The document discusses design considerations for a hydrotreating facility to produce very low sulphur diesel fuel. Key factors include feed characteristics like sulphur content, selecting an appropriate catalyst, and optimizing process variables like temperature, hydrogen pressure, and space velocity. The goal is to effectively remove difficult aromatic sulphur compounds while addressing issues like equipment limitations and product quality requirements.
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
all process involve in petroleum to get final products from crude oil like LPG, petrol, diesel, jet fuel, kerosene,neptha, heavy neptha, coke and petroleum products
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
DEBOTTLENECKING METALLURGICAL AND SULPHUR-BURNING SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS: CAPA...COBRAS
Guy Cooper presents general strategies for acid plants, as reduction of pressure drop by modifying or replacing plant equipment, increase of SO2 gas concentration, blower upgrades, steam system debottlenecking, and strategies to reduce emissions. Aspects specific to metallurgical acid plants such as: improvements to gas-cleaning, increasing blower suction pressure, control of air dilution to acid plant, and handling the variation of process conditions are discussed. Aspects specific to sulphur-burning plants such as sulphur handling and sulphur burning are also discussed.
Catalytic Reforming Process is one of the most important processes in the petroleum and petrochemical industries which produce high octane number gasoline.
These slides are developed for a part of the undergraduate course in Petroleum Refinery Engineering. The slides are also helpful for Masters level introductory course.
Refinery process, Refinery unit, catalyst, CDU, VDU, hydro cracker, residue up gradation unit.It is a part of Refinary Management. Interested people can gather knowledge from this PPT
This presentation details out all the process in an Oil Refinery. If you are looking to have a hawk eye view of all the oil refinery process, this presentation will set you on.
Simple explained.
DEBOTTLENECKING METALLURGICAL AND SULPHUR-BURNING SULPHURIC ACID PLANTS: CAPA...COBRAS
Guy Cooper presents general strategies for acid plants, as reduction of pressure drop by modifying or replacing plant equipment, increase of SO2 gas concentration, blower upgrades, steam system debottlenecking, and strategies to reduce emissions. Aspects specific to metallurgical acid plants such as: improvements to gas-cleaning, increasing blower suction pressure, control of air dilution to acid plant, and handling the variation of process conditions are discussed. Aspects specific to sulphur-burning plants such as sulphur handling and sulphur burning are also discussed.
UlSD Hydrotreater Challenges Overcome to Improve on Stream Factor - MEPEC 2013Alpesh Gurjar
The presentation outlines the experience in overcoming the challenges that faced and the lessons learned, to achieve safe, reliable and profitable Diesel Hydrotreater (2HDU) operation, while meeting all throughput and yield targets and product specifications. The 2HDU success over the 6½ years clearly demonstrated the importance and value of in-house process engineering expertise and experience, while working as a part of cross-functional team.
(HTS) High Temperature Shift Catalyst (VSG-F101) - Comprehensiev OverviewGerard B. Hawkins
The high temperature shift duty introduction and theory
HTS catalyst characteristics
developments over time
Typical HTS operational problems
Improved catalysts
VULCAN Series VSG-F101 Series
Summary
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen PlantGerard B. Hawkins
Getting the Most Out of Your Refinery Hydrogen Plant
Contents
Summary
1 Introduction
2 "On-purpose" Hydrogen Production
3 Operational Aspects
4 Uprating Options on the Steam Reformer
4.1 Steam Reforming Catalysts and Tube Metallurgy
4.2 Oxygen-blown Secondary Reformer
4.3 Pre-reforming
4.4 Post-reforming
5 Downstream Units
6 Summary of Uprating Options
7 Conclusions
Fossil fuel consumption in the recent years has been increasing and the burning of fossil fuel is said to be a major contributor towards global warming, acid rains, air, water and soil pollution, forest devastation and radioactive substances emissions. Besides the environment, the fossil fuel prices fluctuate considerably, usually going up and being very expensive in many countries.
Most importantly, the quantity of fossil fuels, like petroleum,natural gas, and coal can only decrease since they are non-renewable resources.
As a result many countries have been investing billions of dollars in new technologies and demand for sophisticated power supply options is greatly increased.
In a typical developed country as much as 40% of total fuel consumption is used for industrial and domestic space heating and process heating. Of this around one third is wasted.
Currently recovering low temperature heat which includes Industrial waste heat, geothermal energy, solar heat, biomass and so on could be a very critical and sustainable way to solve energy crisis. Utilising waste heats along with attempts for the use of renewable sources as low grade thermal heat has motivated us to develop a project based on ORC.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
Pre-reforming
Flow-schemes
Feed-stocks
Catalyst handling, loading & start-up
Benefits of a pre-reformer
Case studies
Effects upon primary reformer
Data analysis
Reactor temperature profiles
Catalyst management
Summary
SiGNa Oilfield Canada is a subsidiary of SiGNa Chemistry, a US-based manufacturer of stabilized alkali metals. Based in Calgary, SiGNa Oilfield Canada is committed to bringing innovative new chemical technologies to Canada's heavy oil market.
Methanol Casale Advanced Reactor Concept (ARC) Converter Retrofit CASE STUDY #10231406
For older methanol plants, efficiency is worse than for a modern plant
• To maximize profit we must improve either
– Plant efficiency
– Plant production rate
This case study highlights the revamp of a Middle Eastern Methanol Plant ARC converter with part IMC internals, to improve efficiency and production; with no CO2 addition to the Synloop, and with CO2 addition to the Synloop.
- 250 TPD CO2
- 500 TPD CO2
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
2. INTRODUCTION
• Issue arise when designing a hydrotreating facility
to produce diesel fuel with very low levels of total
sulphur.
• Middle distillates contain various types of sulphur
species:
- mercaptans
- sulphides
- tiophenes
- aromatic sulphur compounds
3. INTRODUCTION
• Sterically hindered (steric resistance occurs when
the size of groups within
a molecule prevents chemical reactions that are
observed in related smaller molecules)
dibensothiophenes are a group of aromatic
sulphur compounds – that the most difficult to
remove when hydrotreating to very low sulphur
levels.
• Particularly for diesel fuels that contain significant
quantities of cracked stocks, such as FCC light
cycle oil (LCO) – which contains a large
concentration of aromatic sulphur compounds.
4. CONSIDERATION
• Effective removal of aromatic sulphur
compounds requires:
- tailored/ designed catalyst
- tailored process conditions
- other factors, such as feed nitrogen content
and aromatics equilibrium
OBJECTIVE – Clean diesel hydrotreating
5. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
• Numerous issues to be addressed in the
design of a hydrotreater:
1. Feed characteristics and variability
2. Product quality requirements – cetane index
3. Catalyst selection
4. Optimization of reactor process variables
5. Equipment design requirements
6. DESIGN CONSIDERATION
6. Reliability
7. Minimizing product contamination
8. Handling of off-spec diesel product
All factors should be carefully considered during
the front end process design
is a process that takes an idea and turns in into
a design. It consists of an input (an idea that
would change the current product), output (what
the final design would look like), and a process
(how the idea form to design).
7. PROCESS VARIABLES
• The principal operating variables
- temperature
- Hydrogen partial pressure
- Space velocity
• Temperature increases, hydrogen partial pressure increases
– sulphur and nitrogen removal & hydrogen consumption
increases.
• Pressure increases – hydrogen saturation increases –
reduces coke formation
• Space velocity increases– reduces conversion, hydrogen
consumption & coke formation.
• Excessive temperatures must be avoided – can cause the
increased coke formation.
8. TYPICAL PROCESS VARIABLES IN HT
Temperature 270 – 340 oC
Pressure 690 – 20700 kPa g
Hydrogen per unit of feed
Recycle 360 m3/m3
Consumption 36 – 142 m3/m3
Space velocity (LHSV (liquid hourly space velocity) = the ratio
of the hourly volume of oil processed to the volume of
catalyst.
1.5 – 8.0 v/v/hr
LHSV is simply an approximate way of estimating the
amount of catalyst needed to purchase for a given feed
capacity and product yield
9. FEED & PRODUCT SPEC
• Sulphur, nitrogen and aromatics content are the
most important feed characteristics, that impact
the process design of HT facilities.
• Nitrogen content – significant impact on required
operating pressure for a new design.
• Nitrogen has to be removed at same level as
sulphur to reach the ultra –low target.
• Catalyst employed & hydrogen partial pressure
must be consistent with a high nitrogen removal
operation.
10. FEED & PRODUCT SPEC
• Bulk of feed nitrogen is contained in light
coker gas oil and FCC LCO (light cycle oil).
• Aromatic content of feed will govern the
chemical hydrogen consumption at low space
velocities and high hydrogen partial pressures
required for very low sulphur diesel
production.
11. FEED & PRODUCT SPEC
• Cracked stocks can be included in feed up to the
level limited by the product cetane index or
gravity without having a significant impact on
Hydrotreater design.
• Small increase in cetane index during HT reaction.
• If significant improvement in cetane is required, a
multi-stage design using aromatics saturation
catalyst in second stage of HT – is more
economical option.
12. FEED & PRODUCT SPEC
• Feed is pratically mandatory to confirm reaction
process condition.
• Testing variations in feed spec, FCC LCO and coker
light gas oil should be considered…to avoid poor
separation achieved in the products fractionators.
• If not, increase in the content of the most
difficult-to-treat sulphur compounds in the
hydrotreater feed and requires an increase in
reactor temperature.
• Moreover, this will increase the catalyst
deactivation rate and reduce cycle length.
13. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• The key reaction process variables are:
- Space velocity
- Hydrogen partial pressure
- Make-up hydrogen purity
- Ratio of total hydrogen to reactor/ chemical
hydrogen consumption
- Cycle length
- Reactor temperature
14. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• Feeds with significant aromatics and/or nitrogen
content, a Ni/Mo or Ni promoted Co/Mo catalyst
will be used, along with an appropriate selection
of graded catalyst in the top of the bed to reduce
reactor pressure build-up.
• For a given cycle length and treating severity
reactor space velocity, hydrogen treat gas
quantity and hydrogen partial pressure are the
variables that are optimised during the process
design along with reactor temperature.
15. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• From a practical viewpoint, one should be aware
of the limiting pressure of the alloy piping flanges
in the reactor section when setting the hydrogen
partial pressure and total operating pressure.
• This includes piping from the combined feed
exchangers to the feed heater, from the heater to
the reactor, and from the reactor to the
combined feed exchangers (especially when the
feed contains significant quantities of cracked
stocks).
16. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• This piping will be a 300 series stainless steel,
and for 600 psi ANSI (American Standard)
flanges this corresponds to a maximum
operating pressure of around 800 psig at the
reactor inlet when using 321 SS and 880 psig
when using 347 SS.
17. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• Make-up hydrogen purity impacts the hydrogen
partial pressure for a fixed reactor operating
pressure.
• Lower purity make-up hydrogen requires higher
hydrogen circulation rates to maintain the target
hydrogen partial pressure and may even require a
purge stream from the cold separator.
• For a improved design, increased make-up
hydrogen purity is the most effective means of
increasing the hydrogen partial pressure.
18. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• Hydrogen partial pressure has a major impact
on cycle length from a catalyst activity
standpoint.
• For a fixed space velocity, the cycle length
increases with hydrogen partial pressure.
• Hydrogen partial pressure must be greater
that the hydrocarbon partial pressure, to
improve the removal of sulfur and nitrogen
compounds and reduce coke formation.
19. REACTION PROCESS VARIABLES
• Maximum reactor outlet temperature at end-of-
cycle catalyst conditions is generally set at 725–
750°F to avoid aromatics saturation equilibrium
constraints.
• This is also influenced by the quantity of cracked
stocks in the feed and the crude source.
• Hydrotreating catalyst performance correlations
for reactor temperature are usually based on the
weighted average bed temperature (WABT).
• WABT is calculated as the reactor inlet
temperature plus two-thirds of the reactor
temperature rise.