The error is that the Fruit superclass does not have a no-arg constructor, but the Apple subclass constructor does not explicitly call a superclass constructor. When a subclass does not explicitly call a superclass constructor, the compiler automatically inserts a no-arg super() call. But since Fruit does not have a no-arg constructor, this causes a compile-time error. To fix it, the Apple constructor needs to explicitly call the Fruit constructor: public Apple(String name) { super(name); System.out.println("Apple constructor is invoked"); }

1. USING CLASSES WITH
POLYMORPHISM
Chapter 8.2:

2. Defining Classes with Inheritance
 Case Study:
 Suppose we want implement a class roster that
contains both undergraduate and graduate
students.
 Each student’s record will contain his or her
name, three test scores, and the final course
grade.
 The formula for determining the course grade is
different for graduate students than for
undergraduate students.
Undergrads: pass if avg test score >= 70
Grads: pass if avg test score >= 80

3. Modeling Two Types of Students
 There are two ways to design the
classes to model undergraduate and
graduate students.
 We can define two unrelated classes, one for
undergraduates and one for graduates.
 We can model the two kinds of students by
using classes that are related in an inheritance
hierarchy.
 Two classes are unrelated if they are not
connected in an inheritance relationship.

4. Classes for the Class
Roster
 For the Class Roster sample, we design three
classes:
 Student
 UndergraduateStudent
 GraduateStudent
 The Student class will incorporate behavior and
data common to both UndergraduateStudent and
GraduateStudent objects.
 The UndergraduateStudent class and the
GraduateStudent class will each contain
behaviors and data specific to their respective
objects.

5. Inheritance Hierarchy

6. Definition of GraduateStudent &
UndergraduateStudent classes
class GraduateStudent extends Student {
//constructor not shown
public void computeCourseGrade() {
int total = 0;
total = test1 + test2 + test3;
if (total / 3 >= 80) {
courseGrade = "Pass";
} else {
courseGrade = "No Pass";
}
}
}
class UndergraduateStudent extends Student {
//Constructor not shown
public void computeCourseGrade() {
int total = 0;
total = test1 + test2 + test3;
if (total / 3 >= 70) {
courseGrade = "Pass";
} else {
courseGrade = "No Pass";
}
}
}

7. Declaring a Subclass
 A subclass inherits data and methods from the
superclass. In the subclass, you can also:
 Add new data
 Add new methods
 Override the methods of the superclass
○ Modify existing behaviour of parent

8. Overriding vs. Overloading
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
a.p(10);
}
}
class B {
public void p(int i) {
}
}
class A extends B {
// This method overrides the method in B
public void p(int i) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new A();
a.p(10);
}
}
class B {
public void p(int i) {
}
}
class A extends B {
// This method overloads the method in B
public void p(double i) {
System.out.println(i);
}
}

9. Inheritance Rules
1. The private members of the superclass are
private to the superclass
2. The subclass can access the members of the
superclass according to the accessibility rules
3. The subclass can include additional data and/or
method members

10. Inheritance Rules
(continued)
4. The subclass can override, that is, redefine
the methods of the superclass
 The overriding method in subclass must have
similar
 Name
 Parameter list
 Return type
5. All members of the superclass are also
members of the subclass
 Similarly, the methods of the superclass (unless
overridden) are also the methods of the
subclass
 Remember Rule 1 & 2 when accessing a
member of the superclass in the subclass

11. Inheritance Rules
(continued)
6. (Using the Keyword super)
The keyword super refers to the direct
superclass of a subclass . This keyword can be
used in two ways:
 To call a superclass constructor
 super(); //must be the first statement in subclass’s constructor
 To call a superclass method
 super.methodname();
 this is only used if the subclass overrides the superclass
method

12. The Object Class is the Superclass
of Every Java Class

13. INHERITANCE: (Accessibility
Modifier)
 Sometimes , it is called visibility modifier
 Not all properties can be accessed by sub
class.
 Super class can control a data accessing
from subclass by giving the type of
accessing to the members and methods.
 A class can declare the data members or
method as a public, private or protected.
 If it is not declared, the data or method will
be set to default type.

14. INHERITANCE: Member
Accessibility
Accessibility criteria
Modifier Same Class Same
Package
Subclass Universe
private Yes No No No
default Yes Yes No No
protected Yes Yes Yes No
public Yes Yes Yes Yes

15. INHERITANCE: Data Accessibility
Sub class B
public int b
protected int c
Super class
int a
public int b
protected int c
private int d
Sub class A
int a
public int b
protected int c
Package B
Package A

16. Refer to the previous slide
 Super class has 2 subclasses : Subclass A
and Subclass B.
 Subclass A is defined in same package with
superclass, subclass B is defined outside
the package.
 There are 4 accessibility data types: public,
protected, private and default.
 Subclass A can access all properties of
superclass except private.
 But, subclass B can only access the
properties outside the package which are
public and protected.

17. Example: Visibility Modifiers
public class C1 {
public int x;
protected int y;
int z;
private int u;
protected void m() {
}
}
public class C2 {
C1 o = new C1();
can access o.x;
can access o.y;
can access o.z;
cannot access o.u;
can invoke o.m();
}
public class C3
extends C1 {
can access x;
can access y;
can access z;
cannot access u;
can invoke m();
}
package p1;
public class C4
extends C1 {
can access x;
can access y;
cannot access z;
cannot access u;
can invoke m();
}
package p2;
public class C5 {
C1 o = new C1();
can access o.x;
cannot access o.y;
cannot access o.z;
cannot access o.u;
cannot invoke o.m();
}

18. What’s wrong
with the
code?
How to fix it?
class ClassX
{
private int m;
public String toString()
{
return new String("(" + m + ")");
}
}
public class ClassY extends ClassX
{
private int n;
public String toString()
{
return new String("(" + m + " , " + n + ")");
}
}
class TestAccesibility
{
public static void main(String [] args)
{
ClassX x = new ClassX;
ClassY y = new ClassY;
System.out.println("x = " + x);
System.out.println("y = " + y);
}
}

19. Inheritance and
Constructors
 Unlike members of a superclass, constructors of a
superclass are not inherited by its subclasses.
 You must define a constructor for a class or use
the default constructor added by the compiler.
 The statement
super();
calls the superclass’s constructor.
 super(); must be the first statement in the
subclass contructor.

20.  A call to the constructor of the
superclass must be in the first
statement in the child constructor.
public Box(double l, double w, double h)
{
super(l,w);
height = h;
}

21. Rectangle myRectangle = new Rectangle(5, 3);
Box myBox = new Box(6, 5, 4);

22. Superclass’s Constructor Is Always
Invoked
 A subclass constructor may invoke its superclass’s
constructor. If none is invoked explicitly, the compiler
puts super() as the first statement in the constructor.
For example, the constructor of class A:
public A(double d) {
// some statements
}
is equivalent to
public A(double d) {
super();
// some statements
}
public A() {
}
is equivalent to
public A() {
super();
}

23. Example on the Impact of a
Superclass without no-arg
Constructor
 Find out the error in the program:
class Fruit {
public Fruit(String name) {
System.out.println("Fruit constructor is invoked");
}
}
public class Apple extends Fruit {
public Apple(String name) {
System.out.println(“Apple constructor is invoked");
}
}