The Sumerians lived along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in Mesopotamia, where the fertile soil and reliable water sources from seasonal floods supported agriculture. They developed irrigation canals and dams to control flooding, leaving a surplus of food that allowed specialization of labor into crafts and trade. The Sumerian cities were cut off from each other by desert, so they organized into independent city-states for political and economic purposes. Within the city-states, social classes divided people according to their occupations, with kings, priests, and warriors at the top. The Sumerians made important cultural contributions including the development of cuneiform writing and advances in areas like mathematics, astronomy, engineering, and

1. Lesson 1 Lesson One Notes The Sumerians
How does Geography influence the way people live
 River Valley that had water for drinking and water for their crops –two parallel rivers Tigris and
Euphrates
 Farmers dug canals to water crops (irrigation)
 Surplus of food lessened the need for farmers and many became artisans -Trade developed
 Floods provided fertile soil (SILT) and farmers learned to build dams to control seasonal floods
 Little rain fell which left farmers without enough water to plant crops and heavy rains and melting snow
flooded areas that swept away crops, homes, and livestock
Life in Sumer
 Because of large desert areas, city-states were cut off from each other
 Smaller areas formed city-states that had their own political/ economic systems (5000-20,000people in a city state)
 City-states may have been protected by man-made walls
 City-States went to war with each other over resources, political boundaries, glory, and or land
Gods, Priest and Kings
 Sumerians worshipped many gods (polytheism) The Gods had powers- such as nature (weather) and
over skills such as plowing or brickmaking Each city-state claimed one god as their own and a Ziggurat
was built in its honor
 Sumerian Kings were likely war heroes at first and then it was hereditary
Social Groups – you were born into your group
 Upper class- kings priest and warriors, government officials
 Middle class- merchants farmers fisherman and artisans
 Lower Class- enslaved people, captured in war, criminals and those that owed debt
Farmers and Traders
 Farmers had a plot of land -Wheat, barley, and dates were the major crops. Farmers also raised sheep,
goats, and pigs.
 Traders traded with other people for metals and other goods. Trade routes linked Sumer to places as far
away as India and Egypt. They traded wheat, barley, and tools for timber, minerals, and metals.
Writing
 Sumerian’s writing -most important contribution to the world. (life records and business transactions)
 Sumerians created a way of writing called cuneiform made up of about 1,200 different characters.
Characters represented such things as names, physical objects, and numbers
 Boys from wealthy families— learned how to read and write cuneiform. scribes wrote documents that
recorded court records, marriage contracts, business dealings, and important events.
 Some scribes were judges and government officials.
Technology and Mathematics
 Sumerians created the wheel, the first carts pulled by donkeys, vehicles made for military use called the
chariot, developed the sailboat, invented a wooden plow, the potter's wheel, bronze out of copper and tin
to make stronger tools, weapons, and jewelry.
 The Sumerians also studied mathematics and astronomy. Made a 12-month calendar based on the cycles
of the moon told the best times to plant crops and to hold religious ceremonies.