The document discusses the concepts of motivation and emotions, defining motivation as the driving force behind behavior toward goals. It elaborates on types of motivation, including intrinsic and extrinsic, as well as various theories such as instinct theory, drive theory, and cognitive theory. Emotions are described as physiological states that influence behavior and are categorized into primary and secondary emotions, illustrating their complexity and impact on human experience.

1. University of Burao
Motivation and Emotions
Copyright: Lecturer Basher M. Muhumud
October, 2019 1Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

2. Motivation
What is Motivation?
• Motivation is a need or desire that energizes
behavior and directs it toward a goal.
• It is what either starts or stops behavior. It is
the internal and external forces that drive our
thoughts, moods, and behaviors.
October, 2019 2Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

3. Importance of Motivation
• Directs activities towards the achievement of a
goal.
• Controls and directs human behavior.
• Inculcates spiritual and moral values in the
minds of the young.
• Gives satisfaction and happiness to the
individual.
October, 2019 3Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

4. Types of Motivation
• Intrinsic Motivation: an internal stimulus that
arouses one to action.
• It is based on motive, which is always intrinsic.
A motive arouses one to do something.
• For instance, If a learner wants to solve a
mathematical problem however difficult it is, he
can solve it correctly. He feels elated and with
self-fulfillment.
4October, 2019 Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

5. • Extrinsic Motivation: an external stimulus to
action.
• This type of motivation is based on incentive.
• It comes from the outside of the individual,
that is, from the external environment.
• It comes from the form of praise, social
approval, high grades, medals and the likes.
October, 2019 5Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

6. 6October, 2019

7. Theories of Motivation
• Different schools of thought look at motivation
(that power that either starts or stops behavior)
through different lenses.
• Instinct theory
• Drive Theory
• Incentive theory
• Cognitive theory
• Arousal Theory
• Maslow’s motivational theory
7October, 2019

8. Instinct Theory
• Instinct theory proposes that organisms are
motivated to engage in certain behaviors
because of their genetic programming and
because these behaviors lead to success in
terms of natural selection.
• For example, we pursue sex in order to
reproduce to propagate the human species.
• It is an innate biological need.
October, 2019 8Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

9. Instinctual Behaviors
• Reproduction and social dominance
• Human beings are territorial “this is our
space” by nature.
• Some animals have instinctual behaviors, like
mating dances and nest building sequences.
October, 2019 9Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

10. Drive Theory
• Drive theory also known as Drive-Reduction
theory or Homeostatic theory.
• This perspective views behavior as motivated
by the need to reduce internal tension caused
by unmet biological needs.
• This unmet need “drives” us to behave in a way
that causes the intensity of the drive to be
reduced.
10October, 2019 Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

11. Cont.
• They work by “negative” feedback, that is one
experiences an unpleasant feeling (hunger,
thirst) until you meet the need.
• The brain makes sure the body is kept in
balance (body temperature, fluid levels, energy
supplies, need for rest).
• This balance or optimal state is called
homeostasis.
October, 2019 11Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

12. Cont.
• This is our natural state. The body does its best to
stay balanced. (hunger, thirst, sex drive, sleep)
October, 2019 12Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

13. Incentive Theory
• An incentive is the object we seek or the result
we are trying to achieve through our motivated
behavior.
• Incentives are also known as reinforcers, goals,
and rewards.
• Incentive theory states that behavior is
motivated by the pull of external (outside )
goals, such as rewards.
October, 2019 13Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

14. Cont.
• Not all of human behavior has a direct reward
attached to it.
• For example, how about those who are
motivated to achieve just for the sake of
achieving or who do things for fun or personal
growth.
October, 2019 14Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

15. 15

16. Cognitive Theory
• Cognitive psychologists seek to explain
motivation by looking at forces inside and
outside of us that energize us to move.
• They propose that we act in particular ways at
particular times as a result of extrinsic and
intrinsic motivations.
October, 2019 16Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

17. Cont.
• For example, if you spend hours playing
basketball because you wish to excel at the
sport, you are following intrinsic motivation.
• If you spend hours playing basketball because
your parents want you to excel at the sport, you
are following extrinsic motivation.
October, 2019 17Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

18. Arousal Theory
• People are motivated
to maintain an
optimum level of
arousal—neither too
high nor too low
• Curiosity motive—
helps us to understand
our environment.
October, 2019 18Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

19. Maslow’s Motivational Theory
• Abraham Maslow suggested that motives are
divided into several levels from basic survival
needs to psychological and self-fulfillment
needs.
• The more basic needs are at the bottom and the
higher level needs are at the top.
• Before higher ordered needs are satisfied in the
hierarchy, the primary needs must be satisfied.
October, 2019 19Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

20. 20
October, 2019

21. Motives
• Motive is generally defined as a state of
physiological or psychological arousal which
influences how we behave.
• It is a physiological arousal, such as hunger or
thirst, motivates us to eat or get something to
drink.
• For example, if you see someone buying food in a
shop, you may come to the conclusion that they
are hungry and so they must be driven by
physiological arousal.
21October, 2019 Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

22. Types of Motives
1. Biological motives
• Biological motives are critical to our survival
and physical well-being.
• We have built in regulating systems that work
to maintain:
- Body temperature
- Blood sugar levels
- Production of hormones, etc.
October, 2019 22Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

23. 2. Social Motives
• Social motives are also known as acquired or
learned motives.
• These some complex forms of motives, which
result mainly from man’s interaction with his
social environment.
• These motives are called social, because they
learned in social groups.
October, 2019 23Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

24. Emotions
October, 2019 24Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

25. Emotions
• Emotion is defined as a state characterized by
physiological arousal, changes in facial
expression, gestures, posture and subjective
feelings.
• An example of physiological changes (or arousal)
are a pounding heart, sweating palms,
“butterflies in the stomach”, and other bodily
reactions.
October, 2019 25Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

26. Eight Primary Emotions
• Fear
• Surprise
• Sadness
• Disgust
• Anger
• Anticipation
• Happy
• Trust
October, 2019 26Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

27. Emotions include three things
• Conscious experience (feelings)
• Expressions which can be seen by others
• Actions of the body ('physiological arousal')
Emotion is associated with:
• Mood
• Temperament
• Personality
• Disposition
• Motivation
27October, 2019 Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

28. Categories of Emotion
Emotions are divided into two categories:
1. Primary emotion: a primary human emotion
types are the one triggered in response to an event.
Examples of primary emotions:
• Love
• Joy
• Anger
• Sadness
• Surprise
• Fear
28Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

29. 2. Secondary emotion: If we experience fear, the
secondary emotions would be: feel threatened or
feel anger, depending on the situation we are
experiencing.
Examples of secondary emotions:
• Passion
• Optimism
• Irritation
• Disgust
• Shame
• Nervousness
29Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

30. Historical Perspectives of Emotion
James-Lange Theory
of Emotion
• Emotion arises from
physiological arousal
– Happiness comes
from smiling
– Sadness comes from
crying
October, 2019 30Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

31. Cont.
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
• Emotion originates in the thalamus.
• “Body” (physiological systems) and “Mind”
(emotional experience) are independently
activated at the same time.
October, 2019 31

32. Human Emotion
• Human emotion is innate in all of us;
• It is something we are born with and something
we die with.
• Happiness, sadness, love, hatred, worries, and
indifference – these are things that constantly
occur in our daily lives.
October, 2019 32Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

33. Variety of Emotions
• Positive emotions: positive emotions that lead
one to feel good about one’s self will lead to an
emotionally happy and satisfied result.
• Some of the positive emotions are:
- Hopeful
- Confident
- Peaceful, etc.
October, 2019 33Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

34. • Negative emotions: negative emotions sap
your energy and undermine your effectiveness.
• In the negative emotional state, you find the
lack of desire to do anything.
• Some of the negative emotions are:
- Exhausted
- Panic
- Obnoxious
October, 2019 34Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

35. Factors affecting Emotions
• Personality
• Culture
• Weather
• Stress
• Age
• Gender
• Environment
October, 2019 35Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud

36. The END
October, 2019 36Copyright: Mr. Basher M. Muhumud