Chapter 4 – LearningCLASSICAL CONDITIONING For each of the fo.docx

Chapter 4 – Learning
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING:
For each of the following, identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
Keep in mind that the UCS is the unlearned or unconditioned
stimulus that elicits the unlearned or unconditioned response
without any learning having happened (thus the unlearned part).
The CS starts off neutral as it doesn’t elicit a response until
repeated pairings have created the association between the two
stimuli (UCS and neutral stimulus), the CR is the learned
response and is typically similar/or the same as the UCR, it is
just that it is elicited by the CS. See the example for how to
complete it.
EXAMPLE:
1. Candy and Bob have been dating for several months. Candy
finds that every time Bob gives her a passionate kiss, she feels a
wave of sexual arousal in response to this kiss. Bob loves eating
onions, he eats them just like apples, and thus he ends up
having horrid onion breath. Candy has gotten quite used to this,
in fact when she gets just a whiff of his onion breath, she has
found herself feeling a wave of sexual arousal, even though she
really doesn’t care for onions personally.
Step 1.
Unconditioned Stimulus
(UCS)
Passionate kiss from Bob
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Sexual arousal
Step 2.
UCS

“paired with”
Bob’s onion breath paired with the Passionate kiss
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
Bob’s onion breath
Conditioned Response
(CR)
Sexual arousal
2. Fred has a fluffy down pillow with some of the down sticking
out of the fabric. When he first tries out the pillow, a piece of
down tickles his nose and he sneezes. This happens every time
he goes to bed. Soon he sneezes every time he lays down on any
kind of pillow.
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”

Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)
3. Scott’s dog waits every afternoon in the front room for Scott
to come home. He knows that when he hears the garage door
open, Scott will come in and take him out for a walk. One
evening Scott leaves to go for something at the grocery store.
As he is leaving, he hits the garage door opener and the dog
starts running around like crazy.
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”

Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)
4. It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to
sneeze. Soon you are sneezing every time you see a flower.
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)

5. In order to treat bedwetting, a pad that is sensitive to
dampness is placed under sheets. When this pad becomes wet, it
sounds an alarm and you wake up. Eventually you don’t need
the alarm to wake up and your bladder will wake you up.
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)
6. People receiving chemotherapy often vomit during or shortly
after the procedure. After several chemotherapy sessions,
people begin feeling sick at the sight of the treatment room

Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)
7. Oftentimes physicians will give treatments that make people
feel uncomfortable (a shot for example). After this happens
several times, people will begin feeling uncomfortable at the
sight of anyone in a white lab coat.
Step 1.
(UCS)

Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)
8. The smell of food makes you hungry. Soon every time you go
into the kitchen, you feel hungry.
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”

Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)
9. Whenever you see a scary movie, you always eat a box of
thin mints. Now you find that eating a box of thin mints makes
you feel scared.
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)

(CR)
10. You always give your cat a treat at the same time you take
your medicine. Your cat really loves the treats and will come
running from the darkest corners of your house to get one. The
sound of the medicine bottle has alerted your cat that you are
about to take your medicine, and your cat knows what that
means!
Step 1.
(UCS)
Step 2.
UCS
“paired with”
Conditioned
Stimulus
(CS)
(CR)

OPERANT CONDITIONING: (a review/information for you
then the part you complete follows):
· B. F. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning involves learning to
ASSOCIATE our BEHAVIOR with a CONSEQUENCE
· An example is our paycheck, we learn that if we go to work on
a regular basis and do our jobs right, our behavior is reinforced
with a paycheck at regular intervals. This serves to INCREASE
the likelihood of our behavior and is called POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT = +
· This motivates us to KEEP going to work, we WANT the
MONEY!
· Another example is our seatbelt buzzer, we learn that if we
buckle up, the obnoxious noise goes away – this is NEGATIVE
REINFORCEMENT = -
· This motivates us to KEEP buckling up thus serving to
INCREASE the likelihood of our behavior, our behavior is
reinforced by the removal of the NOXIOUS STIMULUS.
· A third example of associating our behavior with a
consequence is a speeding ticket, we exceeded the speed limit,
we get the opportunity to interact with law enforcement, we
have a huge fine to pay, in the future, we reflect on this, IF we
have effectively learned to ASSOCIATE our BEHAVIOR with
the CONSEQUENCE, it will reduce the likelihood that we will
speed again, the ticket serves to DECREASE the likelihood of
our behavior again.
· This is called POSITIVE PUNISHMENT = +
· The final example of Operant Conditioning is RESTRICTION
– when we were younger and didn’t get our room cleaned by a
certain time, we are not allowed to watch television for a week.
We quickly learn that when we do a certain behavior, things we
like are taken away from us.
· Its purpose is to DECREASE the likelihood of this behavior.
· This is called NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT = -
· POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT = + (adding something

positive to INCREASE behavior)
· NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT = - (removing something
negative to INCREASE behavior)
· POSITIVE PUNISHMENT = + (adding something negative to
DECREASE behavior)
· NEGATIVE PUNISHMENT = - (removing something positive
to DECREASE behavior)
For each of the following, indicate whether each of the
following examples illustrates positive reinforcement, negative
reinforcement, positive punishment, or negative punishment and
EXPLAIN WHY it is the one you believe it to be!
1) Henrietta smokes cigarettes because she likes how they
relax her, and finds that she smokes more now than she used to.
Her smoking behavior is controlled by which contingency?
2) A school bus driver plays a radio station the students like a
lot as long as the children are behaving on the bus. If anyone
starts running around, yelling, or otherwise misbehaving, she
turns off the radio. Assuming this works to reduce the students’
misbehavior, this is being controlled by which contingency?
3) Marco is lactose intolerant. He loves drinking milk, but
when he does, he becomes miserably ill. If Marco stops drinking
milk, his behavior is controlled by which contingency?
4) Marco has discovered a pill that counteracts the effects of
lactose intolerance. Whenever he wants to drink milk, he
remembers to take the pill beforehand, and he does not become
ill. Marco’s pill-taking behavior is controlled by which
contingency?
5) Rowdy teens used to hang out in the parking lot of a
convenience store and cause problems. The store owner found
that, by playing classical music in the parking lot, he could

reduce the number of teens hanging out there. The teens’
behavior of hanging out in the parking lot is controlled by
which contingency?
6) Raffio is allergic to paint fumes. Whenever he paints his
house, he is careful to wear a mask to keep the fumes out
because, otherwise, he gets a terrible headache. His behavior of
wearing the mask is controlled by which contingency?
7) Bonnie works as a waitress and has discovered that, if she
squats down while taking the customers’ order so that her head
is at the same level as theirs, she gets better tips. Her behavior
of squatting down is controlled by which contingency?
8) Marco likes popcorn, but he hates the way it makes his
kitchen smell. These days, he almost never cooks popcorn. His
popcorn-cooking behavior is controlled by which contingency?
9) Fred’s car has started to make an annoying noise
occasionally, but it doesn’t seem to be anything serious. When
the noise starts, he turns his radio up to drown it out. His
behavior of turning up the radio is controlled by which
contingency?
10) When birds come to Sabrina’s bird feeder, she loves to
watch them. Every time she tries to take a picture of them,
though, they fly away. She doesn’t try to take any more pictures
because she would rather see the birds. Her picture-taking
behavior is controlled by which contingency?
Source: Reprinted with permission from Dr. Celia Reeves and
the Department of Psychology at Monroe Community College,
Rochester, NY.
SCROLL DOWN for the last section!!

SCHEDULES OF REINFORCEMENT:
For each of the following items, please:
· Label each of the following scenarios as to which schedule of
reinforcement is being used and
· be sure to EXPLAIN why you think it is the schedule of
reinforcement you selected, what is it that you know about the
scenario that helps you be certain of your selection:
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
1.) An office worker glances at his watch to see if it is 5 PM yet
(i.e., going home is the reinforcer)
2. An employee is paid an hourly wage.
3. A charitable organization makes an average of 8 calls for
each donation it receives.
4. A chef checks the oven to see if a casserole is done, when
the baking time is known.
5. A hotel maid takes a break after having cleaned three
rooms.
6. A person checks the front porch for a newspaper when the
delivery person is extremely unpredictable.
7. There is a test in a class every three weeks (i.e., doing well

is the reinforcer).
8. A professional baseball player gets a hit approximately
every third time at bat.
9. A gambler at the slot machine receives a payoff
approximately every 30thpull of the lever.
10. Buying lottery tickets and winning.
Unit 4 MGT600 DB due Saturday, 11.9.19
This DB has three parts:
1. Compare and contrast vertical and horizontal integration.
What are some of the variables make each of these integrations
valuable? Provide an example of a vertical and a horizontal
integration that has happened recently.
2. In what circumstances should an organization consider
diversification as a viable strategy?
3. What benefit does a global strategy provide an organization?
Describe a situation when a global strategy would not be a
viable solution for an organization.

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