This document discusses the principles of writing for media and news writing. It defines what constitutes news based on elements like impact, timeliness, prominence, proximity, conflict, weirdness and currency. It then discusses the basics of newswriting, including using accuracy, conciseness, facts over opinions, past tense, short words, attribution rules and showing rather than telling. It provides examples of news ledes that follow the who, what, when, where structure and characteristics of good news stories and ledes.
The quality of a newspaper depends upon the skills, abilities and knowledge of its Sub Editors, also known as the Copy Editors. This slide outlines the role and responsibilities of Sub Editors/Copy Editors in newspapers.
History of Internet
Give a convincing definition of online journalism
Explain the forms of online journalism
Explain why traditional media outlets are moving online
Exploring new media outlets e.g citizen journalism, backpack journalism
Newspaper Make - Up
Describing about newspaper layout.
Information on Front Page of a newspaper
Defining the important page of a newspaper-The Editorial Page
Ashford 5: Week 4 Instructor Guidance
News Coverage Galore!
In Week 4, you’ll continue to amass advice on refining your reporting skills. Do the assigned reading, and
you’ll see that obituaries, news releases, and the basic news stories all rely on one thing—sound news
judgment!
The Deal on the Obituary Piece
One of my jobs at ABC News was slightly peculiar. I’m glad you’re sitting down! I wrote obituary summaries,
called obits, in 2005. The catch? They were for people who were still alive! The purpose was to provide
onepage life summaries for famous people. In the event of an unexpected death, the network would have
ready access to the most important facts about the person’s life; the media organization would not be caught
off guard and could break/report the news using the obit information right away. I recall writing obits for the
likes of Michael Jackson, Hillary Clinton, Ted Kennedy, and the former President of Pakistan. Unfortunately,
you can see that the need for even obituary summaries for the living is real.
What is the overarching point here? An obituary is about the person’s life! It should offer a rundown of what
the person accomplished while alive, preferably in the order of chronology or significance. Details such as
the manner of death or scandals are not essential and should be handled with caution. Make sure you are
familiar with your organization’s policy on obituaries, because what reporters are expected to omit or include
can vary throughout the media.
Can you see why obituaries are ideal for the inverted pyramid structure? Also, I strongly advise you to
triplecheck the spelling of the person’s name. This is one simple instance where more than your credibility
will be at stake in the event of inaccuracy.
News Releases: Love them or Hate Them?
Personally, I have grown to love them! And trust me, you will too, especially on exceptionally slow news
days. You just have to be able to read between the lines. Like News Reporting & Writing says, the news
releases that journalists are provided with are usually very selfserving. Thinking of them as press releases
will help you to avoid falling for the trap of reporting the release as a means of free publicity. Knowing what
the sender hopes to gain from the media coverage that they are eliciting is important.
The news releases I appreciate most are those centered on announcements or causes. They are your news
plug for timeliness and relevance! The trick now is to take the plug and utilize it to turnover a report that
advances an underlying story.
For example, I once got a news release from a local nonprofit announcing the coming of World Aids Day in
December and detailing the rally planned. Reporting this alone would have qualified as a story by some
accounts, but journalists must take it a step further. In turn, I researched, coming to learn of the rapidly rising
numbers of women in monogamous relationships with HIV in.
The quality of a newspaper depends upon the skills, abilities and knowledge of its Sub Editors, also known as the Copy Editors. This slide outlines the role and responsibilities of Sub Editors/Copy Editors in newspapers.
History of Internet
Give a convincing definition of online journalism
Explain the forms of online journalism
Explain why traditional media outlets are moving online
Exploring new media outlets e.g citizen journalism, backpack journalism
Newspaper Make - Up
Describing about newspaper layout.
Information on Front Page of a newspaper
Defining the important page of a newspaper-The Editorial Page
Ashford 5: Week 4 Instructor Guidance
News Coverage Galore!
In Week 4, you’ll continue to amass advice on refining your reporting skills. Do the assigned reading, and
you’ll see that obituaries, news releases, and the basic news stories all rely on one thing—sound news
judgment!
The Deal on the Obituary Piece
One of my jobs at ABC News was slightly peculiar. I’m glad you’re sitting down! I wrote obituary summaries,
called obits, in 2005. The catch? They were for people who were still alive! The purpose was to provide
onepage life summaries for famous people. In the event of an unexpected death, the network would have
ready access to the most important facts about the person’s life; the media organization would not be caught
off guard and could break/report the news using the obit information right away. I recall writing obits for the
likes of Michael Jackson, Hillary Clinton, Ted Kennedy, and the former President of Pakistan. Unfortunately,
you can see that the need for even obituary summaries for the living is real.
What is the overarching point here? An obituary is about the person’s life! It should offer a rundown of what
the person accomplished while alive, preferably in the order of chronology or significance. Details such as
the manner of death or scandals are not essential and should be handled with caution. Make sure you are
familiar with your organization’s policy on obituaries, because what reporters are expected to omit or include
can vary throughout the media.
Can you see why obituaries are ideal for the inverted pyramid structure? Also, I strongly advise you to
triplecheck the spelling of the person’s name. This is one simple instance where more than your credibility
will be at stake in the event of inaccuracy.
News Releases: Love them or Hate Them?
Personally, I have grown to love them! And trust me, you will too, especially on exceptionally slow news
days. You just have to be able to read between the lines. Like News Reporting & Writing says, the news
releases that journalists are provided with are usually very selfserving. Thinking of them as press releases
will help you to avoid falling for the trap of reporting the release as a means of free publicity. Knowing what
the sender hopes to gain from the media coverage that they are eliciting is important.
The news releases I appreciate most are those centered on announcements or causes. They are your news
plug for timeliness and relevance! The trick now is to take the plug and utilize it to turnover a report that
advances an underlying story.
For example, I once got a news release from a local nonprofit announcing the coming of World Aids Day in
December and detailing the rally planned. Reporting this alone would have qualified as a story by some
accounts, but journalists must take it a step further. In turn, I researched, coming to learn of the rapidly rising
numbers of women in monogamous relationships with HIV in.
Here is a copy of the lesson I taught to my campus journalism students during the first semester of S.Y. 2015-2016. It is, I think, an advance course as it does not delve deep into the basics of newswriting, rather it discusses a more advanced style of writing news stories.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. 1. What is News?
There are no pat answers but some general guidelines exist. All at their core, all news
answers the questions: What Happened? And So what?
Here are seven elements that are often associated with news:
a. Impact: information has impact if it affects a lot of people.
i. A proposed income tax increase, for instance, has impact, because an income tax
increase would affect a lot of people.
ii. The accidental killing of a little girl during a shootout between rival drug gangs has
impact, too. Even though only one person -- the little girl -- was directly affected, many
people will feel a strong emotional response to the story
3. b. Timeliness: information has timeliness if it happened recently
i. For "Newsweek," events that happened during the previous week are timely.
ii. For CNN Headline News, events that happened during the past half hour are timely
c. Prominence: information has prominence if it involves a well-known person or
organization.
i. If you or I trip and fall, no one will be all that interested, because you and I aren't well
known.
ii. But if the president of the United States trips and falls, everyone will be interested
because the president is well known.
4. d. Proximity: information has proximity if it involves something happening somewhere
nearby.
i. If a bus wreck in Uganda kills 25 people, the Indian Express will devote maybe three or four
four paragraphs to the story.
ii. But if a bus wreck in Delhi kills 25 people, the Indian Express will devote a sizable chunk of
of its front page to the story
e. Conflict: information has conflict if it involves some kind of disagreement between
people.
i. Fights have drama -- who will win? -- and invite those watching to choose sides and root
for one or more of the combatants.
ii. Good democracy involves more civil -- we hope -- conflicts over the nature of public
policy. That's why the media carry so much political news. Journalists see themselves as
playing an important role in the public debate that forms the basis for democracy.
5. f. Weirdness: information has weirdness if it involves something unusual or strange.
i. Charles A. Dana, a famous editor, once said, "If a dog bites a man, that's not news. But if
if a man bites a dog, that's news!“
g. Currency: information has currency if it is related to some general topic a lot of
people are already talking about.
i. A mob violence in Mumbai generally won't attract much attention from The Hindu.
ii. But if the mob violence occurred a day after a report by the CBI had named Mumbai
the city with the state's fastest-growing crime rate, the mob violence would be big news.
6. 2. What is Newswriting?
Newswriting has some things in common with regular English, but in
other ways it’s a foreign language. It has a lot of rules, some of them
seemingly arbitrary. Below are a few of the basic principles.
Many of them (a prominent exception being the first) can or should be
broken now and again. And by the way, many of them are broken in this
document, which is not a news article.
7. I. The Basics
• The number-one requirement is accuracy.
• Second to that, strive to be concise, precise, specific and clear.
• No opinions, just facts.
• Always write in the past tense (assuming the events you are describing occurred in the
past).
• Use short (mostly one- and two-syllable) and plain words instead of fancy synonyms.
example: often instead of frequently, get instead of acquire or obtain, about instead of
regarding, lives instead of resides, funny instead of humorous, try instead of attempt,
about instead of approximately, and also instead of additionally.
8. • Quotation marks only around quoted material. Periods and commas ALWAYS go inside
quotation marks, “like this,” not “like this”.
• Except in quotes, do not use the words I, me, my, we, us, our, you or your.
• In news (as opposed to feature stories), put the most important material at the beginning
of the story, at the beginning of paragraphs, and at the beginning of sentences.
• Write mainly short declarative sentences.
• For the subject of a sentence, choose the main actor, which will usually be a person, a
group of people or an organization, rather than a concept or idea. Starting with “It is,”
“What” or “There are/there is” rarely leads to a good sentence.
9. • Here is a poor news sentence:
“Drinking was the main thing that took place at the party.”
Instead, figure out who took action and make them the subject, for example:
“By the end of the night, the partygoers had consumed seven one-gallon bottles of
Smirnoff vodka.”
Note that the second sentence is factual and specific and has a strong verb (which is good),
while the first is general and vague and has the weak verb “to be” (which is bad).
Also, to write the second sentence, the reporter had to report—in other words, take the effort
to find out relevant facts. Good reporting makes for good writing; poor reporting makes for
poor writing.
That follows from one of most important principles in news writing, and in writing generally:
“Show, don’t tell.”
10. • When possible, find a stronger verb than to be.
Instead of “He is the owner of the shoe-repair store,” write, “He owns the shoe-repair
store.” Generally avoid the passive voice, not only because it has the weak verb to be but
because it tends to leave out significant information. For example, “The president was
criticized for his speech” is a poor sentence because it neglects to say who criticized him.
• Use a mix of one-, two- and three-sentence paragraphs. One-sentence graphs
(journalism lingo for “paragraph”) are good for emphasis and for setting up quotes. Do
not use more than two ofthem in a row.
11. • The first sentence of a news story is called the “lede”—rhymes with “reed.” It is
also the first paragraph of the story.
• The most important stories (9/11, hurricanes, major crimes, presidential elections)
and the least important stories (brief articles about relatively minor events) get news
Ledes. Everything in between usually gets a feature lede, which follows a different
form. (which we’ll learn about later!)
• A news lede is in the past tense (assuming the events it describes took place in the
past). Headlines are in the present tense. (MAN BITES DOG) Editors, not reporters,
write the headlines, so don’t include them in your stories.
12. • A news lede summarizes what is most important about the story. It usually takes this
form and this order: Who-What-When-(Where)-(Context/Additional Relevant
Information)-(Attribution).
The elements in parenthesis are sometimes used and sometimes not, depending on the
nature of the lead.
• “Who” corresponds to the subject or main noun of the sentence, and “What” to the
predicate or main verb and, sometimes, a direct object.
• The Context/Additional Relevant Information usually comes after a comma, as does
the Attribution.
13. 1. “WILMINGTON, NC.—The first punch of Hurricane Irene (WHO) landed (WHAT) here
(WHERE) on Friday (WHEN), foreshadowing what is to come as this vast storm, its most
forceful winds stretching outwards for 90 miles, churned north towards New York City
(CONTEXT/ADDITIONAL INFORMATION).”
2. “New York City officials (WHO) issued what they called an unprecedented order (WHAT)
on Friday (WHEN) for the evacuation of about 250,000 residents of the low-lying areas of
the city’s edges (ADDITIONAL INFORMATION).”
3. “The Federal Reserve chairman, Ben Bernanke (WHO), said Friday (WHEN) that the
political battle this summer over the federal government’s borrowing and spending had
disrupted financial markets ‘and probably the economy as well.’” (WHAT. Note that, to
avoid awkwardness, the WHEN comes between the first word of the WHAT—“said”—and
the rest of it.)
14. 4. “The State Department (WHO) gave a crucial green light (WHAT) on Friday (WHEN) to
a proposed 1,711-mile pipeline that would carry heavy oil from oil sands in Canada
across the Great Plains to terminals in Oklahoma and the Gulf Coast (ADDITIONAL
INFORMATION).”
5. “ISLAMABAD, Pakistan—Gunmen (WHO) abducted the son of a slain former governor
from the eastern city of Lahore (WHAT) on Friday (WHEN), relatives and police officials
said (ATTRIBUTION).”
6. “ABUJA, Nigeria—A suicide bomber (WHO) detonated a vehicle packed with
explosives (WHAT) outside the United Nations headquarters in the Nigerian capital of
Abuja (WHERE) onFriday (WHEN), destroying several floors in a thunderous blast that left
at least 18 people dead (ADDITIONAL INFORMATION), witnesses and officials said
(ATTRIBUTION).
15. Characteristics of News Stories
1. The story’s importance is made clear right away.
2. Factual accuracy is stressed, so that audiences know they can rely on
the information.
3. Sources are identified, and statements and information are carefully
attributed.
4. Most sentences and paragraphs are short. Reporters rely on nouns
and verbs more than adjectives and adverbs.
5. Adequate context and background are included.
16. Characteristics of Ledes
1. Good ledes are concise. Often they are confined to one sentence of 20
words or fewer. That’s especially true in broadcast writing.
2. Good ledes focus on why people will or ought to care about a
story. Journalists often talk about the impact of the lede – rational,
emotional, or a combination of the two.
3. Good ledes rely on answering the key two or three who, what, when,
when, where, why and how questions rather than trying to deal with all
six equally.
4. Good ledes rely on nouns and verbs and simple sentence structure to
17. 5. Good ledes help audiences see how the story might affect them and
decide whether to read the rest of the story.
6. Good ledes are the product of thought, hard work and several
rewrites.
7. Good ledes help the writer organize the rest of the story, and the
audience understand it.
8. Good ledes should sound right read aloud, whether they are written
for print, online or broadcast media.
9. Good ledes serve the facts. They avoid assumptions and speculation.
18. Making News: A Six-Step Process
1. Discovery. A reporter turns up something interesting, or someone passes
along a tip.
2. Information gathering. The reporter tries to verify the tip, and to find out
more.
3. Judging impact. He/She carefully weighs whether the information will carry
any impact for her audience.
4. Focusing on critical elements. He/She chooses the elements that will show
her audience the impact.
5. Organizing. He/She uses strategies to help her arrange the information in
a coherent way that reflects its impact.
6. Using words effectively. By choosing and organizing words with great care,
He/She shapes a story that shows his/her audience why what he/she has
learned is important. The story is often the product of several rewrites.
19. Impact, Elements, Words
As you try to judge the news value of information, and then as you try to
turn that information into news, remember to follow these steps, keyed to
three words:
1.Impact. What’s this story about? Why should anybody care? How will it
affect the lives of my audience?
2.Elements. Asking who, what, when, where, why and how should show
you how to convey that impact to your audience.
3.Words. Used properly, words will fashion information into
something understandable and meaningful.
20. Characteristics of audiences and stories
Knowing your audience will have a profound effect on all three parts of
your impact, elements, words process. So it’s important here to review
some characteristics of mass audiences that make news writing different
from fiction or scholarly writing:
1. You are writing for members of an audience who will be coming to
your story with little or no expertise in what it deals with. What they
understand will come from your story.
2 They may have little initial interest in your story, so you must show
them right away why it might be important to them.
3. They are trying to assimilate a substantial amount of new information
information in a short time.
21. “Shared Values” are the most important shared asset between publisher
and employee, and constitute the foundation of publishing or
broadcasting principles.
It also form the basis of the intangible yet critically important contract
between Media Group and its readers, viewers and listeners.
22. 1. Trust
Earning society’s trust through the media house general attitude and the
audience’s trust through what they print and broadcast is one of the most
important value.
The very foundation of Media Group today, as well as in the future, is
comprised of trust.
23. 2. Independence
Media Group employees and management respect their professional
position above and beyond any and all relationships based on interest
influence.
Separate and identify commercial elements appearing in the production,
such as advertisements, commercial messages and sponsorship matters.
24. 3. Accuracy and Truthfulness
a) The fundamental purpose of any production is to relay facts to the public
at large in an objective manner, without distorting, exaggerating or censuring
said facts, and without being influenced by any external pressure or special
interest groups along the way.
b) The element of speed should never overshadow truthfulness, and
exaggeration and simplification should never stand in the way of the multi-
faceted nature of truth.
We should openly admit to what we do not know and make an effort to
speculation.
25. 4. Impartiality, Pluralism, Fairness
Broadcasting should be pluralist in a manner that reflects different
of the truth, and be impartial in the face of ideas that represent different
sides of the truth and social actors.
Impartiality and pluralism means considering the broadcasting in their
entirety and within a reasonable time span, and reflecting all mainstream
ideas existing within society, without ignoring any such ideas within the
confines of proportional fairness.
26. We aim to be open-minded and free of prejudice in the course of
evaluating opinions and elements of proof that either defend or oppose an
idea, attitude or behavior.
We must act fairly in the face of different opinions, ideas, attitudes and
behavior.
27. 5. Compliance with Social Values
We live in a nation of many voices, within a society that is rapidly
changing.
We regard wealth in terms of the ideas, beliefs, attitudes and behaviors of
our society, and consider it as a resource that feeds our publishing
endeavor.
We are respectful towards our democratic and secular system, and the
Constitution and Laws that bind such diversity and wealth together.
28. 6. Right to privacy and protecting privacy
Respect the privacy of individuals.
We do not disclose individuals’ private lives, communications,
correspondences or documents unless there is a compelling reason to
disregard the requirements of the principle of privacy in order to serve
greater good.
29. 7. Transparency and accountability
We are obligated to be accountable to our audience in every endeavor
undertake.
Owning up to our errors openly, if that is the case, and remedying such
errors in the most expedient manner is our priority.