Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria involves observation of symptoms, isolation of the pathogen, characterization through tests, and fulfilling Koch's postulates. A diagnosis requires field observation, examination of diseased tissues, isolation, characterization, and pathogenicity testing. Bacteria are identified using their visible characteristics, physiological properties, serological reactions, and ability to cause disease in plants. Classification is based on Gram staining, biochemical tests, host specificity, and comparison to known genera. The concept of bacterial species and pathovars helps classify plant pathogenic bacteria.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of plant pathogenic bacteria. It discusses how the invention of the microscope allowed bacteria to be visualized for the first time. Key figures who advanced the field include Van Leeuwenhoek, who built improved microscope lenses, and Pasteur and Koch, who developed sterilization techniques. The document also describes the general characteristics, structures, reproduction and ecology of plant pathogenic bacteria, and provides an introduction to the taxonomy of these microorganisms.
Chemistry of Fungal cell, Growth and Nutrition Dhaneesh Ram
The document summarizes key aspects of fungal cell structure and growth. It notes that the fungal cell wall contains chitin and glucans and is layered. Fungi obtain nutrients as heterotrophs from decaying organic matter using extracellular enzymes or as parasites of plants and animals. Growth occurs through a vegetative mycelium of branching hyphae which may be separated by septa or be coenocytic. Reproduction involves a distinct morphological stage.
Sandalwood spike disease is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and transmitted by leafhopper insects. It causes symptoms like chlorosis, stunted growth, witches broom formations, and death of infected sandalwood trees within 1-2 years. Management strategies include removing infected plants, controlling insect vectors, and employing techniques like heat therapy, chemicals, tissue culture, and genetic transformation to produce disease-resistant sandalwood varieties.
1. Many plant pathogens produce toxins that play an important role in disease development and pathogenesis. Toxins can damage host plants and cause symptoms of disease.
2. Examples are given of historic plant disease outbreaks caused by toxin-producing fungi such as the Irish potato famine. Specific toxins like aflatoxin, trichothecenes, and fumonisins are discussed.
3. Plant pathogens employ diverse toxin strategies to weaken hosts including disrupting membranes, inhibiting amino acid and RNA synthesis, and mimicking plant signals. Understanding toxin function provides insights into host-pathogen interactions and ways to develop disease resistance.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
This document discusses the role of toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as low molecular weight compounds produced by microorganisms that are toxic to plants. Toxins can injure host cells by disrupting osmotic relations or enzymatic reactions. Most toxins directly or indirectly affect plant respiration. The document then classifies toxins into three categories: phytotoxins, which are toxic but do not cause disease symptoms; vivotoxins, which are produced in infected plants and cause disease symptoms; and pathotoxins, which directly cause disease symptoms and determine pathogenicity. It provides examples of host-specific and non-host-specific toxins produced by various plant pathogens.
White rust, caused by the oomycete Albugo candidans, is a disease affecting cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and broccoli. It causes yield loss through defoliation and reduced quality. The fungus has a life cycle involving oospores that overwinter in soil or infected plant debris and zoospores that are spread by wind or water to infect new plants. Infection causes white pustules on leaves and stems and can result in distorted and sterile flowers. Management involves crop rotation, removing weeds, and fungicide applications to control spread.
- Rust disease caused by the fungus Melampsora lini severely affects linseed plants, appearing in February/March in India where the crop is grown.
- Infected plants develop orange-yellow rust pustules on leaves and stems, which can cause necrosis of leaves. This results in reduced seed yield and fiber quality.
- The rust has a complex life cycle involving pycnial, aecial, uredial, and telial stages, though the first two are not observed in India. Primary infection occurs through windblown uredospores from infected crops in hilly areas.
This document provides an overview of the history and development of plant pathogenic bacteria. It discusses how the invention of the microscope allowed bacteria to be visualized for the first time. Key figures who advanced the field include Van Leeuwenhoek, who built improved microscope lenses, and Pasteur and Koch, who developed sterilization techniques. The document also describes the general characteristics, structures, reproduction and ecology of plant pathogenic bacteria, and provides an introduction to the taxonomy of these microorganisms.
Chemistry of Fungal cell, Growth and Nutrition Dhaneesh Ram
The document summarizes key aspects of fungal cell structure and growth. It notes that the fungal cell wall contains chitin and glucans and is layered. Fungi obtain nutrients as heterotrophs from decaying organic matter using extracellular enzymes or as parasites of plants and animals. Growth occurs through a vegetative mycelium of branching hyphae which may be separated by septa or be coenocytic. Reproduction involves a distinct morphological stage.
Sandalwood spike disease is caused by phytoplasma bacteria and transmitted by leafhopper insects. It causes symptoms like chlorosis, stunted growth, witches broom formations, and death of infected sandalwood trees within 1-2 years. Management strategies include removing infected plants, controlling insect vectors, and employing techniques like heat therapy, chemicals, tissue culture, and genetic transformation to produce disease-resistant sandalwood varieties.
1. Many plant pathogens produce toxins that play an important role in disease development and pathogenesis. Toxins can damage host plants and cause symptoms of disease.
2. Examples are given of historic plant disease outbreaks caused by toxin-producing fungi such as the Irish potato famine. Specific toxins like aflatoxin, trichothecenes, and fumonisins are discussed.
3. Plant pathogens employ diverse toxin strategies to weaken hosts including disrupting membranes, inhibiting amino acid and RNA synthesis, and mimicking plant signals. Understanding toxin function provides insights into host-pathogen interactions and ways to develop disease resistance.
Seed borne diseases are caused by micro-organisms infecting seeds. Seeds are attacked by various fungi, bacteria and viruses at various stages viz., in the field ,during processing, at the time of transportation, and during storage.
This document discusses the role of toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as low molecular weight compounds produced by microorganisms that are toxic to plants. Toxins can injure host cells by disrupting osmotic relations or enzymatic reactions. Most toxins directly or indirectly affect plant respiration. The document then classifies toxins into three categories: phytotoxins, which are toxic but do not cause disease symptoms; vivotoxins, which are produced in infected plants and cause disease symptoms; and pathotoxins, which directly cause disease symptoms and determine pathogenicity. It provides examples of host-specific and non-host-specific toxins produced by various plant pathogens.
White rust, caused by the oomycete Albugo candidans, is a disease affecting cruciferous vegetables like cabbage and broccoli. It causes yield loss through defoliation and reduced quality. The fungus has a life cycle involving oospores that overwinter in soil or infected plant debris and zoospores that are spread by wind or water to infect new plants. Infection causes white pustules on leaves and stems and can result in distorted and sterile flowers. Management involves crop rotation, removing weeds, and fungicide applications to control spread.
- Rust disease caused by the fungus Melampsora lini severely affects linseed plants, appearing in February/March in India where the crop is grown.
- Infected plants develop orange-yellow rust pustules on leaves and stems, which can cause necrosis of leaves. This results in reduced seed yield and fiber quality.
- The rust has a complex life cycle involving pycnial, aecial, uredial, and telial stages, though the first two are not observed in India. Primary infection occurs through windblown uredospores from infected crops in hilly areas.
Late blight of potato is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. It initially infects the lower leaves and can attack the plant at any time after foliage develops. The disease leads to water soaked spots on leaves that turn purple-brown and black, and white growth develops on the underside of leaves. It also causes purplish brown spots on tubers. Cool, humid conditions favor the spread of the disease. Control measures include using resistant varieties, avoiding bruising of tubers, and regularly spraying fungicides like mancozeb every 10-15 days during crop growth.
Bacterial blight is a serious disease of rice caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae. It causes wilting of seedlings and yellowing and drying of leaves. Bacterial blight is one of the most important rice diseases, and can cause up to 70% yield loss in susceptible varieties. Symptoms include yellow water-soaked lesions on leaves that develop whitish or grayish stripes and wavy margins. Management of the disease involves planting resistant varieties, maintaining good soil nutrition and drainage, removing weed and rice residue hosts, and allowing fields to dry.
The document discusses the disease triangle and disease cycle in plants. The disease triangle illustrates the three factors required for disease: a susceptible host, a pathogen, and a favorable environment. The disease cycle describes the stages a pathogen goes through when infecting a host plant, including inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, colonization, dissemination, and overwintering/oversummering. It explains each step and how pathogens are able to survive between seasons and continue their life cycles.
This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions. It defines viroids as small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat that can infect plants. Viroids were first reported in 1971 and the most studied is the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Virusoids are also circular single-stranded RNAs that depend on plant viruses for replication and encapsidation. Prions are small infectious particles composed of abnormally folded protein that can transmit their misfolded shape to normal variants of the same protein.
Classification of plant diseases based on causative organismSijo A
Plant diseases can be classified as either infectious or non-infectious. Non-infectious diseases are caused by non-living factors like temperature, soil moisture, or pollution and result in physiological disorders. Infectious diseases are caused by living pathogenic organisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, or algae that can be transmitted from plant to plant. These organisms use different pathogenicity factors like toxins, cell-degrading enzymes, or phytohormones to infect plants and cause disease.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It was first reported in 1893 in Java and causes significant losses in sugarcane crops. Symptoms include yellowing of leaves, shriveled canes that are light in weight and easily broken with reddening of the pith. The pathogen survives in plant setts, infected plant debris, and soil. Management strategies include using disease-free setts, hot water or hot air treatment of setts, removing infected plant material, crop rotation, and growing resistant varieties.
This document discusses black rust of wheat, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis tritici. Black rust primarily affects wheat stems, appearing as elongated reddish-brown pustules. It completes its disease cycle on wheat plants and barberry bushes. Symptoms include merging pustules that eventually turn black. Control methods include removing barberry bushes, mixed cropping, chemical fungicides, and developing resistant wheat varieties.
This document discusses several plant viruses that cause diseases in crops such as banana, potato, tomato, chilli, and tobacco. It describes the symptoms, transmission methods (e.g. aphids, mechanical), epidemiology, and management (e.g. removing infected plants, using resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors) for each virus, including Banana Bunchy Top Virus, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Tomato Leaf Curl Virus, Chilli Mosaic Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus. The viruses can spread rapidly and cause significant crop yield losses if not properly managed.
Brown rot, caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most destructive diseases of potato. It is the second most limiting factor to potato production in Nepal, causing losses between 10-70%. The disease spreads through infected seed tubers, soil, water, and farming tools. It favors warm, moist conditions and the presence of root-knot nematodes. Management strategies include planting certified disease-free seed, controlling weeds and nematodes, applying bleaching powder, practicing crop rotation, and destroying crop debris through burning.
Tissue culture techniques in plant protectionJayantyadav94
Tissue culture is used to produce plants through biotechnology. Key points:
- Explant tissue is cultured on nutrient media and hormones induce callus growth.
- Plants can be regenerated from single cells through tissue culture techniques.
- Transgenic plants are produced by transferring foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium or direct methods. Genetically engineered plants help with crop improvement traits.
- While tissue culture and genetic engineering offer benefits, there are also risks like unintended gene transfer and loss of crop diversity that require careful risk assessment.
Diseases of vegetable and spice crops.pptxMadhuJ16
This document discusses several plant pathogenic bacteria, including Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria which causes bacterial spot on tomatoes. It provides details on the taxonomy, morphology, host range, symptoms, and management of these bacteria. It also discusses the role of type III effectors secreted by Xanthomonas in manipulating plant processes to cause disease.
Toxins produced by plant pathogens play an important role in disease development. There are three classes of toxins: pathotoxins which cause disease symptoms, phytotoxins which may contribute to disease, and vivotoxins which function in disease production but are not the initial cause. Toxins can be host-specific, affecting only the pathogen's host, or non-host specific. Host-specific toxins like T-toxin and victorin are primary determinants of disease in susceptible hosts by disrupting mitochondrial function or stimulating cell death. Non-host specific toxins like tabtoxin and tentoxin do not have host specificity and can affect plant physiology. Toxins cause effects like
Fusarium wilt of cotton is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, which plugs the xylem vessels of the cotton plant leading to wilting symptoms. The disease is favored by warm temperatures between 20-30°C and spreads through contaminated soil. Management strategies include seed treatment, removing infected plant debris, growing resistant varieties, and spot treating with fungicides.
Role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesisansarishahid786
This document discusses the role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as metabolites excreted or released by pathogens that damage host cells. Toxins are classified based on their source and specificity. Host-specific toxins only affect a pathogen's host, while non-host specific toxins can damage unrelated plants. Toxins disrupt cell permeability, metabolic processes, and growth regulation, injuring and killing host cells. They play an important role in disease development and symptom expression.
Banana bunchy top is a serious viral disease of bananas caused by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). It is transmitted by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). Symptoms include dark green streaks on leaves and petioles, chlorotic and upright leaves clustered at the top forming a "bunchy top". The disease reduces fruit production and quality. Management involves using virus-free planting materials, rogueing infected plants, controlling the vector with insecticides, and maintaining weed-free fields. BBTV has had major economic impacts on banana industries worldwide.
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the most serious diseases of banana. It is difficult to eradicate once established. BBTV symptoms initially appear as dark green streaks in the veins of banana leaves. Later, leaves emerge narrower than normal with yellow margins and are stiff, erect, and bunched at the top of the plant. The virus spreads through propagation materials and by the banana aphid acquiring the virus after feeding on infected plants. Severely infected plants often do not fruit, and fruit that does form is distorted and twisted. Control measures include using virus-free materials, removing infected plants, and insecticidal soaps, though insecticides have little effect on virus spread.
- More than 2000 viruses are known to infect plants, with about 1/4 causing diseases. Some common plant viruses include tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and cauliflower mosaic virus.
- Viral diseases in plants show symptoms like mosaic patterns, leaf curling, vein clearing, and bunchy tops. Viruses are obligate parasites that replicate inside living cells and are composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
- Plant viruses are transmitted in several ways, including by insects, mechanical means, seed, vegetative propagation, fungi, nematodes, and soil. Effective management of plant viruses involves controlling vectors, using resistant varieties, and sterilizing agricultural tools.
The document discusses Papaya leaf curl virus, a disease that affects papaya plants causing leaf curling and thickening of veins, which can lead to defoliation and stunted growth. The virus is transmitted by the silverleaf whitefly and can also spread through infected seeds, seedlings, and grafting material. Management strategies include removing and destroying infected plants, controlling the whitefly vector through insecticide sprays, and applying systemic insecticides to the soil.
"In field molecular diagnostics as an aid to disease management"EMPHASIS PROJECT
Insights about isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays and how they can be used to diagnose the presence of latent diseases in the field, including those which are especially difficult to identify. They will show how assays are developed, and how they may be used to improve disease management choices.
The target audience are researchers, agri-business and forestry experts, farmers and foresters and any other interested in plant health.
Do not hesitate to contact EMPHASIS project through Facebook, Twitter, email (emphasisproject@gmail.com) or through their website (http://www.emphasisproject.eu/) if you want to be updated on webinars dates and content and book a ticket.
To watch on Youtube: https://youtu.be/yFEG9uTEhdc
The document discusses various methods for diagnosing important bacterial diseases through laboratory examination. Effective diagnosis allows for timely treatment and control measures. Key methods discussed include microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, serological identification, and molecular diagnosis. Microscopy can identify bacterial morphology and staining properties. Culture techniques isolate bacteria on selective media and examine colony characteristics. Biochemical tests identify metabolic properties. Serology detects bacterial antigens and antibodies. Molecular methods like PCR and sequencing provide sensitive, specific identification and can detect non-culturable bacteria. Together, these diagnostic methods allow clinicians to initiate appropriate treatment and control of bacterial outbreaks.
Late blight of potato is caused by the fungus Phytophthora infestans. It initially infects the lower leaves and can attack the plant at any time after foliage develops. The disease leads to water soaked spots on leaves that turn purple-brown and black, and white growth develops on the underside of leaves. It also causes purplish brown spots on tubers. Cool, humid conditions favor the spread of the disease. Control measures include using resistant varieties, avoiding bruising of tubers, and regularly spraying fungicides like mancozeb every 10-15 days during crop growth.
Bacterial blight is a serious disease of rice caused by the bacteria Xanthomonas oryzae. It causes wilting of seedlings and yellowing and drying of leaves. Bacterial blight is one of the most important rice diseases, and can cause up to 70% yield loss in susceptible varieties. Symptoms include yellow water-soaked lesions on leaves that develop whitish or grayish stripes and wavy margins. Management of the disease involves planting resistant varieties, maintaining good soil nutrition and drainage, removing weed and rice residue hosts, and allowing fields to dry.
The document discusses the disease triangle and disease cycle in plants. The disease triangle illustrates the three factors required for disease: a susceptible host, a pathogen, and a favorable environment. The disease cycle describes the stages a pathogen goes through when infecting a host plant, including inoculation, penetration, infection, invasion, colonization, dissemination, and overwintering/oversummering. It explains each step and how pathogens are able to survive between seasons and continue their life cycles.
This document discusses viroids, virusoids, and prions. It defines viroids as small, circular, single-stranded RNA molecules without a protein coat that can infect plants. Viroids were first reported in 1971 and the most studied is the Potato Spindle Tuber Viroid. Virusoids are also circular single-stranded RNAs that depend on plant viruses for replication and encapsidation. Prions are small infectious particles composed of abnormally folded protein that can transmit their misfolded shape to normal variants of the same protein.
Classification of plant diseases based on causative organismSijo A
Plant diseases can be classified as either infectious or non-infectious. Non-infectious diseases are caused by non-living factors like temperature, soil moisture, or pollution and result in physiological disorders. Infectious diseases are caused by living pathogenic organisms like viruses, bacteria, fungi, mycoplasma, or algae that can be transmitted from plant to plant. These organisms use different pathogenicity factors like toxins, cell-degrading enzymes, or phytohormones to infect plants and cause disease.
Effect of environment and nutrition on plant disease developmentparnavi kadam
BRIEF AND PRECISE POINTS ON PLANT DISEASE DEVELOPMENT. IT MOSTLY FOCUSES ON HOW THE FACTORS AFFECT THE MICROBES AND THEN THEIR MICROBIAL EFFECT ON DISEASE DEVELOPMENT.
Red rot of sugarcane is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum falcatum. It was first reported in 1893 in Java and causes significant losses in sugarcane crops. Symptoms include yellowing of leaves, shriveled canes that are light in weight and easily broken with reddening of the pith. The pathogen survives in plant setts, infected plant debris, and soil. Management strategies include using disease-free setts, hot water or hot air treatment of setts, removing infected plant material, crop rotation, and growing resistant varieties.
This document discusses black rust of wheat, caused by the fungal pathogen Puccinia graminis tritici. Black rust primarily affects wheat stems, appearing as elongated reddish-brown pustules. It completes its disease cycle on wheat plants and barberry bushes. Symptoms include merging pustules that eventually turn black. Control methods include removing barberry bushes, mixed cropping, chemical fungicides, and developing resistant wheat varieties.
This document discusses several plant viruses that cause diseases in crops such as banana, potato, tomato, chilli, and tobacco. It describes the symptoms, transmission methods (e.g. aphids, mechanical), epidemiology, and management (e.g. removing infected plants, using resistant varieties, controlling insect vectors) for each virus, including Banana Bunchy Top Virus, Potato Virus X, Potato Virus Y, Potato Leaf Roll Virus, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus, Tomato Leaf Curl Virus, Chilli Mosaic Virus, and Tobacco Mosaic Virus. The viruses can spread rapidly and cause significant crop yield losses if not properly managed.
Brown rot, caused by the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most destructive diseases of potato. It is the second most limiting factor to potato production in Nepal, causing losses between 10-70%. The disease spreads through infected seed tubers, soil, water, and farming tools. It favors warm, moist conditions and the presence of root-knot nematodes. Management strategies include planting certified disease-free seed, controlling weeds and nematodes, applying bleaching powder, practicing crop rotation, and destroying crop debris through burning.
Tissue culture techniques in plant protectionJayantyadav94
Tissue culture is used to produce plants through biotechnology. Key points:
- Explant tissue is cultured on nutrient media and hormones induce callus growth.
- Plants can be regenerated from single cells through tissue culture techniques.
- Transgenic plants are produced by transferring foreign genes into plant cells using Agrobacterium or direct methods. Genetically engineered plants help with crop improvement traits.
- While tissue culture and genetic engineering offer benefits, there are also risks like unintended gene transfer and loss of crop diversity that require careful risk assessment.
Diseases of vegetable and spice crops.pptxMadhuJ16
This document discusses several plant pathogenic bacteria, including Xanthomonas, Erwinia, and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria which causes bacterial spot on tomatoes. It provides details on the taxonomy, morphology, host range, symptoms, and management of these bacteria. It also discusses the role of type III effectors secreted by Xanthomonas in manipulating plant processes to cause disease.
Toxins produced by plant pathogens play an important role in disease development. There are three classes of toxins: pathotoxins which cause disease symptoms, phytotoxins which may contribute to disease, and vivotoxins which function in disease production but are not the initial cause. Toxins can be host-specific, affecting only the pathogen's host, or non-host specific. Host-specific toxins like T-toxin and victorin are primary determinants of disease in susceptible hosts by disrupting mitochondrial function or stimulating cell death. Non-host specific toxins like tabtoxin and tentoxin do not have host specificity and can affect plant physiology. Toxins cause effects like
Fusarium wilt of cotton is caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum, which plugs the xylem vessels of the cotton plant leading to wilting symptoms. The disease is favored by warm temperatures between 20-30°C and spreads through contaminated soil. Management strategies include seed treatment, removing infected plant debris, growing resistant varieties, and spot treating with fungicides.
Role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesisansarishahid786
This document discusses the role of microbial toxins in plant pathogenesis. It defines toxins as metabolites excreted or released by pathogens that damage host cells. Toxins are classified based on their source and specificity. Host-specific toxins only affect a pathogen's host, while non-host specific toxins can damage unrelated plants. Toxins disrupt cell permeability, metabolic processes, and growth regulation, injuring and killing host cells. They play an important role in disease development and symptom expression.
Banana bunchy top is a serious viral disease of bananas caused by the Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV). It is transmitted by the banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa). Symptoms include dark green streaks on leaves and petioles, chlorotic and upright leaves clustered at the top forming a "bunchy top". The disease reduces fruit production and quality. Management involves using virus-free planting materials, rogueing infected plants, controlling the vector with insecticides, and maintaining weed-free fields. BBTV has had major economic impacts on banana industries worldwide.
Banana bunchy top virus (BBTV) is one of the most serious diseases of banana. It is difficult to eradicate once established. BBTV symptoms initially appear as dark green streaks in the veins of banana leaves. Later, leaves emerge narrower than normal with yellow margins and are stiff, erect, and bunched at the top of the plant. The virus spreads through propagation materials and by the banana aphid acquiring the virus after feeding on infected plants. Severely infected plants often do not fruit, and fruit that does form is distorted and twisted. Control measures include using virus-free materials, removing infected plants, and insecticidal soaps, though insecticides have little effect on virus spread.
- More than 2000 viruses are known to infect plants, with about 1/4 causing diseases. Some common plant viruses include tobacco mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, and cauliflower mosaic virus.
- Viral diseases in plants show symptoms like mosaic patterns, leaf curling, vein clearing, and bunchy tops. Viruses are obligate parasites that replicate inside living cells and are composed of nucleic acids and proteins.
- Plant viruses are transmitted in several ways, including by insects, mechanical means, seed, vegetative propagation, fungi, nematodes, and soil. Effective management of plant viruses involves controlling vectors, using resistant varieties, and sterilizing agricultural tools.
The document discusses Papaya leaf curl virus, a disease that affects papaya plants causing leaf curling and thickening of veins, which can lead to defoliation and stunted growth. The virus is transmitted by the silverleaf whitefly and can also spread through infected seeds, seedlings, and grafting material. Management strategies include removing and destroying infected plants, controlling the whitefly vector through insecticide sprays, and applying systemic insecticides to the soil.
"In field molecular diagnostics as an aid to disease management"EMPHASIS PROJECT
Insights about isothermal Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assays and how they can be used to diagnose the presence of latent diseases in the field, including those which are especially difficult to identify. They will show how assays are developed, and how they may be used to improve disease management choices.
The target audience are researchers, agri-business and forestry experts, farmers and foresters and any other interested in plant health.
Do not hesitate to contact EMPHASIS project through Facebook, Twitter, email (emphasisproject@gmail.com) or through their website (http://www.emphasisproject.eu/) if you want to be updated on webinars dates and content and book a ticket.
To watch on Youtube: https://youtu.be/yFEG9uTEhdc
The document discusses various methods for diagnosing important bacterial diseases through laboratory examination. Effective diagnosis allows for timely treatment and control measures. Key methods discussed include microscopy, culture techniques, biochemical reactions, serological identification, and molecular diagnosis. Microscopy can identify bacterial morphology and staining properties. Culture techniques isolate bacteria on selective media and examine colony characteristics. Biochemical tests identify metabolic properties. Serology detects bacterial antigens and antibodies. Molecular methods like PCR and sequencing provide sensitive, specific identification and can detect non-culturable bacteria. Together, these diagnostic methods allow clinicians to initiate appropriate treatment and control of bacterial outbreaks.
The document provides information on the diagnosis of important bacterial diseases. It discusses the importance of quick diagnostic results for effective treatment during disease outbreaks. It covers the types and activities of various antimicrobial classes against different bacteria and microorganisms. It also describes the scope of bacterial infections, types of bacteria, why diagnosis is needed, recommended diagnostics for various diseases, steps in diagnosis, prerequisites for laboratory examination including appropriate sample collection and transport, and various microbiological diagnostic techniques like microscopy, culture, and biochemical identification.
This document discusses the process of diagnosing bacterial plant diseases. It outlines the key steps: assessing symptoms, isolating pathogenic bacteria, obtaining a pure culture, identifying the pure culture, conducting a pathogenicity test, re-isolating from inoculated plants, re-identifying the re-isolate, and producing a diagnosis report. These steps follow Koch's postulates to prove a bacterium causes a disease. The document then discusses each step in more detail, including how to isolate and identify bacteria using conventional methods, and explains the stages of pathogenesis and functions of bacterial virulence factors.
1. The document discusses various laboratory diagnostic techniques for infectious diseases including microscopy, staining, culture-based, and molecular methods.
2. Key techniques covered include wet mount microscopy, Gram staining, acid-fast staining, immunofluorescence staining, and molecular methods like nucleic acid hybridization and PCR.
3. The document emphasizes the importance of proper specimen collection for maximizing recovery of pathogens and minimizing contamination. Adequate specimen quantity and avoidance of antimicrobial treatment prior to collection are important.
This document provides information about diagnostic microbiology techniques. It discusses collecting specimens correctly and transporting them to the lab properly. It also summarizes various microbiology techniques like microscopy, culture, and sensitivity testing used to diagnose bacterial infections. These include staining methods like Gram stain and acid-fast stain to identify bacteria under the microscope. It also describes different types of culture media used for isolation, identification, and quantification of bacteria. Identification methods involve examining morphology, growth characteristics, and biochemical properties of bacteria. The document lists various non-cultural diagnostic techniques as well.
Methods to detect potability of water samplevimala rodhe
Water is precious and it is the base for living, Several disease causing pathogens are transmitted through water. There are various methods to detect the presence of pathogens in drinking water samples.Some of the methods to detect microbiological quality of water are discussed.
Microbiology encompasses the study of bacteria, parasites, viruses, and fungi. Bacteriology includes identifying bacterial characteristics, appropriate specimen collection, aseptic technique, culture techniques, colony characteristics, gram staining, and common bacterial infections like bacteremia, meningitis, and those caused by Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Candida, Cryptococcus, and E. coli. Identification requires observing bacterial growth, morphology, hemolysis, gram reaction, and automated methods.
The document discusses general principles for diagnosing infectious diseases, including:
1. Physical examination, clinical diagnosis, and epidemiological assessment help identify possible pathogens.
2. Laboratory tests are needed to confirm the causative agent, including microscopic examination, culture-based methods, and immunological or molecular detection techniques.
3. Proper specimen collection, transport, and timing are important for accurate diagnostic results.
This document discusses Pseudomonas spp., including:
- It is a gram-negative, oxidase-positive bacillus that is an opportunistic pathogen.
- It causes various infections like pulmonary infections, burn wound infections, UTIs, and eye infections.
- It has several virulence factors and mechanisms of antibiotic resistance that make it challenging to treat.
- Diagnosis involves culture, biochemical tests, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. Oxidase and oxidation-fermentation tests can help identify it.
Campylobacter is a common cause of foodborne illness worldwide and Campylobacter jejuni is a typical organism, which is a gram-negative, motile bacterium that causes both intestinal and systemic infections. Key virulence factors of Campylobacter include lipopolysaccharides and enterotoxins, and pathogenesis involves oral transmission from contaminated food or animals followed by colonization of the small intestine. Symptoms include acute diarrhea and abdominal pain that are usually self-limiting but antibiotics may be used for severe or prolonged cases.
Culture K and J were identified through examination of their appearance on culture media, gram staining reactions, and catalase tests. Gram staining revealed that culture K was gram-positive, staining purple, while culture J was gram-negative, staining pink. Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer in their cell walls, staining purple with gram staining. Gram-negative bacteria have a thinner peptidoglycan layer and an outer membrane, staining pink. Identification of the bacteria was achieved through analysis of cell structure and staining characteristics.
This document provides information on identifying bacteria. It discusses the hierarchy of biological classification and describes methods for bacterial identification including microscopic morphology, macroscopic morphology, physiological/biochemical characteristics, and genetic/molecular analysis. Steps for diagnostic isolation and identification are outlined beginning with streaking samples on culture plates and observing colony characteristics. Methods for examining bacterial cells like Gram stain, flagella, capsules, and spores are covered. Biochemical tests for identification like indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, and lactose fermentation are also discussed.
The document discusses various methods for identifying bacteria, including microscopic examination of cell morphology and staining techniques like Gram staining, endospore staining, and flagella staining. It also covers biochemical tests like indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate, and hydrogen sulfide production that can help differentiate between bacterial species. The document provides examples of morphological characteristics and biochemical profiles that are used to identify common bacteria like Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and members of the Enterobacteriaceae family.
The document provides information on Haemophilus influenzae and Bordetella pertussis, two bacteria that can cause respiratory infections. It discusses their morphology, culture characteristics, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. For H. influenzae, it covers its six serotypes, methods of transmission, signs of infection, and appropriate antibiotic treatments. For B. pertussis, it focuses on whooping cough as its main clinical manifestation, symptoms by phase of illness, diagnostic tests, immunization through vaccination, and antimicrobial therapies.
This document provides an overview of microbial taxonomy and methods for classifying microorganisms. It discusses the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species and describes various morphological, biochemical, and molecular techniques used to identify and classify microbes, including staining methods, biochemical tests, serology, phage typing, nucleic acid analysis, and numerical taxonomy. The document aims to explain the criteria and analytical processes involved in the formal identification and organization of microorganisms.
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prof . dr. ihsan edan alsaimary
department of microbiology - college of medicine - university of basrah - basrah -IRAQ
ihsanalsaimary@gmail.com
00964 7801410838
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Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
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তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
বাংলাদেশ অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা (Economic Review) ২০২৪ UJS App.pdf
Chapter_ 3 Plant pathogenic Bacteria _identification and classification.ppt
1. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic
bacteria
Successful control of any plant pathogenic disease depend up on the
availability of quick accurate methods of diagnosing and identification
2. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
A simple diagnosis may require only symptom recognition and a rapid test to
confirm identity of a known bacterial plant pathogen
A knowledge of Symptom is a prerequisite for successful isolation and
identification
Enable to understand disease development in susceptible and resistant plants
3. Identification by Symptoms
Excellent genetical or molecular biological research is mistakenly based on atypical
symptoms = No useful conclusion
Therefore, it is important to stress some fundamental aspects of diversity of
symptoms
Typical bacterial disease symptoms appear during early phase disease development
Early phase of disease development = easy isolation of the pathogen
General characteristics PPB = attacked tissues are water soaked=
Bacterial polysaccharides
Later stage of symptoms similar to other fungi or virus
4. Types of Symptoms caused by Bacteria: Cause various symptoms
= five groups
Types of diseases Invaded tissue Kind of symptoms Pathogen
Leaf spot Invasion of inercellualry space and
necrotization of parenchymatous tissues
Water soaked spots Bacteria exudates
or ooze Angular leaf spot halo
blight chlorosis of young leaves
leaf blight fruit spots
Pseudomonas, Xanthomonads
Canker and die back Invasion of bark and woody tissues through
wounds , buds and leaf scars, young
leaves and blossoms
Bark necrosis canker, gummosis, die
back (apopelexy) shoot blight
shot hole on leaves bud blast
bark necrosis canker, bacterial
ooze die of blossom and twig
blight
Pseudomonas syringae Pv syringae
group
Erwina amylovora
Vascular wilt Invasion of vascular elements Wilting dwarfing browing of vascular
tissue ring rot of potato Bird’s
eye spots on tomato fruits
Coryneform bacteria, R.
solanacerum a few
xanthomonads
Soft rot diseases Maceration of middle lamella and primary
cell wall
Soft rot of tubers and onions and
others, Black leg disease
Soft rotting erwinias afew
pseudomonas
Proliferation and
tumer
Stimulation of plant cells and tissues to grow
abnormal
Agrobacteria, R. fascians, P.
syringae pv savastanoi
5. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic
bacteria
Diagnosis of truly unknown pathogens requires
Field observation,
Examination of plant tissues,
Isolation of the pathogen,
Characterization, and
Proof of Koch’s postulates
6. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
Robert Koch (1843–1910). Based on his experiences, in 1887, Koch set out the four
steps or criteria that must be satisfied before a microorganism isolated from a
diseased human, animal, or plant can be considered as the cause of the
disease.
These four steps, rules, or criteria are known as “Koch’s postulates”
1. The suspected causal agent (bacterium or other microorganism)
must be present in every diseased organism (e.g., a plant)
examined.
2. The suspected causal agent (bacterium, etc.) must be isolated from
the diseased host organism (plant) and grown in pure culture.
3. When a pure culture of the suspected causal agent is inoculated into
a healthy susceptible host (plant), the host must reproduce the
specific disease.
4. The same causal agent must be recovered again from the
experimentally inoculated and infected host, i.e., the recovered
agent must have the same characteristics as the organism in step 2.
7. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The constant presence of large numbers of bacteria in the affected
area, and the absence of any other pathogens = the causative agent
However, care must be taken to exclude the possibility that the
observed bacteria are secondary saprophytes, i.e., bacteria that are
growing in tissue killed by some other cause
Selective media are available for the selective cultivation of almost
all plant pathogenic bacteria free of common saprophytes so that the
genus and even some species can be identified
The easiest and surest way to prove that the observed bacterium is
the pathogen is through isolation and growth of the bacterium in
pure culture and, using a single colony for re-inoculation of a
susceptible host plant, reproducing the symptoms of the disease
and comparing them with those produced by known species of
bacteria
10. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
Recommended steps for identifying a disease
Identify the diseased plant
Examine symptoms both macro and microscopically
Under take literature search for pathogens occurring in a particular country
Compare disease symptoms with symptoms described in the literature
Select isolation media
Isolate
Incubate at appropriate temperature
Examine agar plates with bacterial growth
Select suspect colonies
Purify selected colonies
Perform required test (s)
Perform pathogenicity test
12. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
Many bacterial diseases can be diagnosed quickly and efficiently using
established methods and materials that are already widely available
Hence, Identification of Plant Pathogenic bacteria involves
Observation and comparison of visible characteristics such as size,
shape, structure, and color
Obscure properties as chemical composition,
Serological reactions
Ability to use certain nutrients = Physiological properties,
Enzymatic action
Pathogenicity to plants
Growth on selective media: For isolation and culture of PPB there exist
different general purpose and semi selective media. For instance see
the followings lists.
15. Serological Test
Agglutination
Slide agglutination
Tube agglutination
Latex agglutination
Precipitation in Agar
Piazzi test
Oucherlony double diffusion
Immuno-dot blot
Nitrocellulose membrane
DAS ELISA
16. Physiological criteria
Acetion (Methyle Red Test)= Erwina
Amino peptidase activitiy = All pathogens
Arginine dihyrolase- Pseudomonase
Carbon Source utilization= All Genera
Catalase= All Genera
Crystal Violet Pectate= Erwina and Pseudomonas
Egg yolk agar
Erythromycin senstivity = Erwina
Esculin Hydrolsis= Xanthomonas
Easrerase activity
Flourescent=Pseudomonas
Gelatine Hydrolysis Pseudomonas= Xanthomonas and Erwina
Gram stain= All Genea
Hyrogen sulphide production from from cysteine= Erwina and Xanthomonas
Indigoidine (Blue)= Erwina and Clavibacter
Indol production= Erwina
2 keto Gluconate Production= pseudomonas and Erwina
Kelactose Production= Agrobacterium tumefaciens
17. Physiological criteria..continued
Levan Formation= Pseudomonas and Agrobacterium
Milk Proteolysis= Xanthomonas
Miniatured biochemical procedures= Erwina
Nitrate reducation= Pseudomonas
Oxidase test= pseudomonas and Agro bacterium
Oxidation/Fermentation Test= All genera
Phenylalanine deaminase = Erwina
Phosphotatase Activity=Erwina
Poly BetaHydroxybuttrate inclusions= Pseudomonas and Agrobacerium
Potassium hydroxide solubility test= All Genera
Potato soft rot= Erwina and Pseudomonas
Reducing Substances from sucrose=Erwina
Sodium chloride tolerance= All Genera
Temperature Requirement= All Genera
TTC agar= Ralstonia solanacerum
Tyrosinase= Streptomyces
Urease Production =Erwina
18. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The chemical compositions of certain substances in bacterial cells can be
detected with specific staining techniques
Gram’s staining reaction differentiates bacteria into gram-positive and
gram-negative types
Gram staining reaction involves
1. Fixing bacteria cell on a glass slide with a crystal violet solution
2. Gentle rinsing gently and treatment with iodine solution,
3. Rinsing again with water and treating with alcohol.
Gram-positive bacteria retain the violet-iodine stain combination
Gram-negative bacteria have no affinity for the stain combination, which is
therefore removed by the alcohol rinse, and bacteria remain as nearly
invisible as before.
20. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
KOK (Test)= is an alternative to Gram staining procedure to identify Gram
negative or positive bacteria.
The procedure is
Grow the test bacteria is pure culture
Mix loopful of bacteria with 2 drops of 3% KOH
Gram –Ve = Gummy uponmixing
Gram +Ve = Non gummy
If questionable use Gram stain
22. Differentiation of Major Genera
Character
Erwina
Pantoea
Acidovorax
Pseudomonas
Ralstonia
Burkholderia
Xanthomonas
Xaylophilus
Agrobacterium
Clavibacter
Clostridum
Bacillus
Streptomyces
Diffusiable non-fluorencent pigment
on KB
- - - - - + - - - - - - -
Urease -e - + - + v - + ND - ND ND ND
Oxidase - - + - + +f - - + - - v +
Growth at 40 OC - v + - - +g - - - - + + -
More than four Petrichous flagella + + - - - - - - - - v v -
Growth on DIM agar - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Spores formed - - - - - - - - - - + + -
Aerial mycelium - - - - - - - - - - - - +
+, 80% or more strains positive after five days, V, between 21-79% of strains positive,-, 80% of strains negative, ND Not
determined
a- Colonies of Pantoea citrea and some strain of P.agglommerans are generally white
b- Colonies of X.campestris pathovars manihotis and mangiferaeindicea are white
c- Xaylophilus grows very slowly on these media , but somewhat better on Difco nutrient agar
d- Colonies Clavibacter michiganesis subsp.sepedonicus are generally white
e- Erwina nigrifluens is positive
f- Burkholderia andropogodiis is oxidase negative
g- Burkholderia andropogodiis and B.glumae pv.agricola are negative
23. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria
In plants and animal, species is defined as a population of individuals in
which the fundamental characteristics are stable, and intraspecific crosses
do not cause sterility nor reduce reproduction
In bacteria, the concept of species is less clear compared with that of
higher organisms because of their simple cell morphology and the
primitive form of sexual reproduction
Bacterial species are the taxonomic groups of strains defined on the basis
of common phenotypic characteristics.
24. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria
In practice, the International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria
requires a designation of the strain of the group as the type strain,
the representative holding the name of the species.
These factors make the concept of the bacterial species indistinct
and classification unstable.
A bacterial species is a group of bacterial strains that share certain
phenotypic and genotypic characteristics
25. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria…continued
Some groups of phytopathogenic bacteria can only be differentiated
by their pathogenecity on plants; an intraspecific division called
pathovar
Bacterial strains serve as the type strain, with the other strains of the
species differing to a lesser or greater extent from the type strain
When a strain or group of strains infect a host plant not infected by
the other strains of the species, that strain or group of strains
comprise a pathovar (pv.) of the species
Pathovar in plant pathogenic bacteria is a subspecies (group of
strains) that can infect only plant within a certain genus or species.
26. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria…continued
Nomenospecies
A nomenospecies is the species with binominal names given in accordance
with the rules of nomenclature, irrespective of its inappropriateness to the
rules of nomenclature,
The names may be claimed for another taxa on the basis of some criteria.
For example, X.campestris is a nomenospecies superseded by
X.campestris pv. Phaseoli.
Molecular species:
Molecular species is the term applied to a group of strains with a high degree of
nucleic acid (DNA) or (RNA) homology. The sequence of nucleic acids
establishes and preserves the identity of a species. The species in
phylogenetic systematics corresponds to this
27. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria…continued
Bacteria taxonomy and names are less clear and stable than in other
organisms
It is difficult to verify all characteristics of a bacterium, and
differentiation between species is not always apparent.
Intermediate strains occur
Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology is the basic manual
for the classification of bacteria.
New names and taxonomic changes in bacterial classification are
published in the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology.
.
28. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria…continued
Some groups of phytopathogenic bacteria can only be differentiated by their
pathogenecity on plants; an intraspecific division called pathovar. Some
phytopathogenic bacteria attack only specific plant species; some have a
narrow host range while others have a wide host range
In plants and animal, species is defined as a population of individuals in
which the fundamental characteristics are stable, and intraspecific crosses
do not cause sterility nor reduce reproduction
In bacteria, the concept of species is less clear compared with that of higher
organisms because of their simple cell morphology and the primitive form of
sexual reproduction
29. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria…continued
Taxospecies:
Taxospecies refers to a group of strains that have a number of phenotypic
characteristics in common and can be grouped into distinct phenotypic groups
The bacterial species which are operationally and routinely used in
bacteriology for example Erwinia amylovora or Ralstonia solanacerum or
Xanthomonas campestris
The named group in a formal taxonomy is referred to as a taxon (plural taxa).
30. Identification and classification of plant pathogenic bacteria
The concept of species in Bacteria…continued
Genospecies: A genospecies is a group of strains that can
accomplish genetic exchange in some way
Because genetic exchange occurs not only at species level but also
at genus level or even at the family level, genospecies has not been
considered of high practical value.
31. Methods of classification
Conventional taxonomy:
Numerical taxonomy:
Similarity index: S = [Ns / Ns + Nd ] x 100
Matching index: Ssm = [Ns / No / Ns + Nd + No ] x 100
Molecular taxonomy:: compositions expressed as guanaine plus
cytocine content (G + C%),
DNA-DNA or DNA-rRNA homology,
DNA bas composition:
DNA-DNA homology:
Restriction fragment-length polymorphism (RFLP):
Protein profiles:
Isozymes: