This theory was given by skinner in 1938.  According to him, the behavior of human being or animal is not a passive reflex.  Skinner revolt against no stimulus, no response theory. In their life we do not wait for things to happen.  Most of our responses cannot be attributed to known stimulus.Operant Operant is an act which constitute an organism for doing something. Responses Skinner put forward the idea that most of our responses cannot be attributed to unknown stimulus.

1. NAME NABILA BIBI
SUBMITTED TO MISS SHAZIA
CLASS B.ED 3RD SEMESTER
TOPIC B.F SKINNER THEORY
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MODERN LANGUAGE
ISLAMABAD

2. This theory was given by skinner in 1938.
According to him, the behavior of human being
or animal is not a passive reflex.
Skinner revolt against no stimulus, no
response theory.
In their life we do not wait for things to happen.
Most of our responses cannot be attributed
to known stimulus.

3. O p e r a n t i s a n a c t w h i c h c o n s t i t u t e a n
o r g a n i s m f o r d o i n g s o m e t h i n g .
S k i n n e r p u t f o r w a r d t h e i d e a t h a t m o s t
o f o u r r e s p o n s e s c a n n o t b e a t t r i b u t e d t o
u n k n o w n s t i m u l u s .

4. Operant Conditioning teaches humans the
relationship between environment stimuli and our
own behavior. We are the way we are because we
were rewarded for being that way.

5.  Skinner developed a special apparatus known as skinner’s
box.
 This box has a grid floor, a system of light or sound
produced at the time of delivery of a pellet of food, in the
food cup, on the pressing of lever.
 Skinner placed a hungry rat in the box.
 In this experiment, pressure on the bar in a certain way, by
the rat could result in the production of a click and
emergence of a food pellet.
 The rat was rewarded for each proper pressing of the lever.
 The rat repeated this process, and ultimately learned to
press the lever as desired by the experimenter.

8. THE PROCESS IN WHICH BRHAVIOUR IS
WEAKENED, AND THUS, LESS LIKELY TO
HAPPEN AGAIN
PUNISHMENT
REINFORCEMENT
THE PROCESS IN WHICH
BRHAVIOUR IS STRENGTHENED,
AND THUS, MORE LIKELY T
HAPPEN AGAIN.

9. The making a behaviour stronger by
taking away a negative stimulus
NEGAITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
POSITIVE
REINFORCEMENT
Making a behaviour stronger
by following the behaviour
with a pleasant stimulus

10. A student tends to complete his/her homework
daily; because he/she knows that he/she will be
rewarded with a candy (action) or praise (behavior).
A child may learn to clean his/her room regularly;
because he/she will be rewarded with extra TV
hours every time he/she cleans up.

11. Students or children will follow rules strictly to avoid being nagged by the teachers
or parents. So, to avoid nagging, the child might end up following the rules strictly.
Similarly, army personnel also have to follow the strict routine to avoid disciplinary
actions against them; it shapes them into a disciplined individual.

12. Recing a behaviour
by removduing a
pleasant stimulus
Reducing a brhaviour
by presenting an
unpleasant stimulus

13. A student who always comes late to the class gets
insulted every time in front of everyone from the
teacher. To prevent the insult or shouting from the
teacher, he/she may avoid coming late to the class.
After hitting a classmate, a student is made to sit
alone in the class, and no one is allowed to talk to
him or sit with him. It may ensure that the child will
never hit his classmates again in the future.

14. For instance, a driver is fined to some amount, and his
driving license is ceased for not following the traffic
rules. Here, money and license are removed as his
pleasant affair.

15. positive
reinforcemen
t
A rat presses a lever and
turn off the electric
shock
A rat presses a lever and
recieves food
If rat now recieve s food
consistently without pressing the
lever the rat will learn to stop
pressing the lever
If the rat previously pressed the
lever and recevird food and now
recieves a shock, the rat will learn
not to press the lever
positive
punishment
Negative
reinforcement
Negaitive
punishment

17. MECHANISM OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING

18. Originally the rat is given a food pellet for one lever press, but we gradually increase
the number of times it needs to press to receive food, the rat will increase the number
of presses.
The process of building a chain of responses through a step by step process called
shaping.
Technique of reinforcement used to teach new behaviors. At the beginning,
people/animals are reinforcement for easy tasks, and then increasingly need to
perform more difficult tasks in order to receive reinforcement.

19. Chaining refer to a process in which required
behavior or task is broken down into small steps
for its effective learning.

20. The elimination of the behavior by stopping
reinforcement of the behaviour
A rat who received food when pressing a bar, receives
food no longer, will gradually decrease the amount of
lever presses until the rat eventually stops lever pressing

21. A behavior may be performed in more than one situation.
It refer to the ability of an organism dealing with the
perception of response to simialar stimuli.
A rat who receives food by pressing one lever, may press
a second lever in the cage in hopes that it will receive
food. It is the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the
original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is
similar to the new stimulus

22. Thank you