considerably.
 Overloading rope may cause it to break, with possible heavy damage to material and serious
injury to personnel.
 Untwist the strands slightly to open a rope so that you can examine the inside.
 Mildewed rope has a musty odor, and the inner fibers of the strands have a dark, stained
appearance.
 Broken strands or broken yarns ordinarily are easy to identify.
 Dirt and sawdust-like material inside a rope, caused by chafing, indicate damage. In rope
having a central core, the core should not break away in small pieces when examined. If it
does, this is an indication that a rope has been overstrained.
 If a rope appears to be satisfactory in all other respects, pull out two fibers and try to break
them.
 Sound fibers should offer considerable resistance to breakage.
 When you find unsatisfactory conditions, destroy a rope or cut it up in short pieces to prevent
its being used in hoisting.

CHAIN SLING INSPECTION ITEMS
 Cracks, stretches, nicks, gouges, welding splattered or deformed master links
 One leg of a double or triple chain sling is longer than the others.
 Hooks have been opened more than 25% of the normal throat opening measured at the
narrowest point or twisted more than 10 degrees from the plane of the unbent hook.
 Chain size at any point of any link is less than stated in the chart on the next slide, the
sling shall be removed.

• Chain slings should never be modified or repaired by operators! Only qualified maintenance
personnel may do so.
• It is important to realize that the capacity of a sling decreases as the angle at which it is used to lift
increases.
SPECIAL PRECAUTIONS

ALLOY CHAIN
• Chain grades 63, 80 and 100 are called "ALLOY
STEEL CHAIN." Used for overhead lifting.
• They contain additional steel alloying elements that
result in higher strength and energy absorption
properties that cannot be achieved with carbon steel.
• They have the ability to stretch a min of 20% before
rupture. No amount of stretch is allowed.
• Chain grades 30, 43 & 70 are termed "CARBON
STEEL CHAIN." Do not use for overhead lifting

STEEL GRADES OF CHAIN
 Standard grade designations are 30, 43, 70,
63, 80 and 100
 The grade number equates to the strength
level of the chain
 Higher grade numbers indicate higher
strengths
 Grade identification is necessary to assure
that the correct grade is selected for the
application
WELDED STEEL GRADED CHAIN DESIGNATION

ALLOY CHAIN
HERC ALLOY (1935) GRADE 63 Embossing: G63,
(CMUSA) on every link, plus a three-letter trace code.
HERC ALLOY 800 (1972) (GR 80) Embossing: HA800
(CM USA) on every link. Plus a three-letter trace code.
HERC ALLOY 1000 (2000) (GR 100) Embossing:
HA1000 (CMUSA) on every link. Plus a three-letter
trace code.

IDENTIFYING CHAIN SLINGS: TAGS
Per ASME B30.9 and
OSHA 1910.184 all
slings must be
identified with a
durable tag which
shall include:
• Rated load and
angle
• Reach • Size
• Grade (CHAIN) • Name of
manufacturer
• Type • Serial number
(Chain)ASME

• Does the tag match the sling configuration and chain size?

This tag reads:
• 2 branch Grade 80 chain sling x 10 ft. reach
• 3/8 dia. chain
• Working load limit is 12,300 lbs. @ 60 degree angle
from horizon
• Manufacturer: CM serial number:

Inspection:
• Daily before use (NO RECORDS)
• Minimum 1 per year with records
• Additional as warranted
Reasons
• Gain knowledge of the frequency of use
• Severity of conditions subject to
• Nature of lifts being made
• Gain knowledge & experience
Record Keeping
• Most recent report
• Test certificates
ID Tags
• Size, grade, rated capacity, reach, mfg., [serial number(ASME)]
CHAIN SLING INSPECTION: OSHA

CHAIN SLING INSPECTION: OSHA
A THOROUGH (PERIODIC) INSPECTION of slings shall be performed by a COMPETENT
PERSON designated by the employer and shall include a thorough inspection for:
• Wear
• Deformation (twist)
• Increase in length (stretch)
• Sharp transverse nicks and gouges
• Abrasion (dragging or pulling out from under loads)
• Corrosion (pitting)
• Heat damage (burn, weld splatter)
• Attachments (i.e. hooks, rings) for wear and distortion

CHAIN SLING INSPECTION:
Chain Wear Allowance
• Measure the cross section at any location on link to determine wear
• If measurement is less than the minimum allowable thickness listed below, remove
from service.

Rejection Criteria
• Missing or illegible identification
• Heat damage (weld splatter)
• Unauthorized weld or modification
• Corrosion or excessive pitting
• 10% wear or reduction of original diameter
• Bends, twists crack, distortion, stretch
• Nicks or gouges
• Any damage that causes doubt: reject
CHAIN SLING INSPECTION: LINKS AND RINGS
(ASME 830.26)

CHAIN SLING INSPECTION: LINKS AND RINGS

Chain Sling Inspection: Hooks
Hooks having any of the following conditions shall be removed from service:
Deformation: any visibly apparent bend or twist from the plane of the unbent hook
Throat opening: any distortion causing an increase in throat opening of 5%. not to exceed Y."
(or as recommended by the manufacturer)
Inoperative latch: any latch that does not close the hooks throat opening
Wear: any wear exceeding 10% (or as recommended by the manufacturer) of the original
section dimension of the hook or its load pin
Markings:: manufactures logo or trademark must be identifiable
CHAIN SLING INSPECTION: HOOKS

ASME B30.9 ASME B30.10 and OSHA 1910.184
CM recommends:
• If a hook has a provision for a latch, you should have the proper latch on
the hook unless use of the latch creates a hazardous condition.
• The latch shall be replaced if it is damaged or inoperable.
CHAIN SLING INSPECTION: LATCHES ON SLINGS
Does not state that a latch is required. It must be repaired
only if damaged.

 Marker code to show:
 Name of trademark of manufacturer
 Rated capacity for the type of hitch
 Type of material
SYNTHETIC WEB SLING
MARKINGS

SYNTHETIC WEB SLING
FITTINGS
 Fittings must be:
 At least as strong as that of the sling
 Free of sharp edges that could damage the webbing

 Stitching is the only method
allowed to attach and fittings to
webbing, or to for eyes
SYNTHETIC WEB SLING
STITCHING

SYNTHETIC WEB SLINGS
Remove from service if any of these are present:
 Acid or caustic burns
 Melting or charring of any part
 Snags, punctures, tears or cuts
 Broken or worn stitches
 Distortion of fittings

WIRE ROPE SLING INSPECTION ITEMS
 Three randomly distributed broken wires in one strand, in one rope lay.
 Wear or scraping of 1/3 the original diameter of outside individual wires.
 Kinking, crushing or any damage resulting in distortion of the wire rope.
 End attachments that are cracked, worn or deformed.
 Corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

WIRE ROPE SLING - INSPECTION
Initial inspection:
 Prior to use, slings shall be inspected by a Competent
Person.
Frequent inspection:
 Visual inspection, not recorded, by user or designated
person.
Regular inspection while in use.
Periodic inspection:
 Visual inspection recorded, by Competent Person at
defined periodic basis.
EACH DAY BEFORE USE
WHERE SERVICE CONDITION WARRANT
• SWL/WLL • Expire Date • Color code
REMOVE THEM FROM SERVICE IF DAMAGE ORDEFECTIVE

WIRE ROPE DAMAGE
WHERE TO EXAMINE-CRITICAL AREAS

• Normal wear (and tear)-Broken wires
• Corrosion
• Abrasion
• Mechanical Damage
• Thermal damage (overheating)
• Malformations
• Rotation
• Fatigue
• Termination failures

 INSPECTION : Critical points that should be considered for careful inspection on most installations would include the following:
 PICK-UP POINTS - Sections of rope which are repeatedly placed under stress when the initial load of each lift is applied, such as
sections in contact with Sheaves
 END ATTACHMENTS -At each end of the rope two things must be inspected, the fitting that is attached to the rope, or to which
the rope is attached and the condition of the rope itself, where it enters the attachment
 EQUALIZING SHEAVES - The section of a rope that is in contact with and adjacent to such sheaves as on boom hoist lines should
receive careful inspection.
 DRUMS - The general condition of the drum and condition of grooves if drum is grooved, should receive careful inspection - as
should the manner in which the rope "spools" onto the drum.
 SHEAVES - Every sheave in the rope system must be inspected and checked with a groove gauge.
 HEAT EXPOSURE — Be especially watchful for signs that a rope that has been subjected to extreme heat or to repetitive Heat
exposure.
 ABUSE POINTS - Frequently ropes are subjected to abnormal scuffing and scraping, such as contact with ross - members of a
boom. Look for "bright" spots.
 It must be kept in mind that minor - and frequently major - differences exist between installations, even on machines of a similar
design.
 Therefore, points on each rope selected for close examination will necessarily require the best judgement of the Inspector.
WHERE TO EXAMINE-CRITICAL AREAS

MAINTAINANCE OF WIRE ROPE SLING

 Never use a sling that is knotted or kinked.
 Never drag a sling from under a load.
 The minimum radius around which a sling can be bent is 3 times the
diameter of the sling wire rope.
 Never overload a sling.
 Never lift a container on two slings only.
 Keep slings away from welding and cutting operations.

BATTENING DOWN
It is sometimes imagined that slings in choke
hitch can be made more secure by striking the
eye of a sling in an attempt to force the bight
into closer contact with the load.
➢This dangerous malpractice is often called
'battening down’.
➢The bight should be allowed to assume its
natural angle which will be about 120

SLINGING TUBULARS
Tubulars include items, such as, Drilling tubulars, Scaffold Tubes, Construction pipe work, etc.
It is DANGEROUS PRACTICE to bundle tube with steel angle, channel, etc. Small bore tube could lay loose in the gaps
between differently shaped items of steel, with the possibility of it sliding out when lifted. If falling from height, it
would then become a potential spear - with possible serious consequences !
GENERAL PRINCIPLES:
Only Tubulars of the same diameter should be bundled together.
The number of tubes in each bundle should be such, that the middle tubes are gripped and will not slip out of the
bundle.
Tubulars should always be slung with two slings each of which has a SWL at least equal to the gross weight of the
Load.
Slings should be placed at equal distance [approximately 25% from the ends of the load. They should be wrapped
around the load twice (DOUBLE WRAPPED)
Excessively long tubular bundles should have a tag line attached to one sling.
Clamps/ Bulldog clips should be used on the reeved wire, to prevent loosening. A tie wrap should be used on the
reeved eye of the sling to prevent it from slipping over the bulldog. +Transportation frames are considered best
practice

SAFE USAGE PRACTICES
Never drag slings across the floor
Sling should be stored off the floor and in a clean, dry place.
Always hook with closed arrangement hooks facing out

 Never shock load slings.
 Keep loads balanced to prevent
overloading slings.
 Always lift loads straight up.
 Never rest a load on a sling, or
pinch a sling between the load
and the floor.
 A sling should not be pulled
from under a load when the
load is resting on the sling.
 Make sure the hook is always
over the center of gravity of the
load before lifting it.
 Do not apply a load to a twisted,
knotted or kinked chain.
 Do not force or hammer hooks
or chains into position.

 Hands and Fingers shall not be placed
between the sling and the load while the
sling is being tightened around the load.
 Clean chains regularly as dirt and grit can
cause excessive wear at the link bearing
points.
 Never shorten a sling with knots, bolts or
other makeshift devices.
 Protect the chain’s surface from contact with
sharp corners, which can cause permanent
damage through gouging or abnormal stress
and wear.
VIDEO -4

IN CONCLUSION
 Select the right sling for the job.
 Inspect slings prior to use, removing from service any in question.
 Remember the effect of sling angles on load capacities.
 Properly store slings when finished to avoid damage.

ROPES & SLINGS ON REAL GROUND
 http://www.imca-int.com/safety-events/wire-rope-sling-failed-during-lifting-operations/
 https://www.imca-int.com/safety-events/failure-of-steel-wire-sling/
 http://www.imca-int.com/safety-events/near-miss-broken-chain-on-sling-of-personnel-lifting-basket/

VIDEOS
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGozeZPVQkY rigging failure
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xuqaw-rmAcY tests done
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJq-RuJxA-A crane load failure

• Service Benefits
oPersonal Service, Family service
• Other job related Benefits
oFlexible work schedule, Cafeteria Benefits

Safety in Material Handling at Construction Sites

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