Chapter 48

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Neurons transmit information through the nervous system. There are three main types of neurons: sensory, interneurons, and motor neurons. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system branches off from the CNS. A neuron contains a nucleus, dendrites, axon, and synapses. Information passes between neurons through chemical messengers called neurotransmitters released at synapses.

Chapter 48 Lines of Communication Liz Mallory

Nervous System Basics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.web-books.com/eLibrary/Medicine/Physiology/Nervous/neuron.jpg

Resting Potential ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.nicerweb.com/bio1152/Locked/media/ch48/48_06bMembranePotentialB-L.jpg

Action Potentials ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRlUDEONkpdL_LYH7md9C-COpm WYjQdToIoNcb2Aef0CX6-NUUmBFdWgaAQ Action Potential occurs in the axon, the tail like structure attached to the cell body. The axon is sheathed in layers of myelin and Schwann cells.

Synapse ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],http://www.airlinesafety.com/editorials/Pics/Synapse.gif

KEY CONCEPTS 50.1 Sensory receptors transduce stimulus energy and transmit signals to the central nervous system 50.2 The mechanoreceptors responsible for hearing and equilibrium detect moving fluid or settling particles 50.3 The diverse visual receptors of animals depend on light- absorbing pigments 50.4 The senses of taste and smell rely on similar sets of sensory receptors 50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function 50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion

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The action potential travels from one location in the cell to another, but ion flow across the membrane occurs only at the nodes of Ranvier. As a result, the action potential signal jumps along the axon, from node to node, rather than propagating smoothly, as they do in axons that lack a myelin sheath. Function of Dendrites. In order for neurons to become active, they must receive action potentials or other stimuli. Dendrites are the structures on the neuron that receive electrical messages. These messages come in two basic forms: excitatory and inhibitory. The Cell body (soma) is the factory of the neuron. It produces all the proteins for the dendrites, axons and synaptic terminals and contains specialized organelles such as the mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, secretory granules, ribosomes and polysomes to provide energy and make the parts, as well as a production line to assemble the parts into completed products.

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Why do ion channels not function like open pores? What is membrane potential? How do K+ leak channels work? Why is the membrane potential of a resting cell negative? What is patch clamp recording? What is one of the major insights gained from patch clamp reporting experiments? Compare and contrast the three types of gated ion channels. Be familiar with the different parts of a neuron. During an action potential, what happens to the membrane potential, voltage-gated Na+ channels, Na+ ions, voltage gated K+ channels, K+ ions, and Na+-K+ ion pumps? When an action potential reaches a synapse, what happens to the Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ ions, neurotransmitters, transmitter-gated ion channels, and the post synaptic neuron? What effect do excitatory or inhibitory neurotransmitters have on postsynaptic cells? What is an example of a mechanically gated ion channel? Solution 1.Excitable cells, such as fast-acting neurons and muscle cells, have specialized channels that open in response to a signal and permit rapid ion movement across the cell membrane. The opening of just a single ion channel alters the electrical charge on both sides of the membrane. The resulting charge differential then causes adjacent voltage-sensitive channels to open in chain-reaction fashion, creating a self-propagating electrical signal that travels down the entire length of the cell. Sometimes, this sequence of events is triggered when a chemical signal — such as a neurotransmitter — binds to an ion channel receptor on cell\'s surface. Other times, a cell\'s ion channels open in response to mechanical (rather than chemical) stimuli. 2.In cells of all types, there is an electrical potential difference between the inside of the cell and the surrounding extracellular fluid. This is termed the membrane potential of the cell. When a nerve or muscle cell is at \"rest\", its membrane potential is called the resting membrane potential. In a typical neuron, this is about –70 millivolts (mV). The minus sign indicates that the inside of the cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid. 3.The leak channels allow K+ to move across the cell membrane down their gradients (from a high concentration toward a lower concentration). With the combined ion pumping and leakage of ions, the cell can maintain a stable resting membrane potential and create membrane potential of a resting cell negative. 4.Patch clamp recording is an extremely useful technique for investigating the biophysical properties of the ion channels that control neuronal activation. The procedure involves pressing a glass micropipette against a cell in order to isolate a small “patch” of membrane that contains one or more ion channels. The experimental setup further allows scientists to “clamp” the electrical environment of the patched area by precisely controlling the voltage across the cell membrane, which, depending on the ion channels present, impacts the flow of ions through the membrane and allow for int.

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Chapter 48

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