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Rope and Knots
This document discusses knots and rope usage in firefighting. It covers the different types of ropes used - life safety ropes, escape ropes, and utility ropes. It describes various rope materials like synthetic fibers, wire ropes, and natural fibers. It discusses rope construction methods like twisted, braided, and kernmantle. The document provides details on inspecting, cleaning, caring for, and storing ropes. It explains different types of knots like loops, hitches, bends and provides instructions on tying knots like the bowline, clove hitch, figure eight, and prusik hitch. It also shows examples of hoisting tools and equipment using ropes and knots.
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Rope and Knots
- 1. Knots and bendsused in fire fighting Vishnu A C SOE, CUSAT
- 2. • Ropes arewidely used in the fire service. • May be your only means for rescue • A fire fighter must be able to tie simple knots accurately and without hesitation. Introduction
- 3. • Life safety —Used solely for supporting people • Escape — Used for emergency self-rescue • Utility — Used in most cases when it is not necessary to support a person Types of Rope
- 4. • Never usedas utility rope • Must be used when supporting the weight of one or more persons • NFPA 1983 specifies design, construction, and performance criteria. Life Safety Ropes
- 5. • Technical uselife safety rope – 3/8” (9.5 mm) or greater, but is less than 1/2” (12.5mm) in diameter • General use life safety rope – is no larger than 5/8” (16 mm) and no smaller than 7/16” (11 mm) in diameter Types of Life Safety Rope
- 6. • Used forself-rescue in extreme situations • Designed for the weight of one person • Should be replaced after one use • Use the rope only as a last resort. Escape Rope
- 7. • Is notused to support a person • Used for hoisting, lowering, and securing equipment • Requires regular inspection Utility Rope
- 8. • Ropes canbe made of many types of materials. • Earliest ropes were made from natural vines woven together. • Now ropes are made of synthetic material and Wire ropes. Rope materials
- 9. • Wire ropeis a combination of steel wires arranged around a central fiber core • The breaking load of wire is considerably greater than that of fiber rope of equivalent size • it is far less flexible • limited to equipment usage like winch, ladders, etc. Wire Ropes
- 10. • Natural fiberropes were often made of manila. • Currently used for utility, not life safety, tasks Drawbacks to Using Natural Fiber ropes • Lose their load- carrying ability over time • Subject to mildew • Absorb 50 percent of their weight in water • Degrade quickly • Difficult to meet block creel construction requirement with natural fibers Natural Fibers
- 11. • Nylon first manufacturedin 1938 • Synthetic fibers have been used for ropes ever since. Synthetic Fibers • Several newer synthetic materials – Polyester, polypropylene, and polyethylene
- 12. • Life safetyrope is always synthetic. – Nylon – Polyester – Polypropylene (Terylene) Synthetic Fibers
- 13. Advantages to usingSynthetic Fiber Ropes • Strength to Diameter ratio • Longevity over natural fibers • Thinner without sacrificing strength • Less absorbent than natural fiber ropes • Greater strength and added safety • More fire-retardant than natural fiber ropes
- 14. Drawbacks to usingSynthetic fiber ropes • Can be damaged by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light • Can be damaged by exposure to strong acids or alkalis • Susceptible to abrasion
- 15. Rope Construction • Thereare several types of rope construction. • The best choice depends on the specific application. – Twisted Rope Construction – Braided Rope Construction – Kernmantle Rope Construction – Dynamic and Static Rope Construction – Dynamic and Static Kernmantle Rope Construction
- 16. Twisted Rope Construction •Also called laid ropes • Individual fibers twisted into strands • Strands are twisted to make the rope. • Both natural and synthetic fibers can be twisted.
- 17. Braided Rope Construction •Strands woven like hair braiding • Exposes all of the strands to abrasion • Fibers stretch • Double-braiding
- 18. Kernmantle Rope Construction •Kern is the center core. • Mantle is the sheath- like braided covering that protects kern from dirt and abrasion.
- 19. Kernmantle Rope Construction •Kern and mantle are synthetic. • Provides a very strong and flexible rope that is thin and lightweight • Well suited for rescue work
- 20. Dynamic and Static RopeConstruction • Dynamic – Designed to be elastic – Usually used by mountain climbers • Static – Has a limited range of elasticity – More suitable for rescue situations
- 21. Dynamic and Static KernmantleRope Construction • Dynamic – Constructed with overlapping or woven fibers – When loaded, the fibers pull tighter. • Static – Constructed with fibers parallel to each other – Little elasticity and limited elongation
- 22. Causes of Deteriorationsof Ropes • Abrasion and Chaffing • Breaking of internal fibers • Kinking or Sharp bends • Dragging on ground • Overloading • Entry of grits into the fibers • Chemical attack
- 23. Rope Maintenance • Allropes require proper care. • Four parts to maintenance: – Care – Clean – Inspect – Store
- 24. Care of theRope • Protect the rope from sharp and abrasive surface. • Protect the rope from rubbing against another rope or a webbing. • Protect the rope from heat, chemical and flames. • Protect the rope from prolonged exposure to sunlight. • Follow the manufacture’s recommendations for rope care. • Never step on rope.
- 25. Clean the Rope •Use mild soap and water for synthetic fibers. • Do not use bleach. • Follow manufacturer’s recommendations. • Do not pack or store wet or damp rope. Courtesy of Captain David Jackson, Saginaw Township Fire Department
- 26.
- 27. Questions to considerwhen Inspecting Life Safety Ropes • Has the rope been exposed to heat or flame? • Has the rope been exposed to abrasion? • Has the rope been exposed to chemicals? • Has the rope been exposed to shock loads? • Are there any depressions, discoloration, or lumps in the rope?
- 28. Inspect the Rope •Inspect life safety rope after each use and on a regular schedule when unused. • Look for cuts and damage as you run it through your fingers.
- 29. Inspect the Rope •A life safety rope that is no longer usable must be pulled from service and either destroyed or marked as a utility rope. Signs of Possible Rope Deterioration • Discoloration • Shiny marking from heat or friction. • Damaged sheath • Core fibers poking through the sheath
- 30. Store the Rope •Avoid temperature extremes and keep out of sunlight and away from fumes of gasoline, oils, and hydraulic fluids. • Use a separate apparatus compartment.
- 31. Store the Rope •Do not place heavy objects on the rope. • Rope bags may be used or rope may be coiled. • If shock loaded, inspect and consider removing from service.
- 32. Placing a lifesafety rope in a Bag
- 33. Knots • Ways offastening ropes and webbing to objects or each other. • Fire fighters must know how and when to use knots. – Knots are used for multiple purposes. – Knots reduce rope load-carrying capability.
- 34. Relative Strengths of“Knots” for Single Kernmantle Rope • No Knot 100% • Figure 8 75-80% • Bowline 70-75% • Double Overhand Bend 65-70% • Ring Bend 60-70% • Clove Hitch 60-65% • Overhand 60-65% • Two Half Hitches 60-70% • Square Knot 43-70%
- 35. Knot Terms • Workingend – Used in forming knots • Running end – Used in lifting or hoisting • Standing part – Between the working and the running end
- 36. Knot Terms • Bight –Make a Bight to form a loop at middle part of a length of line • Loop – Makes a circle in the rope • Round turn – Makes a loop with parallel ends
- 37. Safety Knot • Securesthe leftover working end of the rope to the standing part of the rope. • Ensures primary knot will not become undone • To test, try sliding it on the standing part of the rope. – A knot that is tied correctly will slide.
- 38. Tying a safetyknot
- 39. Loop Knots • Usedto form a loop in the end of a rope • May be used for hoisting tools, securing a person, or identifying the end of a stored rope. • Will not slip easily but are easy to untie
- 40. Loop Knots • Figureeight knot – Used to produce a family of other knots – Seldom used alone • Figure eight on a bight – Secures loop at the working end – Can be used to attach rope to fixed object or a piece of equipment
- 41. Loop Knots • Figureeight follow-through – Useful for attaching a rope to a fixed ring or a solid object with an “eye” • Figure eight bend – Used to join two ropes together • Bowline – Used to secure a rope to an object or anchor point
- 42. Loop Knots • In-Line Figure eight • Figure eight follow-through
- 43.
- 44. In-Line Figure Eight Stepsof knot making
- 45. Figure-Eight Follow Through Stepsof knot making
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- 47.
- 48. Hitches • Wrap aroundan object • Used to secure working end to a solid object or to tie a rope to an object before hoisting it
- 49. Hitches • Half hitch –Not secure by itself – Used only in conjunction with other knots. – Long objects may need several half hitches.
- 50. Round Turn withTwo Half Hitches The Round Turn One Half Hitch Second Half Hitch
- 51. Hitches • Clove hitch –Used to attach rope to a round object – Will hold if tension is applied
- 52. Clove Hitch Steps ofknot making
- 53. Tying a CloveHitch in the open
- 54. Tying a CloveHitch in the open
- 55. Tying a CloveHitch around and object
- 56. Tying a CloveHitch around and object
- 57. Hitches • Prussik Hitch –The prussik hitch or “prussik” is formed from pre- tied 8mm accessory cord. – Operations company members should only use the three-wrap prussik. – The three wrap Prusik Hitch is for rescue loads up to 600 lbs.
- 58. Prusik Hitch Steps ofknot making
- 59. Bends • Used tojoin two ropes together – The sheet bend or Becket bend can be used to join two ropes of unequal size. – The water knot or ring bend is used to join webbing of the same or different sizes together.
- 60. Bends • Overhand follow-throughBend • Double overhand bend • Double Becket Bend • Square bend
- 61. Sheet or BecketBend
- 62. Sheet or BecketBend
- 63. Double Becket Bend Stepsof bend making
- 64. Overhand Follow-Through Bend Stepsof bend making
- 65. Double Overhand Bend Stepsof bend making
- 66. Square Bend Steps ofbend making
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- 73.
- 74. Hoisting a Powertool
- 75. Hoisting a Powertool
- 76.