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Europeans began exploring the seas in the 15th century motivated by wealth, spreading Christianity, and learning about new lands. Portugal led the way, mapping the African coast and opening a sea route to Asia when Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa. Vasco da Gama then reached India, establishing a vast trading empire. Christopher Columbus, financed by Spain, sailed west hoping to find a route to Asia but instead discovered new lands in the Caribbean that he mistakenly called the Indies.
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The document discusses technological advancements in the 15th century including improvements to ship designs, navigational instruments, and the invention of the printing press. It focuses on the development of the caravel ship, which had a combination of square and triangular sails that allowed it to sail close to the wind. This helped sailors navigate unknown regions. Other instruments discussed include the stern-post rudder, astrolabe, and quadrant - all of which helped sailors determine their location at sea. The printing press also allowed information to be widely shared in books, charts, and maps. Weapons technology advanced as well, with early guns being produced and carried on caravels.
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European exploration between 1418 and 1620 was driven by three main factors: the desire to find new trade routes to Asia to access lucrative goods like spices, the desire to earn fame, glory, and wealth by claiming new lands and riches for their nations, and the desire to spread Christianity. Nations like Portugal and Spain led these expeditions, which were enabled by advances in shipbuilding, navigation tools, cartography, and weapons. Key explorers included Vasco da Gama, Pedro Cabral, Christopher Columbus, and Ferdinand Magellan. The impacts of these voyages included increased European knowledge, the growth of capitalism and market economies, population growth, and new social divisions based on wealth.
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Several geographic and economic factors encouraged early European exploration, including the Turkish blockade of Mediterranean trade routes to Asia and high prices charged by Arab middlemen. Portugal led exploration efforts to find alternate routes, establishing trading posts in Africa and Brazil. Technological advances in shipbuilding and navigation, such as the astrolabe and improved maps, also enabled longer voyages. Prince Henry of Portugal established a navigation school and sponsored voyages down the African coast. Spain subsequently sponsored voyages that led to European discovery and colonization of the Americas.
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Europeans in the 15th century knew little about areas beyond Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was seen as too vast to cross and Africa was believed to be too large to sail around. Improvements in shipbuilding technology and navigation instruments eventually enabled explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama to explore the coast of Africa, hoping to find a trade route to India and spread Christianity. This led to Europe's age of discovery and greater geographical knowledge of the world.
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Europeans in the 15th century knew little about areas beyond Europe. The Atlantic Ocean was seen as too vast to cross and Africa was believed to be too large to sail around. Improvements in shipbuilding technology and navigation instruments eventually enabled explorers like Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama to explore the coast of Africa, hoping to find a trade route to India and spread Christianity. This led to Europe's age of discovery and greater geographical knowledge of the world.
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1. The first inhabitants of North America migrated from Asia around 22,000 years ago by crossing a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. The Vikings were also early explorers, establishing communities in North America around 1000 AD.
2. Christopher Columbus received funding for his voyage from Queen Isabella of Spain after being rejected by King John II of Portugal. On his first voyage in 1492, Columbus landed in the Bahamas, believing he had reached Asia.
3. The Spanish conquistador Hernรกn Cortรฉs led the conquest of the powerful Aztec Empire in Mexico in the 1520s with the help of horses, guns, and native allies. Disease and violence brought by the Europeans devast
Age of exploration
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The document discusses the effects of European colonization beginning in the 15th century. It provides background on the major European powers that engaged in exploration and colonization - Portugal, Spain, England, and France. Prince Henry of Portugal established the first navigation school and sponsored voyages down the west coast of Africa. Christopher Columbus' voyages for Spain led to Spanish colonization of much of North and South America in search of gold and silver. The British and French later established large global empires as well.
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There were three main motivations that drove Europeans to explore India in the 1400s: wealth, religion, and prestige. Europeans wanted to gain direct access to lucrative spice trade routes and cut out Muslim middlemen, seeking new sources of wealth. They also hoped to spread Christianity and convert locals, as promoted by the Crusades. Explorers wanted fame and glory too, hoping to be the first to discover new lands, trade ports, or claim territories, boosting their prestige. New maritime technologies like the caravel ship and navigation instruments empowered them to explore further.
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The document summarizes the major motivations and players of the Age of Exploration in Europe. The three main motivations for Europeans to explore were God, glory, and gold. Portugal was a major player, led by Prince Henry the Navigator who established navigation schools and funded voyages down the coast of Africa. Spain also sponsored many expeditions, most notably sending conquistadors to establish colonies in the Americas and find gold. France explored for fish, fur, and a Northwest Passage to Asia, eventually establishing colonies in Canada and the central US. England explored for religious freedom, gold, and new colonies, settling along the East Coast of North America.
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The document discusses the Age of Exploration beginning in the 1400s in Europe. Demand for goods from Asia was high, driving European powers like Portugal and Spain to seek new trade routes and lands. Technological advances in navigation helped explorers like da Gama and Columbus reach Asia and the Americas. Their voyages led to colonization of the Americas and establishment of European empires, bringing profound changes through encounters with native peoples and the slave trade.
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Hernรกn Cortรฉs was a Spanish conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire in the early 16th century. He sailed from Cuba to the Yucatan Peninsula in 1519 where he made contact with local populations and established a settlement. Cortรฉs and his small army were welcomed into the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan, which they later seized with the help of native allies who resented Aztec rule. This led to the fall of the entire Aztec Empire in 1521.
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The document provides an overview of the Age of Exploration from the 1400s to 1700s. It describes the main motivations for European exploration as gold/money, glory, and spreading Christianity. Technological advances like the caravel ship and new navigation methods enabled long voyages. Portugal was an early leader in exploration under Prince Henry and explorers like Da Gama. Spain also sponsored explorers like Columbus and Magellan. Major European powers established global colonies, increasing their wealth and power. The Age of Exploration thus significantly expanded European political and economic dominance worldwide.
Age of exploration ppt
The Age of Exploration from the 1400s to 1700s saw European powers explore and colonize much of the world. Motivated by profits, glory, and religion, explorers such as da Gama, Columbus, and Cook expanded European navigation techniques and established trade routes and colonies globally. Key European powers like Portugal, Spain, France, England, and the Netherlands sponsored explorers and used new colonial holdings to grow wealthy and powerful through trade and resource extraction. By the end of this period, Europe had vastly increased knowledge of geography and established global colonial empires.
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The Age of Exploration began in the 15th century as European powers sought new trade routes and lands. Countries sponsored voyages of explorers like Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, and Ferdinand Magellan to circumnavigate the globe and map the Americas and Asia. These explorations established new trade networks for resources like spices, gold, and slaves, and led to the Columbian Exchange of plants, animals, technologies, and diseases between the Old World and New World.
Explorer Power Point
The document discusses the main motivations that drove early explorers to explore new lands: religion/God, glory/fame, and gold/riches. It provides examples of several prominent explorers from history - Henry the Navigator of Portugal, Christopher Columbus of Spain, Ferdinand Magellan, Ponce de Leon, and Vasco de Balboa of Spain - and examines whether their driving forces were God, glory, or gold. The document poses the question of what the reader's motivations might be if they were an explorer in that era.
Age of exploration
1. European colonial expansion led to major political, social, and economic developments in colonized regions.
2. Europeans established three main types of colonies: trading posts, plantations, and settlements.
3. The slave trade had devastating effects on African societies, as millions of people were taken and slavery disrupted traditional social structures.
The age of discovery
At the beginning of the 15th century, Europeans knew little about lands outside of Europe. Technological advances in navigation and the fall of Constantinople led Europeans like the Portuguese and Spanish to seek new trade routes. This began the Age of Discovery, where explorers like Columbus, Magellan, and da Gama made voyages that expanded European knowledge of the world and established global empires for Portugal and Spain.
Week 8 day 2 -unit 2- age of exploration
Europeans colonized parts of the world for religious, economic, and political reasons in the 1400s-1600s. Portugal explored and established trade routes down the west coast of Africa, discovering new navigation technologies. Spain sought gold, silver, and new trade routes, and sent Columbus to explore, establishing colonies in the Americas. England, France, and other countries later established large global empires, controlling territories in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas through the 1700s-1800s. These empires spread Christianity, grew wealthy from trade, and had major cultural and political impacts on colonized regions.
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The document discusses the major changes and events that occurred around 1500, including the unification and advancement of European powers, the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Empire, and key explorers like Columbus, Da Gama, and Magellan. It also summarizes the establishment of European empires in the Americas through the conquest of the Aztec and Inca civilizations, the introduction of diseases, horses and weapons, the system of encomiendas, the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade, and the major effects of increased global interactions known as the Columbian Exchange.
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MTV launched on August 1st, 1981, showcasing music videos from both new and established artists. Throughout the 1980s, MTV became the premier destination for music videos and helped expose audiences to popular artists like Michael Jackson, The Police, and Bon Jovi. While initially focusing only on music videos, MTV began introducing other music-themed programming as the decade progressed. Key VJs from the 1980s included Nina Blackwood, Mark Goodman, and Martha Quinn. Major events included the first MTV Video Music Awards airing in 1984 and the debut of shows like Yo! MTV Raps in 1988.
Suzanne Emmett: Collaboration to Innovate
A copy of the slides used by Suzanne Emmett, Director at Yorkshire Enterprise Partnership, at the Collaborate Cornwall conference.
Troop 246 Recruiting Slideshow of pictures
This document summarizes Troop 246 in Moraga, California. It describes the troop as being small and selective with successful scouts. It highlights the unique approach of the troop which includes opportunities for high adventure camps and a supportive network of families. The document provides details on the troop's achievements of Eagle Scouts, calendar of activities, and encourages interested families to join.
Crime
The document summarizes and analyzes parts of Crime and Punishment by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. It discusses the character Sonya Semyonovna, describing her as meek, passive, sacrificial and compassionate. Sonya represents qualities like compassion, love and faith that the main character Raskolnikov lacks. The document also provides background information on St. Petersburg in the 1800s, covering its political, social and economic developments during that time period. It concludes with discussion questions about events and characters in the novel.
Yaren gรผvenรง (3)
Yaren is an 8-year-old girl from Turkey who lives in the city of Mersin. She enjoys playing computer games and tennis, and her favorite foods are pizza and Turkish kebab. Both of her parents are teachers, and she likes her family, teacher, and friends.
Musica en la edad media
La mรบsica medieval se clasifica en tres repertorios: canto llano o gregoriano, mรบsica profana de trovadores y polifonรญa. El canto llano era monรณdico y religioso, mientras que la mรบsica profana de trovadores era tambiรฉn monรณdica pero con textos seculares. La polifonรญa surgiรณ luego como mรบsica a varias voces. La mรบsica escrita de la รฉpoca era escasa debido a las duras condiciones de vida y al monopolio cultural de la Iglesia.
Chapter 6 section 3 notes
The National Convention abolished the French monarchy, declaring France a republic. They seized lands from nobles and abolished titles of nobility, granting suffrage to all male citizens. King Louis XVI was tried for treason, sentenced to death, and beheaded in 1793. Marie Antoinette was also beheaded. The Committee of Public Safety, led by Maximilien Robespierre, was created to deal with threats to the revolution and oversaw the Reign of Terror from 1793-1794, where thousands were executed by guillotine through hasty trials and false accusations. Dissatisfaction with the terror led to a new constitution in 1795 establishing the Directory.
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Explore & america notes
During the 1400s and 1500s, European explorers set sail on voyages of discovery inspired by desires for wealth, trade routes, glory and spreading religion. Advances in navigation technologies like the compass and shipbuilding allowed the Portuguese and Spanish to establish the first colonies in the Americas, conquering native empires like the Aztecs and Incas through alliances, technology and disease. Other European powers soon joined the exploration and colonization efforts.
European Exploration And Colonization 09 10
The document summarizes the impacts of European exploration and colonization beginning in the 1400s. It discusses the key motivations for exploration including spreading Christianity, finding trade routes to Asia, and acquiring wealth through trade of goods like gold and spices. The major European powers that led exploration are highlighted, including Portugal which pioneered routes around Africa and South America, Spain which sought empire and riches in the Americas under Columbus, England which established colonies in North America and elsewhere, and France which also built colonial empires. Overall, the exploration era expanded European political and economic power globally.
ENCOUNTER WITH THE WEST (1400-1600)
Portugal was the first to send expeditions to Asia in search of new trade routes. Prince Henry of Portugal established colonies in Africa and developed new navigation instruments. In 1487, Bartholomew Diaz discovered the Cape of Good Hope while sailing around Africa to reach India, opening a new route for Portugal. Spain then sent Columbus in 1492 to find a western route to Asia, resulting in the discovery of North America instead. Further Spanish explorers like Amerigo Vespucci and Vicente Pinzon explored the new lands, leading to naming the continents America.
European explorers
Here are the explorers associated with each voyage:
1. First to sail around the Cape of Good Hope - Bartolomeu Dias
2. First to sail directly from Europe to India - Vasco da Gama
3. Discovered the Americas while trying to find a route to Asia - Christopher Columbus
4. First European to circumnavigate the globe - Ferdinand Magellan
5. Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico - Hernรกn Cortรฉs
6. Conquered the Inca Empire in Peru - Francisco Pizarro
European Exploration And Colonization 09 10
The document summarizes the impacts of European exploration and colonization between the 1400s and 1700s. It discusses the main motivations for exploration which were religion, trade, and national prestige. It then outlines the key explorations and empires of Portugal, Spain, England, and France. These countries established vast overseas colonies and territories in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, spreading European culture and trade globally while also unintentionally introducing diseases that devastated indigenous populations.
Unit 7 The Age of Discovery
1. The document summarizes key events and discoveries from the Age of Discovery, including:
2. The Portuguese organized expeditions down the coast of Africa, with Bartolomeu Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope and Vasco de Gama reaching India, opening new trade routes.
3. Christopher Columbus sailed west in 1492 hoping to reach Asia but discovered the Americas instead, though he did not realize it was a new continent. This led to the colonization of the Americas by European powers.
4. Ferdinand Magellan's 1519-1522 voyage was the first to circumnavigate the globe, helping establish Spain's claim to much of the world under the Treaty of Tor
Age of exploration, section 1
Early Portuguese and Spanish explorations were primarily motivated by the desire to find a direct trade route to Asia for lucrative spices. Led by Prince Henry of Portugal, the Portuguese pioneered exploration down the coast of Africa, hoping to reach Asia and its spice-producing islands. Notable explorers included Vasco da Gama, who reached India by sailing around Africa in 1498. Christopher Columbus, sponsored by the Spanish monarchs, sailed west in 1492 hoping to reach Asia but instead discovered the Americas. Subsequent European powers engaged in exploration to find alternative routes to Asia for trade and its riches in spices.
SSWH10.ppt
The document discusses the major factors that led to the Age of Discovery and European expansion between 1450-1700. Some key developments included advances in navigation technology from the Scientific Revolution like the caravel ship and magnetic compass that enabled long distance travel. Motivations for exploration included seeking gold, glory for their nation, and spreading Christianity ("God, glory, and gold"). Portugal led initial exploration down the coast of Africa. Major explorers included Columbus, who sailed for Spain and reached the Americas believing he found India, and Magellan, who was the first to circumnavigate the globe. European powers established colonial empires through conquest and the slave trade had devastating impacts on African societies. The Columbian Exchange also introduced new crops, animals
Exploration and colonization updated 11 12
The document discusses the impact of European exploration and colonization between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It drove technological advances in navigation, as well as the spread of Christianity. Major European powers like Portugal, Spain, England, and France established vast global empires through exploration, hoping to find riches like gold, silver, and spices. By the early 20th century, the British Empire spanned a quarter of the Earth's land and population, while France and other nations also built extensive colonial holdings on multiple continents.
Age of European Exploration
During the 15th and 16th centuries, European explorers sailed to previously unknown parts of the world inspired by greed, curiosity, and glory. Key figures included Marco Polo, whose accounts of China intrigued Europeans, and Prince Henry of Portugal, who sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa. Major breakthroughs included Bartolomeu Dias rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 and Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1498, establishing a direct trade route and bypassing Arab middlemen. Christopher Columbus' voyages to the Americas beginning in 1492 opened that part of the world to European colonization, though he did not achieve his goal of finding a direct route to Asia.
The Search For Spices
Europeans sought to gain direct access to Asian goods by exploring new trade routes, bypassing Middle Eastern merchants. Portugal led the way in the 1400s by exploring along the western coast of Africa under Prince Henry. In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached India, acquiring spices at huge profits. This opened the sea route to Asia and led Portugal to seize key ports in the Indian Ocean. Christopher Columbus mistakenly reached the Americas in 1492 while seeking a western route to Asia, leading to European discovery of the new continents.
The Search For Spices
Europeans sought to gain direct access to Asian goods by exploring new trade routes, bypassing Middle Eastern merchants. Portugal led the way in the 1400s by exploring along the western coast of Africa under Prince Henry. In 1497, Vasco da Gama reached India, acquiring spices at huge profits. This opened the sea route to Asia and led Portugal to seize key ports in the Indian Ocean. Christopher Columbus mistakenly reached the Americas in 1492 while seeking a western route to Asia, leading to European discovery of the new continents.
AgeOfExploration_Part2.pptx
The document summarizes early European exploration led by the Portuguese in the 15th century, with Prince Henry the Navigator playing a key role in establishing navigation schools and exploring the west African coast for trade opportunities. It then discusses Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias being the first to round the Cape of Good Hope and Vasco da Gama discovering the sea route to India. Christopher Columbus's voyages of exploration for Spain in 1492 unintentionally led to the discovery of lands in the Americas. Subsequent explorers like Amerigo Vespucci, Ferdinand Magellan, Hernando Cortes, and Francisco Pizarro expanded European colonization and empires in the Americas.
Survey of world history notes
The document provides an overview of the Age of Exploration between 1450-1600. It discusses how Europeans were driven by desires for wealth to explore Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Portugal led initial voyages to find sea routes for trade and access to spices. Explorers like Columbus and da Gama opened up sea routes connecting Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Americas, leading Spain and other powers to colonize lands and claim territories around the world. Technological advances in navigation and shipbuilding enabled more ambitious voyages of exploration and trade.
European exploration-and-colonization-2014
The document discusses the reasons for European exploration beginning in the 15th century. It summarizes the motivations and activities of the major exploring powers of Portugal, Spain, England, and France. Portugal's Prince Henry the Navigator established a school of navigation and sponsored voyages down the coast of Africa. Spain sent Columbus to find a route to Asia, leading to Spanish conquests in the Americas. England and France sought riches, gold, silver and furs, leading to the establishment of global empires, with England eventually controlling a quarter of the world's population and land area.
Unit 3 pp2
The Age of Exploration began in the 1400s as Europeans developed new technologies like the compass, caravel ships, and the printing press which allowed them to learn more about distant lands. Explorers like Vasco de Gama and Christopher Columbus sought new trade routes and wealth for their sponsoring countries by exploring Africa and the Americas. Their voyages established contact between Europe, Africa, and the Americas and marked the rise of European empires in these regions.
'11 ap exploration
The document discusses the Age of Exploration, including key events and motivations. It summarizes that three main countries - France, England, and Spain - sponsored early explorers. The major motivations for exploration were gold, glory, and spreading Christianity (the "three G's"). New technologies like the caravel ship, compass, and cartography enabled more advanced explorations and helped open up the Americas and trade routes to Asia.
The age of discovery
At the beginning of the 15th century, Europeans knew little about lands outside of Europe. By the late 15th century, Portuguese and Spanish explorers began exploring Africa and Asia in search of new trade routes, leading to major geographic discoveries. Key figures included Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal who organized expeditions down the coast of Africa, Bartolomeu Dias who rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1488, and Vasco da Gama who reached India for Portugal in 1498. Meanwhile, Christopher Columbus sailed west across the Atlantic in 1492 hoping to reach Asia for Spain but landed in the Americas, launching the age of European colonization of the new world.
Unit 2 age of exploration- guided notes
The document provides information about the motivations and goals of European exploration in the 15th-17th centuries. The key motivations were: spreading Christianity (God), trade and wealth (Goods), and glory for explorers. Portugal, Spain, England, and France were the main exploring countries. Portugal explored Africa's coast and established the first global trade routes. Spain claimed much of North and South America and built large empires through conquering civilizations. England established colonies worldwide and eventually built the largest empire in history. France also built global colonies focused on trade, especially in North America and parts of Asia, Africa.
Unit 7 the age of discovery
1. Magellan led the first voyage around the world from 1519-1522. His fleet of five ships traveled from Spain, through the Strait of Magellan, across the Pacific Ocean, and eventually back to Spain under the command of Elcano after Magellan was killed in the Philippines in 1521.
2. The voyage confirmed that Earth was circumnavigable and established the first westward route from Europe to East Asia by crossing the Pacific Ocean, proving that the Americas were separated from Asia.
3. Only 18 of the original 269 crew members survived the entire journey, returning home aboard the Victoria and completing the first known circumnavigation of Earth.
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Chapter 9 section 1
The Industrial Revolution spread beyond Britain in the 19th century, with Belgium becoming the first nation outside Britain to industrialize. Germany, France, and the United States also industrialized by borrowing British technology and utilizing their own natural resources like coal and iron. By 1900, American industry had become the world leader in production. New technologies like steel, chemicals like dynamite, electricity, the automobile, and airplanes transformed transportation and communication. Some nations could not industrialize as quickly due to lacking resources or the right social conditions. This period also saw the rise of big businesses and monopolies, leading reformers to call for laws regulating large corporations.
Economic systems
Capitalism is an economic system where private individuals and businesses own production and operate for profit with little government involvement. Socialism is a system where the people collectively own property and businesses through government control and ownership, and pay higher taxes for more public benefits. A mixed economy combines elements of capitalism and socialism with both private and state-run enterprises like the US postal service. Communism is a form of socialism with complete government control and no class system, though it has never truly existed.
Chapter 7 section 3power point
The Industrial Revolution led to overcrowded cities with poor sanitation and waste-filled streets. Factory work was grueling, with long hours, dangerous machinery, low pay especially for women, and child labor. A new working class emerged in cities, though living conditions were terrible. Some religious groups and labor unions sought to address these problems.
The french revolution power point
France on the eve of the revolution was divided into three estates. The First Estate was the clergy who owned 10% of the land and paid no taxes. The Second Estate was the nobles who held government positions but also paid no taxes. The Third Estate was everyone else, around 98% of the population who were peasants, workers, and the middle class and paid all the taxes. The Third Estate resented the privileges of the upper estates and the burden of taxes especially as food prices rose. King Louis XVI called the Estates General to address France's economic troubles but each estate got one vote, favoring the First and Second Estates. The Third Estate declared itself the National Assembly and took the Tennis Court Oath to create
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a severe disorder characterized by disorganized thinking, disturbed perceptions like hallucinations, and inappropriate emotions or actions. Symptoms include delusions, disorganized speech, lack of expression, and inappropriate behaviors like laughing at the wrong times. It typically develops in early adulthood and affects about 1 in 100 people, striking men more often than women. The causes are likely biological and related to abnormal brain development, though environmental factors during pregnancy like infection or malnutrition may also play a role.
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This document summarizes several dissociative, personality, and mood disorders. It describes dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder) as exhibiting two or more distinct personalities in response to stress. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behavior patterns that impair functioning, such as antisocial personality disorder. Mood disorders involve emotional extremes like major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, which alternates between depression and mania.
Dissociative,personality, mood disorders
This document summarizes several dissociative, personality, and mood disorders. It describes dissociative identity disorder (formerly called multiple personality disorder) as exhibiting two or more distinct personalities. Personality disorders are characterized by inflexible behavior patterns that impair functioning, such as antisocial personality disorder. Mood disorders involve emotional extremes like major depressive disorder, mania, and bipolar disorder which alternates between depression and mania.
Substance related disorders
The document discusses substance use disorders and different types of psychoactive drugs. It describes withdrawal and dependence that can occur when stopping drug use. Psychoactive drugs are divided into depressants, stimulants, and hallucinogens. Depressants slow the body down and include alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates. Stimulants excite the body and include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines. Hallucinogens distort perceptions. The document also discusses reasons for smoking and effects of specific drugs like alcohol, cocaine, and ecstasy.
Anxiety disorders
This document summarizes several types of anxiety disorders: generalized anxiety disorder, which involves continual feelings of tension and worry; panic disorders, characterized by unpredictable panic attacks; phobias, which are irrational fears that cause avoidance; obsessive compulsive disorder, defined by unwanted repetitive thoughts and behaviors; and post-traumatic stress disorder, diagnosed if symptoms of haunting memories, nightmares, withdrawal, and sleep problems persist for four or more weeks after a traumatic event. The document provides examples and details of symptoms for each disorder.
Psychological disorders
This document discusses the history and treatment of psychological disorders. It notes that 450 million people worldwide suffer from such disorders, including depression and schizophrenia. Ancient treatments included trephination, exorcism, caging, beating, burning, castration and animal blood transfusions. Philippe Pinel argued in the 18th century that madness was a mental illness rather than demonic possession. Later physicians linked some mental disorders to physical causes like syphilis. Modern approaches view psychological disorders as resulting from interactions between biological, social, cultural and psychological factors. Labeling and treating criminally insane individuals raises ethical questions.
Chapter 3 section 5 notes
The document discusses the Columbian Exchange that started when Columbus brought European goods to America and American goods back to Europe, including plants, animals, technology, and diseases. This led to a commercial revolution in Europe with the growth of capitalism, new business methods like bookkeeping and banks, and joint stock companies. Nations practiced mercantilism where colonies existed to benefit the parent country through controlled trade. While some groups like merchants and middle class families prospered, inflation hurt wages and created poverty, and the wealth of nobles declined if tied to land.
Social cognitive perspective
The social-cognitive perspective views personality as emerging from the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences. Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory proposes that behavior results from reciprocal determinism, where a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Social-cognitive psychologists study behavior in realistic and simulated situations as the best way to understand and predict how people will act in similar contexts.
Social cognitive perspective
The social-cognitive perspective views personality as emerging from the interaction between personal factors, behavior, and environmental influences. Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory proposes that behavior results from reciprocal determinism, where a person's behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment. Social-cognitive psychologists study behavior in realistic and simulated situations as the best way to understand and predict how people will act in similar contexts.
Freud notes
Sigmund Freud developed psychoanalysis and proposed that unconscious motives and internal conflicts between the id, ego, and superego determine our behavior. The id represents basic drives, the ego tries to satisfy the id reasonably, and the superego acts as our conscience. Conflicts between these lead to anxiety, which we deal with using defense mechanisms like denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, and reaction formation. Freud believed the sex drive is a primary motivating force and proposed psychosexual stages of development from birth through adulthood. Fixation in certain stages could result in personality traits or behaviors.
Chapter 3 section 1 power point
Conquistadors followed Columbus to the Americas, seizing gold and converting natives to Christianity while spreading disease. Cortes allied with conquered natives against the Aztecs in Mexico, capturing their leader Moctezuma. Pizarro similarly captured the Incan leader Atahulpa in Peru after he paid a ransom. The Spanish were able to defeat the Aztec and Incan empires through superior technology, help from discontented Indians, and disease that killed many natives.
Forgetting
The document discusses the seven sins of memory, which are categorized into three types: the three sins of forgetting due to encoding failure (absent-mindedness, transience, and blocking), the three sins of distortion during storage decay (misattribution, suggestibility, and bias), and one sin of intrusion during retrieval failure (persistence). It also provides tips for improving memory, such as studying repeatedly, spacing out study times, making material personally meaningful, and testing your own knowledge.
Memory notes
This document discusses the information processing model of memory. It describes the three main stages as encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is how information enters memory, either automatically through everyday experiences or through effortful processes like rehearsal. Information is stored over different periods, from short-term working memory to permanent long-term memory. Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information, either through recall by producing information or recognition by identifying previously learned items.
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The brain
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Chapter 2 section 1
- 1. Chapter 2 Section 1 The First Global Age: Europe and Asia
- 2. Europeans Explore the Seas Trade existed between Europeans and Asia since the time of the crusades Most valued items were spices (such as pepper, cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves) that were used to preserve and flavor food
- 3. Motives for Exploration wealth desire to learn about new lands spread Christianity
- 4. Improved Technology Cartographers (map makers) created more accurate maps Astrolabe- used to determine latitude at sea Larger and better ships
- 5. Astrolabe Device used to measure the angles of the sun and stars above the horizon.
- 6. Portugal Sails Eastward lead the way in exploration with the help of Prince Henry mapping the African coast wanted to expand Christianity and find African gold Bartholomeu Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa which opened-up a sea route to Asia On to India Vasco da Gama reached India Created a vast trading empire
- 9. Columbus Sails West wanted to find a route to the Indies and discovered new land instead trip was financed by Spain Columbus landed in the Caribbean islands and called the people Indians thinking that he had landed in the Indies.
- 10. Christopher Columbus An Italian navigator, but was funded by Spain to make his famous voyage.