Chapter 5 DIET MODIFICATION & DIET THERAPIES.pptx

Editor's Notes

• #1 Chapter 5 Dietary Modification and Dietary Therapy Lesson 1: TYPES OF DIET A. General diets Regular/full Diet High fiber diet Vegetarian diets Therapeutic diets B. Diets modified in consistency Clear liquid Full liquid Cold liquid/ T&A diet Soft sland Mechanical soft Soft bland Bland Residue restricted Low fiber C. Diets Modified in Composition Low calorie High calorie High protein Low protein Low fat Low cholesterol Low carbohydrate Low salt/sodium restricted Low potassium Low purine/ purine restricted
• #3 DIET Defines as the types and amounts of food eaten daily by an individual is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
• #7 REGULAR/ FULL DIET No dietary restrictions Characteristics of a healthy diet: Balanced meal Adequate in nutrients Moderate in all foods/ food groups, Variety of foods, Calorie-controlled The diet should include a healthy foundation of whole grains, fruits and vegetables, lean proteins (including beans and legumes), low-fat daily and sources of healthy fats, but it still allows for the occasional favorite treat.
• #8 HIGH FIBER DIETS Diet high in non-digestible part of plants, which is fiber. Fiber is found in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Insoluble fiber increases stool bulk, decrease transit time of food in the bowel, and decreases constipation and the risk of colon cancer. Here's a look at how much dietary fiber is found in some common foods: Fruits: Pear, Apple with skin, Banana, Orange, Strawberries
• #10 Vegetarian diet does not include any meat, poultry, or seafood. It is a meal plan made up of foods that come mostly from plants. These include: Vegetables Fruits Whole grains Legumes Seeds Nuts
• #11 The different types of vegetarian diets: Vegan: Includes only plant-based foods. No animal proteins or animal by-products such as eggs, milk, or honey. Lacto-vegetarian: Includes plant foods plus some or all dairy products. Lacto-ovo vegetarian: Includes plant foods, dairy products, and eggs. Semi- or partial vegetarian: Includes plant foods and may include chicken or fish, dairy products, and eggs. It does not include red meat. Pescatarian: Includes plant foods and seafood.
• #12 THERAPEUTIC DIET a meal plan that controls the intake of certain foods or nutrients. It is part of the treatment of a medical condition and are normally prescribed by a physician and planned by a dietician. planned diet and modification of normal diet prescribed by doctor and planned by dietician used to supplement the medical or surgical treatment
• #13 DIABETIC DIET Diet contains exchange lists. Foods are grouped according to type, nutrients, and calories Pts are allowed a certain number of items from each exchange list according to individual needs
• #14 Diabetes Meal Plate Model *Super Meal Plate for Reversing Type 2 Diabetes ½ Plate: Vegetables/Fruits ¼ Plate: Poultry/Fish/Egg/Tofu ¼ Plate: Legumes/ Lentils/ Grain 2 tbsp: Oils (Olive/ Avocado/Coconut) 16 oz. Filtered/ Distilled Water 8 oz. Raw Juice (before meal)
• #15 RENAL DIET This diet is for renal/kidney people. The diet plan is individualized depending on if the person is on dialysis. The diet restricts sodium, potassium, fluid, and protein specified levels. Lab work is followed closely.
• #16 B. Diets modified in consistency Clear liquid Full liquid Cold liquid/ T&A diet Soft sland Mechanical soft Soft bland Bland Residue restricted Low fiber
• #17 B. Diets modified in consistency Clear liquid Full liquid Cold liquid/ T&A diet Soft sland Mechanical soft Soft bland Bland Residue restricted Low fiber
• #18 LIQUID DIETS Nutritionally inadequate and should only be used for short periods of time Uses: After surgery or a heart attack Pts with acute infections or digestive problems To replace fluids lost by vomiting or diarrhea Before some Xrays of digestive tract CLEAR LIQUID DIET Water, apple or grape juice, fat-free broths, plain gelatin, popsicles, ginger ale, tea, coffee FULL LIQUID DIET clear liquid diet plus strained soups and cereals, fruit and vegetable juices, yogurt, hot cocoa, custard, ice cream, pudding, sherbet, and eggnog COLD LIQUID/ T&A DIET After Tonsilectomy surgeries
• #19 LIQUID DIETS Nutritionally inadequate and should only be used for short periods of time Uses: After surgery or a heart attack Pts with acute infections or digestive problems To replace fluids lost by vomiting or diarrhea Before some Xrays of digestive tract CLEAR LIQUID DIET Water, apple or grape juice, fat-free broths, plain gelatin, popsicles, ginger ale, tea, coffee FULL LIQUID DIET clear liquid diet plus strained soups and cereals, fruit and vegetable juices, yogurt, hot cocoa, custard, ice cream, pudding, sherbet, and eggnog
• #20 MECHANICAL/ SOFT DIET Similar to regular diet but foods must require little chewing and be easy to digest Avoid meat and shellfish with tough connective tissue, coarse cereals, spicy foods, rich desserts, fried foods, raw fruits and veggies, nuts, and coconuts Mechanically altered or soft diet – • Is used when there are problems with chewing and swallowing. • Changes the consistency of the regular diet to a softer texture. • Includes chopped or ground meats as well as chopped or ground raw fruits and vegetables. • Is for people with poor dental conditions, missing teeth, no teeth, or a condition known as dysphasia. LOW-RESIDUE DIET Used for pts with digestive and rectal diseases such as colitis or diarrhea Eliminates or limits foods high in bulk or fiber such as raw fruits and veggies, whole grains and cereals, nuts, seeds, beans and peas, coconut, and fried foods
• #21 BLAND DIET Consists of easily digested foods that do not irritate the digestive tract Used for pts with ulcers and other digestive diseases Avoid coarse foods, fried foods, highly seasoned foods, pastries, raw fruits and veggies, alcohol, carbonated beverages, nuts, coffee, tea, smoked and salted meats and fish.
• #22 LOW-RESIDUE DIET Used for pts with digestive and rectal diseases such as colitis or diarrhea Eliminates or limits foods high in bulk or fiber such as raw fruits and veggies, whole grains and cereals, nuts, seeds, beans and peas, coconut, and fried foods
• #23 PUREED DIET • Changes the regular diet by pureeing it to a smooth liquid consistency. • Indicated for those with wired jaws extremely poor dentition in which chewing is inadequate. • Often thinned down so it can pass through a straw. • Is for people with chewing or swallowing difficulties or with the condition of dysphasia. • Foods should be pureed separately. • Avoid nuts, seeds, raw vegetables, and raw fruits. • Is nutritionally adequate when offering all food groups.
• #24 C. DIETS MODIFIED IN COMPOSITION Low calorie High calorie High protein Low protein Low fat Low cholesterol Low carbohydrate Low salt/sodium restricted Low potassium Low purine/ purine restricted
• #25 *CALORIE-CONTROLLED DIETS LOW-CALORIE DIET: Used for pts who are overweight; Avoid or limit high calories foods such as: Butter, cream, whole milk, cream soups or gravies, sweet soft drinks, alcoholic beverages, salad dressings, fatty meats, candy and rich desserts
• #26 High-Calorie Diet: Used for pts who are underweight, or who have anorexia nervosa, hyperthyroidism, or cancer Extra proteins and carbs are included; Avoid high-bulk foods such as green salads, watermelon and fibrous fruits Avoid high-fat foods such as fried foods, rich pastries, and cheese cake because they digest slowly and spoil appetite
• #27 HIGH PROTEIN DIET Used for children and adolescents who need additional growth, pregnant or lactating women, before and/or after surgery, pts suffering from burns, fevers, or infections Regular diet with added protein rich foods such as meats, fish, milk, cheese, and egg LOW PROTEIN DIET Used for pts with certain kidney diseases and for certain allergic conditions Regular diet with limited or decreased protein rich foods
• #28 LOW FAT DIET Used for pts with gallbladder and liver disease, obesity, and certain heart diseases Avoid cream, whole milk, cheese, fats, fatty meats, rich desserts, chocolate, fried foods, salad dressings, nuts, and coconut HIGH FAT DIET
• #29 LOW CHOLESTEROL DIET Restricts foods containing cholesterol; Used for pts with atherosclerosis and heart disease Limit foods high in saturated fats such as beef, liver, pork, lamb, egg yolk, cream, cheese, natural cheeses, shellfish, whole milk, and coconut and palm oil products
• #30 LOW CARBOHYDRATE DIET Dietary programs that restrict carbohydrate consumption usually for weight control or for the treatment of obesity. Foods high in digestible carbohydrates (e.g. bread, pasta) are limited or replaced with foods containing a higher percentage of proteins and fats (e.g., meat, poultry, fish, shellfish, eggs, cheese, nuts, seeds, peanuts, and soy products) and other foods low in carbohydrates (e.g., most salad vegetables) although other vegetables and fruits (especially berries) are often allowed. The amount allowed of these foods varies with different low-carbohydrate diets. Such diets are sometimes ketogenic (i.e. they restrict carbohydrate intake sufficiently to cause ketosis) for example, the induction phase of the Atkins diet. Some sources, though, consider less restrictive variants to be low-carbohydrate as well. Apart from obesity, low-carbohydrate diets are often used as treatments for some other conditions, most notably diabetes and epilepsy, but also for chronic fatigue syndrome (see ketosis) and polycystic ovarian syndrome.
• #31 SODIUM RESTRICTED DIET (LOW SODIUM OR LOW SALT DIET) Used for pts with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension or congestive heart disease, kidney disease, and edema Avoid or limit addition of salt to any food, smoked meats or fish, processed foods, pickles, sauerkraut, olives, and processed cheeses
• #32 LOW POTASSIUM DIET The list of high-potassium foods may feel a bit overwhelming, but remember, for every high-potassium food to avoid, there's at least one low-potassium food to enjoy. The recommended serving size for these low-potassium foods is 1/2 cup. You don't want to overdo it. Too much of a low-potassium food makes it a high-potassium food. Low-potassium fruits: Apples (plus apple juice and applesauce) Blackberries Blueberries Cranberries Fruit cocktail Grapes and grape juice Grapefruit Mandarin oranges Peaches Pears Pineapple and pineapple juice Plums Raspberries Strawberries Tangerine Watermelon Low-potassium vegetables: Alfalfa sprouts Asparagus (6 raw spears) Broccoli (raw or cooked from frozen) Cabbage Carrots (cooked) Cauliflower Celery (1 stalk) Corn (half an ear if it's on the cob) Cucumber Eggplant Green beans or wax beans Kale Lettuce White mushrooms (raw) Onion Parsley Peas (green) Peppers Radish Water chestnuts Watercress Yellow squash and zucchini
• #33 LOW PURINE/ PURINE RESTRICTED A low-purine diet is an eating plan that limits foods with high purine.  Purines are a natural substance found in some foods.  Purines aren't all bad, but you want to avoid high amounts. When your body digests purine, it produces a waste product called uric acid. Increased uric acid = leads to GOUT
• #34 WHAT CAUSES GOUT? Caused by ‘HYPERURICEMIA’, a high level of uric acid in the blood Uric acid is produced by the breakdown of purines in the body Purines occur naturally in the body and also in certain foods and drinks:
• #35 FAD DIETS: Diet popular for a time that promises rapid weight loss and other health advantages; many of these diets involve eliminating specific foods or even entire food groups DANGERS ABOUT FAD DIETS: They do not work They are unhealthy It is a lifestyle
• #36 Food allergy modification • Food allergies are due to an abnormal immune response to an otherwise harmless food. • Foods implicated with allergies are strictly eliminated from the diet. • Appropriate substitutions are made to ensure the meal is adequate. • The most common food allergens are milk, egg, soy, wheat, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, and shellfish. • A gluten free diet would include the elimination of wheat, rye, and barley. Replaced with potato, corn, and rice products.
• #38 Food intolerance modification The most common food intolerance is intolerance to lactose (milk sugar) because of a decreased amount of an enzyme in the body. Other common types of food intolerance include adverse reactions to certain products added to food to enhance taste, color, or protect against bacterial growth. Common symptoms involving food intolerances are vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and headaches.
• #40 TUBE FEEDINGS Tube feedings are used for people who cannot take adequate food or fluids by mouth. All or parts of nutritional needs are met through tube feedings. Some people may receive food by mouth if they can swallow safely and are working to be weaned off the tube feeding.