3.  Comes from civitas, which is
a Latin word for “city.”
 It denotes a complex way of
life in the city.

5.  Organized and
centralized government
 Organized religion
 Specialization in
economic activity

6.  Social stratification
 Knowledge in science,
arts, and architecture
 System of writing

9.  Sumerian civilization emerged in
Mesopotamia which is the land
between the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers in what is now Iraq.
 Mesopotamia comes from the
Greek words which means “land
between the two rivers.

11. 3,500 to
3,000 B.C.E

13. 1.Agriculture
-rainfall was not and the
annual flood or overflow of
the rivers was unpredictable

14. 2. Trading
Other natural materials like
metal, wood, stone, and
semi precious stones
needed for tools and jewelry
were acquired through
trading.

16. 1. Priest-king
 the first leader of
Sumer
 main mediator between
the patron god and the
inhabitants of the city

17.  enforced laws to maintain
peace and order and was
also charged of the
construction and repair of
public structures such as the
irrigation system and
protective walls.
 2nd to the military king

18.  lead the soldiers in
wars and to defend the
city

19.  Is a form of government
in which the ruler is seen
either as a god or a
chosen representative of
a god.

20.  Series of rulers from a
single family

22. Polytheist
-believers of many gods
Four of their most important
gods controlled by the forces of
nature:
An, the god of heavens
Enlil, the god of air
Enki, god of the water
Ninhursag, goddess of the earth

23. Ziggurat
- largest edifice in Sumerian cities
- a shrine for the gods and goddess
-served as the point of reference for
the layout of the city.
-shape of mountains or pyramids

26.  Sumer cities: ( rectangular in shape,
surrounded by high and thick walls, and
has wide roads)
 Ur
 Uruk
 Eridu
 Lagash
 Nippur
 Kish

29.  Specialization – the
development of skills in a
specific kind of work.
 Artisans – skilled workers
who make goods by hands

30. Scribes –one who
writes and records

32.  Cuneiform – form of writing
 In Latin cuneus which
means “wedge-shaped.“
 Stylus – wedge-like writing
tool

35.  Epic of Gilgamesh –the very first
recorded epic in the world
 Plow, wheelbarrows, wheelspun
pottery, bronze metallurgy (alloy of
copper and tin), and silver currency
 They invented the decimal system,
360 degree circle and lunar
calendar.
60:60 seconds in a minute

37. City-states of Sumer were
constantly at war with
each other.
Migration and Invasion

38. 2334 B.C.E, Sargon 1 of
Akkadia conquered the
independent city-states of
Sumer and founded the
first unified kingdom.