Chapter 4 notes section 1
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The Sumerians settled in Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers because the seasonal floods provided fertile soil for agriculture and the rivers provided reliable sources of water. They developed irrigation canals and surplus crops allowed specialization of labor into crafts and trade. Sumerian society was composed of independent city-states with their own political and economic systems. Each city-state had its own patron god and ziggurat temple. Writing, mathematics, the wheel, plow, and technologies like metallurgy advanced under the Sumerian civilization.
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Chapter 4 notes section 1
The Sumerians lived along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, where the fertile soil and reliable water sources from seasonal floods supported agriculture. They developed irrigation canals and dams to control flooding, leaving a surplus of food that allowed specialization of labor into crafts and trade. The Sumerian cities were cut off from each other by desert, so they organized into independent city-states for political and economic purposes. Within the city-states, social classes divided people according to their occupations, with kings, priests, and warriors at the top. The Sumerians made important cultural contributions including the development of cuneiform writing and advances in areas like mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and
Contributions of Mesopotamia
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
Ap h presentation
This document provides an overview of ancient Iran and Greece. It describes the geography, resources, trade, and periods of development in both civilizations. Key events include the rise of the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great and expansion across Western Asia, as well as the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia in the 5th century BCE. The document also outlines some of the distinguishing characteristics of Athens and Sparta, such as Athens' focus on intellectual pursuits and democracy versus Sparta's strong military culture.
Project history
This document compares and contrasts the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on major rivers for survival - Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and Egypt along the Nile river. Mesopotamia introduced many innovations like writing, the wheel, and advanced irrigation, while Egypt arose later and built upon Mesopotamian advances through a more centralized divine rule under pharaohs. The biggest difference was that Egypt was able to maintain political stability and independence for over 3,000 years, while Mesopotamia suffered frequent invasions and regime changes.
How Did Geography Affect The Civilizations Of The
The geography of ancient civilizations greatly impacted their development. Along the Nile River, yearly floods provided fertile soil for agriculture but also required flood control structures like dikes. Settlements occurred within 10 miles of the river, and the desert boundaries limited Egypt's expansion. In Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers provided fertile soil and attracted other groups, leading to cultural exchange. Floods necessitated centralized government to manage irrigation. Overall, access to water and arable land through major rivers supported population growth and urbanization in these early civilizations.
Project history
This document compares and contrasts the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on major rivers for survival - Mesopotamia on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and Egypt on the Nile River. Mesopotamia introduced many innovations but lacked political stability, while Egypt developed a more divine rule under pharaohs and established a complex agricultural system along the Nile that allowed it to thrive for over 3,000 years. Despite sharing similarities like urbanization and social stratification, the longevity of Egypt set it apart from continually invaded Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia
The document discusses the four major river valley civilizations - Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Ancient Egypt along the Nile River, the Indus Valley Civilization along the Indus River, and Ancient China along the Yellow River. It then focuses on the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, describing their governmental, economic, infrastructure and societal structures from 3500 BCE, including that they had a hereditary kingship and nobility, used agriculture along the rivers, developed canals and architecture, and created one of the earliest systems of writing.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the site of the world's first civilization. The Sumerians established the first city-states in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC, governed by a ruler and social hierarchy. They developed innovations like irrigation systems, the wheel, mathematics, and cuneiform writing. The Code of Hammurabi later codified Babylonian laws with harsh punishments.
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Chapter 4 notes section 1
The Sumerians lived along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, where the fertile soil and reliable water sources from seasonal floods supported agriculture. They developed irrigation canals and dams to control flooding, leaving a surplus of food that allowed specialization of labor into crafts and trade. The Sumerian cities were cut off from each other by desert, so they organized into independent city-states for political and economic purposes. Within the city-states, social classes divided people according to their occupations, with kings, priests, and warriors at the top. The Sumerians made important cultural contributions including the development of cuneiform writing and advances in areas like mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and
Contributions of Mesopotamia
From the Sumerians through the Phoenicians and Persians, these are some of the innovations developed by the peoples and empire of this river valley region.
Ap h presentation
This document provides an overview of ancient Iran and Greece. It describes the geography, resources, trade, and periods of development in both civilizations. Key events include the rise of the Persian Empire under Cyrus the Great and expansion across Western Asia, as well as the Persian Wars between Greece and Persia in the 5th century BCE. The document also outlines some of the distinguishing characteristics of Athens and Sparta, such as Athens' focus on intellectual pursuits and democracy versus Sparta's strong military culture.
Project history
This document compares and contrasts the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on major rivers for survival - Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and Egypt along the Nile river. Mesopotamia introduced many innovations like writing, the wheel, and advanced irrigation, while Egypt arose later and built upon Mesopotamian advances through a more centralized divine rule under pharaohs. The biggest difference was that Egypt was able to maintain political stability and independence for over 3,000 years, while Mesopotamia suffered frequent invasions and regime changes.
How Did Geography Affect The Civilizations Of The
The geography of ancient civilizations greatly impacted their development. Along the Nile River, yearly floods provided fertile soil for agriculture but also required flood control structures like dikes. Settlements occurred within 10 miles of the river, and the desert boundaries limited Egypt's expansion. In Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers provided fertile soil and attracted other groups, leading to cultural exchange. Floods necessitated centralized government to manage irrigation. Overall, access to water and arable land through major rivers supported population growth and urbanization in these early civilizations.
Project history
This document compares and contrasts the ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt. Both civilizations relied heavily on major rivers for survival - Mesopotamia on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, and Egypt on the Nile River. Mesopotamia introduced many innovations but lacked political stability, while Egypt developed a more divine rule under pharaohs and established a complex agricultural system along the Nile that allowed it to thrive for over 3,000 years. Despite sharing similarities like urbanization and social stratification, the longevity of Egypt set it apart from continually invaded Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia
The document discusses the four major river valley civilizations - Mesopotamia along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, Ancient Egypt along the Nile River, the Indus Valley Civilization along the Indus River, and Ancient China along the Yellow River. It then focuses on the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia, describing their governmental, economic, infrastructure and societal structures from 3500 BCE, including that they had a hereditary kingship and nobility, used agriculture along the rivers, developed canals and architecture, and created one of the earliest systems of writing.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was the site of the world's first civilization. The Sumerians established the first city-states in Mesopotamia around 3500 BC, governed by a ruler and social hierarchy. They developed innovations like irrigation systems, the wheel, mathematics, and cuneiform writing. The Code of Hammurabi later codified Babylonian laws with harsh punishments.
Mesopotamia
The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers from 4000 BC to 400 BC. It summarizes the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations that occupied the region. The Sumerians established the first cities and introduced cuneiform writing and irrigation. Later, the Akkadian and Babylonian empires united the city-states and trade flourished. The Hittites were the first to use iron and horse-drawn carts.
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This document provides an overview of world history from approximately 8000 BCE to 1400 CE, covering major developments in early civilizations and classical societies across Afro-Eurasia. It discusses the rise of river valley civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. The document also examines the political, social, economic and technological changes associated with the urban revolution, as well as independent invention versus the diffusion of ideas. Key classical civilizations like Greece, Rome, India, and China are then analyzed in more detail. Common factors associated with the decline of bronze age empires and classical civilizations are also outlined.
Mesopotamiancivilizations6 2-090922192321-phpapp02
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last major power was the Chaldean Empire led by King Nebuchadnezzar, which constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon before ultimately falling to the Persians.
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The document summarizes the origins and history of ancient Greece from 1600 BC to 323 BC. It describes the geography of Greece and outlines four major periods: the Mycenaean culture which established the first Greek-speaking people; the Greek Dark Ages after invaders from the north abandoned many settlements; the Classical period when city-states like Athens and Sparta rose to power; and the Hellenistic period after Alexander the Great's conquests. It provides details on the societies and governments of Sparta and Athens during the Classical period, when Sparta dominated militarily and Athens established the first democracy.
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The document summarizes several early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, and China. Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was prone to flooding. Egypt developed along the predictable Nile River and was protected by deserts. The Indus civilization developed along the Indus and Ganges Rivers in an area prone to seasonal monsoon floods. China's earliest civilizations emerged along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in an isolated area suitable for farming.
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This document provides information about four classical civilizations: Greece, Rome, Gupta India, and Qin/Han China. It identifies some key characteristics of classical civilizations as strong centralized governments, strong trade networks/economies, and contributions/ideas that lasted until today. For each civilization, the document outlines the geography, accomplishments, and some reasons for decline, such as corrupt government, high taxes, weak military, and outside invaders/attacks.
Mesopotamian Civilization
- The document discusses the origins and development of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
- Nomadic herders settled in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 BC and established the first Sumerian cities, developing irrigation for agriculture.
- Sumerian civilization was polytheistic with anthropomorphic gods controlling nature and aspects of life. Their religion and social hierarchy structured around city-states each with their own ruler.
Chapter 4 Section 1
1. The document provides background information on early Greek civilization, including important places like Mycenae and Crete, and people like King Agamemnon.
2. Geography divided the Greeks, with mountains and seas separating city-states. The Minoan civilization may have fallen due to earthquakes and tsunamis or conquest by the Mycenaeans.
3. After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization around 1100 BCE, Greece entered a "Dark Age" characterized by population shifts, lost knowledge of writing, and a simpler lifestyle.
Mesopotamian civilization
We covered Origin,Geography and Timeline of Mesopotamia.There were many civilization in Mesopotamia but we only covered Sumerian Civilization because it had been told to us by our faculty.I hope you guys like this!
Chapter 4 section 1 vocab
1) The early Greeks lived in city-states along the Mediterranean coast and islands, with major civilizations like Minoans in Crete and Mycenaeans in Mycenae.
2) Geographic barriers like mountains and seas divided the Greeks and discouraged unity, while trade by sea helped spread their influence through colonies.
3) After the fall of the Mycenaean civilization around 1100 BCE, Greece entered a "Dark Age" where writing and technology declined, population shifted, and city-states reemerged.
Lesson 10 Early Civilization
The Sumerian civilization emerged between 3500-3000 BCE in Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq. Sumerian cities like Ur and Uruk were characterized by organized government, specialized economic activities, social stratification, and advances in science, arts, and architecture. The Sumerians developed a system of writing called cuneiform using wedge-shaped symbols imprinted on clay tablets, and created important cultural works like the Epic of Gilgamesh. They also made advances in technology, inventing tools like the plow, wheel, and the first lunar calendar. However, the independent Sumerian city-states were often at war until they were eventually united by Sargon of Akkadia around 2
Overview of the Mesopotamian Civilization
Mesopotamian civilizations were among the earliest human civilizations that emerged between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the region known as Mesopotamia. Several independent city-states dominated Mesopotamia at different periods, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assyrians. The Mesopotamians developed cuneiform writing using wedge-shaped marks and invented early mathematical concepts like the base-60 number system. They practiced a polytheistic religion and had social hierarchies with the king and priests holding power.
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The document discusses the early civilizations that emerged along major river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. It provides details on the geography, environmental challenges, and cultural developments of each civilization. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia were the first to develop cities and systems of irrigation and governance to deal with flood risks. Egyptian kings built pyramids and organized society with pharaohs at the top. Harappan cities in the Indus Valley were carefully planned with infrastructure like roads. Early Chinese dynasties established control over floods and developed writing, family structures, and a concept of mandates of heaven for political rule.
Notes: ancient river valley civilizations
This document provides an overview of early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China. It describes five key characteristics of civilization: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. For Mesopotamia, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the region, the rise of Sumerian city-states, and later empires including Akkad and Babylon. It also summarizes the early civilizations of ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and dynasties of early China such as Shang and Zhou.
(Social) Mesopotamian Civilization
The document summarizes the Sumerian civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It describes the key environmental challenges they faced and how they overcame them through innovations like irrigation, city walls, and trade. The Sumerians established the first city-states, each with their own government and ruler. Power was initially held by priests but later passed to military commanders and kings, establishing dynasties. The Sumerian culture included polytheistic religions, social classes, and technological advancements like writing and use of metals. Sargon of Akkad later conquered the region to form the world's first empire.
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Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Geography and History in a bilingual section in Madrid.
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Nations assignment egypt
Egypt is located in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip. It has a population of over 78 million people, most of whom live in the fertile Nile River valley and delta. Egypt has over 6,000 years of recorded history, dating back to ancient Egypt which was one of the earliest civilizations and influenced many later cultures. In modern history, Egypt was invaded by Ottoman and British forces and became a British protectorate until gaining independence in 1922.
2.1 Sumer
Sumer was one of the earliest civilizations located in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The Sumerians developed advanced cities with specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and early technology. They had a polytheistic religion and a social hierarchy ranging from priests and kings to enslaved peoples. The Sumerians made major contributions to writing, architecture, farming, transportation, and were among the first to establish empires in Mesopotamia.
2.1 Sumer
Sumer was the world's oldest civilization located in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The rivers flooded unpredictably but left rich silt, enabling irrigation-based agriculture. Sumerians created some of the first cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, writing, and advanced technology. Priests initially ruled but gave control to tough warrior kings during times of war, eventually establishing dynastic monarchies. Sumerian culture included polytheism, epic poems, and a stratified social structure with priests, merchants, laborers, and slaves. Their contributions included writing, architecture, mathematics, farming, and wheeled vehicles. The first empires arose including Sargon's conquest of city-states and Ham
Blog notes
The document provides an overview of the geography, early civilizations, and empires that arose in Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent region between 6000 BC and 500 BC. It describes how the Tigris and Euphrates rivers created fertile land for agriculture. Sumerian city-states like Ur and Babylon emerged around 3500 BC, with priests taking on political and religious leadership roles. Kingship and empires followed, including the Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian empires, which controlled neighboring lands and instituted governance systems to administer their multi-ethnic territories.
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The document discusses the Mesopotamian civilization between rivers Tigris and Euphrates rivers from 4000 BC to 400 BC. It summarizes the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian, Hittite, Phoenician, Hebrew, Assyrian and Chaldean civilizations that occupied the region. The Sumerians established the first cities and introduced cuneiform writing and irrigation. Later, the Akkadian and Babylonian empires united the city-states and trade flourished. The Hittites were the first to use iron and horse-drawn carts.
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This document provides an overview of world history from approximately 8000 BCE to 1400 CE, covering major developments in early civilizations and classical societies across Afro-Eurasia. It discusses the rise of river valley civilizations like Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. The document also examines the political, social, economic and technological changes associated with the urban revolution, as well as independent invention versus the diffusion of ideas. Key classical civilizations like Greece, Rome, India, and China are then analyzed in more detail. Common factors associated with the decline of bronze age empires and classical civilizations are also outlined.
Mesopotamiancivilizations6 2-090922192321-phpapp02
Mesopotamian civilization developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. The Sumerians established the first cities and organized into independent city-states with their own governments. They had an advanced culture with writing, science, and math. Later, the Akkadians and Assyrians formed large empires that ruled the region for hundreds of years, unifying the people but also demanding heavy taxes. The last major power was the Chaldean Empire led by King Nebuchadnezzar, which constructed the famous Hanging Gardens of Babylon before ultimately falling to the Persians.
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The document summarizes the origins and history of ancient Greece from 1600 BC to 323 BC. It describes the geography of Greece and outlines four major periods: the Mycenaean culture which established the first Greek-speaking people; the Greek Dark Ages after invaders from the north abandoned many settlements; the Classical period when city-states like Athens and Sparta rose to power; and the Hellenistic period after Alexander the Great's conquests. It provides details on the societies and governments of Sparta and Athens during the Classical period, when Sparta dominated militarily and Athens established the first democracy.
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The document summarizes several early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus, and China. Mesopotamia developed between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was prone to flooding. Egypt developed along the predictable Nile River and was protected by deserts. The Indus civilization developed along the Indus and Ganges Rivers in an area prone to seasonal monsoon floods. China's earliest civilizations emerged along the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers in an isolated area suitable for farming.
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This document provides an overview of the major civilizations that arose in Mesopotamia between approximately 5000 BC and 300 BC, including Sumer, Akkadia, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia. It summarizes the origins and key developments of each civilization, such as the Sumerians inventing cuneiform writing and wheeled vehicles, Hammurabi establishing the first written law code in Babylon, and the Persians and Greeks eventually conquering the region. The document focuses on the political, social, and cultural achievements and influences of the successive Mesopotamian civilizations over thousands of years.
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This document provides information about four classical civilizations: Greece, Rome, Gupta India, and Qin/Han China. It identifies some key characteristics of classical civilizations as strong centralized governments, strong trade networks/economies, and contributions/ideas that lasted until today. For each civilization, the document outlines the geography, accomplishments, and some reasons for decline, such as corrupt government, high taxes, weak military, and outside invaders/attacks.
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- The document discusses the origins and development of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
- Nomadic herders settled in southern Mesopotamia around 3200 BC and established the first Sumerian cities, developing irrigation for agriculture.
- Sumerian civilization was polytheistic with anthropomorphic gods controlling nature and aspects of life. Their religion and social hierarchy structured around city-states each with their own ruler.
Chapter 4 Section 1
1. The document provides background information on early Greek civilization, including important places like Mycenae and Crete, and people like King Agamemnon.
2. Geography divided the Greeks, with mountains and seas separating city-states. The Minoan civilization may have fallen due to earthquakes and tsunamis or conquest by the Mycenaeans.
3. After the collapse of Mycenaean civilization around 1100 BCE, Greece entered a "Dark Age" characterized by population shifts, lost knowledge of writing, and a simpler lifestyle.
Mesopotamian civilization
We covered Origin,Geography and Timeline of Mesopotamia.There were many civilization in Mesopotamia but we only covered Sumerian Civilization because it had been told to us by our faculty.I hope you guys like this!
Chapter 4 section 1 vocab
1) The early Greeks lived in city-states along the Mediterranean coast and islands, with major civilizations like Minoans in Crete and Mycenaeans in Mycenae.
2) Geographic barriers like mountains and seas divided the Greeks and discouraged unity, while trade by sea helped spread their influence through colonies.
3) After the fall of the Mycenaean civilization around 1100 BCE, Greece entered a "Dark Age" where writing and technology declined, population shifted, and city-states reemerged.
Lesson 10 Early Civilization
The Sumerian civilization emerged between 3500-3000 BCE in Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq. Sumerian cities like Ur and Uruk were characterized by organized government, specialized economic activities, social stratification, and advances in science, arts, and architecture. The Sumerians developed a system of writing called cuneiform using wedge-shaped symbols imprinted on clay tablets, and created important cultural works like the Epic of Gilgamesh. They also made advances in technology, inventing tools like the plow, wheel, and the first lunar calendar. However, the independent Sumerian city-states were often at war until they were eventually united by Sargon of Akkadia around 2
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River valley civilization presentation
The document discusses the early civilizations that emerged along major river valleys, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus Valley, and China. It provides details on the geography, environmental challenges, and cultural developments of each civilization. The Sumerians in Mesopotamia were the first to develop cities and systems of irrigation and governance to deal with flood risks. Egyptian kings built pyramids and organized society with pharaohs at the top. Harappan cities in the Indus Valley were carefully planned with infrastructure like roads. Early Chinese dynasties established control over floods and developed writing, family structures, and a concept of mandates of heaven for political rule.
Notes: ancient river valley civilizations
This document provides an overview of early river valley civilizations including Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, and China. It describes five key characteristics of civilization: advanced cities, specialized workers, complex institutions, record keeping, and advanced technology. For Mesopotamia, it discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the region, the rise of Sumerian city-states, and later empires including Akkad and Babylon. It also summarizes the early civilizations of ancient Egypt, Indus Valley, and dynasties of early China such as Shang and Zhou.
(Social) Mesopotamian Civilization
The document summarizes the Sumerian civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia. It describes the key environmental challenges they faced and how they overcame them through innovations like irrigation, city walls, and trade. The Sumerians established the first city-states, each with their own government and ruler. Power was initially held by priests but later passed to military commanders and kings, establishing dynasties. The Sumerian culture included polytheistic religions, social classes, and technological advancements like writing and use of metals. Sargon of Akkad later conquered the region to form the world's first empire.
The First Civilizations: Mesopotamia
Created by María Jesús Campos Fernández, teacher of Geography and History in a bilingual section in Madrid.
learningfromhistory.wikispaces.com
learningfromgeography.wikispaces.com
Nations assignment egypt
Egypt is located in northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip. It has a population of over 78 million people, most of whom live in the fertile Nile River valley and delta. Egypt has over 6,000 years of recorded history, dating back to ancient Egypt which was one of the earliest civilizations and influenced many later cultures. In modern history, Egypt was invaded by Ottoman and British forces and became a British protectorate until gaining independence in 1922.
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The document provides an overview of ancient Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia between 3200-2000 BC. It discusses the geography of the region known as the Fertile Crescent, the emergence of the first Sumerian cities, and factors that contributed to Sumer being the first civilization, including the development of writing, irrigation, specialized labor, social institutions, and surplus agriculture. It also describes Sumerian religious beliefs, social hierarchy, innovations like the wheel and plow, and the development of cuneiform writing on clay tablets to record economic transactions and cultural knowledge. Scribes played a key role in Sumerian society by maintaining written records and transmitting literacy through schools.
Notes: Module 2, Lesson 2
The document summarizes the key factors that influenced the rise of civilization in ancient Mesopotamia. The fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers provided abundant resources for agriculture, but required organization to control irrigation. This need drove the development of large cities like Sumer, where specialized jobs, social hierarchy, writing, and government emerged. Sumerian culture, including its writing system of cuneiform, spread widely and had a lasting influence even as empires like Sargon's and Hammurabi's rose to power in Mesopotamia.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was the site of some of the earliest civilizations due to its fertile land between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Natural levees along the rivers allowed for irrigation, farming, and the establishment of cities like Ur and Babylon. Sumerians developed systems of governance, religion, trade, mathematics, and the earliest form of writing called cuneiform to record their achievements, laying the foundations for later civilizations.
Sumer
Sumer was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. It consisted of 12 independent city-states, each with its own patron god and ruler called an Ensi. At the center of each city was a ziggurat, a large stepped temple where the people believed their god resided. Sumerians developed innovations like irrigation, the wheel, bronze metallurgy, cuneiform writing, and the first system of laws, helping civilization last over 3,000 years in Mesopotamia.
2. summerian civilization
The Sumerian civilization arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia around 3500 BCE. They developed irrigation systems to control seasonal floods and channel water to their crops, requiring cooperation and leading to the formation of cities. Sumerians were the first to develop writing, creating a cuneiform system by pressing symbols into clay tablets. They made advances in mathematics, architecture, calendar-keeping, and other areas, laying the foundations for later Mesopotamian civilizations like the Akkadians and Babylonians.
Mesopotamia (2)
The document provides an overview of Mesopotamia, the world's first civilization. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in a region known as the Fertile Crescent. The predictable flooding of the rivers provided rich soil for agriculture, allowing cities and complex societies to develop. One of the earliest civilizations was the Sumerians in southern Mesopotamia, who invented writing, developed irrigation for agriculture, and established independent city-states.
PPT EGIPT MESOPOTAMIA SANTILLANA.pptx
Mesopotamia and Egypt were early river valley civilizations that relied on irrigation from the Tigris/Euphrates rivers and Nile River respectively. Writing first developed in Mesopotamia in 3500 BC to record taxes, trade, and populations. Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and was ruled by various empires over time, developing agriculture, trade, and urban societies. Egypt similarly relied on annual Nile River floods for irrigation and was unified by King Menes in 3100 BC, establishing Egypt's long-lasting civilization.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia was the world's first civilization that arose between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. It featured complex societies with cities, organized governments, and a writing system known as cuneiform. The Sumerians who lived in Mesopotamia grew crops like barley and dates and established independent city-states with different social classes ranging from upper class rulers to lower class slaves. Mesopotamian civilization produced many important innovations and the region's first empire was created by Sargon around 2340 BC, though it later fell to invaders.
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Chapter 4 notes section 1
- 1. Lesson 1 Lesson One Notes The Sumerians Mesopotamia has been called the "cradle of civilization." It was the beginning of organized human society. Sumerians had a great influence on history Why did people settle in Mesopotamia? River Valley that had water for drinking and water their crops –two parallel rivers Tigris and Euphrates Little rain fell which left farmers without enough water to plant crops Heavy rains and melting snow flooded areas that swept away crops, homes, and livestock Floods provided fertile soil (SILT) and farmers learned to build dams to control seasonal floods Farmers dug canals to water crops (irrigation) Surplus of food lessened the need for farmers and many became artisans -Trade developed Life in Sumer Because of large dessert areas, city-states were cut off from each other Smaller areas formed city-states that had their own political/ economic systems (5000-20,000 people in a ci ty state) City-states may have been protected by man-made walls City-States went to war with each other over resources, political boundaries, glory, and or land Gods, Priest and Kings Sumerians worshipped many gods (polytheism) The Gods had powers- such as nature (weather) and over skills such as plowing or brickmaking Each city-state claimed one god as their own and a Ziggurat was built in its honor Sumerian Kings were likely war heroes at first and then it was hereditary Social Groups – you were born into your group Upper class- kings priest and warriors, government officials Middle class- merchants farmers fisherman and artisans Lower Class- enslaved people, captured in war, criminals and those that owed debt Farmers and Traders Farmers had a plot of land -Wheat, barley, and dates were the major crops. Farmers also raised sheep, goats, and pigs. Traders traded with other people for metals and other goods. Trade routes linked Sumer to places as far away as India and Egypt. They traded wheat, barley, and tools for timber, minerals, and metals. Writing Sumerian’s writing -most important contribution to the world. (life records and business transactions) Sumerians created a way of writing called cuneiform made up of about 1,200 different characters. Characters represented such things as names, physical objects, and numbers Boys from wealthy families— learned how to read and write cuneiform. scribes wrote documents that recorded court records, marriage contracts, business dealings, and important events. Some scribes were judges and government officials. Technology and Mathematics Sumerians created the wheel, the first carts pulled by donkeys, vehicles made for military use called the chariot, developed the sailboat, invented a wooden plow, the potter's wheel, bronze out of copper and tin to make stronger tools, weapons, and jewelry. The Sumerians also studied mathematics and astronomy. Made a 12-month calendar based on the cycles of the moon told the best times to plant crops and to hold religious ceremonies.