1) The document discusses the major reasons for the Age of Exploration in Europe, including desires for spices, gold, and spreading Christianity. 2) It outlines key voyages including Bartolomeu Diaz rounding the Cape of Good Hope in 1487, Vasco da Gama reaching India in 1497, and Christopher Columbus sailing west and reaching the Caribbean in 1492. 3) Ferdinand Magellan led the first circumnavigation of the globe from 1519-1522, though he was killed in the Philippines, with only 18 crew members making it back to Spain out of the original 290.

1. The Magellan’s Expedition Social Studies 1 Bro. Jeff U Pioquinto, SJ

2. The biggest reasons for the Age of Exploration : “The 3G Theory” Desire for spices, and the profit from selling and trading them. Expanding economies of Europe and increased trade in Asia, led to the need for new raw materials. (GOLD)

3. Competition between European powers. The Desire to be first to explore and conquer new places for their country (GLORY) To diffuse (spread) Christianity Protestantism (England + Holland) Catholicism (Spain, Portugal + France). (GOD)

4. The search for SPICES During the Middle Ages, the Crusaders who fought the Muslims in the Middle East learned of spices, and brought them back to Europe. The Europeans wanted cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and most of all pepper to spice and preserve meat, make perfume(s). The chief source of spices was the Moluccas (in modern day Indonesia) which they called the Spice Islands.

5. The Muslim Situation Europeans wanted spices. Following the fall of Constantinople (it became Istanbul), Europe no longer had their “gateway to the East.” Trading over land was expensive and dangerous. Muslims and Italian sailors controlled the trade by sea. Other European sailing powers (Spain and Portugal) wanted in on the riches of the spice trade, but had to find a way to get there.

6. Improved technology leads to better sailing techniques … European cartographers (mapmakers) created much better maps and charts of the sea and its currents. Europeans mastered the use of the astrolabe , an instrument developed by the Greeks and mastered by the Muslims, to determine their latitude at sea. The caravel , a ship that combined European body styles with Muslim triangular sails and Chinese rudders, made ships much faster and able to travel farther.

7. Portugal (continued) In 1487, Bartolomeu Diaz , rounded the southern tip of Africa. He ended the myth that the sea was full of monsters, and it gave hope to those who wished to sail to India. He named the tip of Africa the “ Cape of Good Hope .”

8. Bartolomeu Diaz Cape of Good Hope

9. Portugal (continued) In 1497, Vasco da Gama led four ships around the southern tip of Africa, and on his next voyage, made it to the port of Calicut, in western India. The spices he brought back sold at 3000% of the money he put into it. His sailors paid a heavy price, they discovered scurvy , a disease caused by lack of vitamin C.

10. Vasco da Gama

11. Spain An Italian sailor from Genoa wished to sail for Portugal. He had an idea that since the world was round , a relatively new concept at the time, that if he sailed westward, that he would reach India faster. His name was Christopher Columbus . Portugal refused to sponsor him, so he got help from the Spanish King Ferdinand and his wife Isabella, who were famous for expelling the Muslim Moors from Spain.

12. Spain (continued) Columbus made two huge errors: Underestimating the size of the world greatly Not knowing that two continents lay in his way He had three ships… the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. He sailed west and ran into the islands of the Caribbean. Since he thought he was in the Indies, he called the people he found there “Indians.”

13. Line of demarcation- The Treaty of Tordesillas Portugal and Spain fought over who got what in the Americas… finally Pope Alexander VI stepped in and ordered both Catholic monarchs to settle the problem. On June 7, [1494], the Spanish and the Portuguese signed a treaty to divide the world in two. The dividing line ran through the Atlantic with Spain gaining lands to the west including all the Americas. Brazil was granted to Portugal. The eastern half including Africa and India was given to Portugal.

15. Circumnavigating the Globe In 1519, a minor Portuguese noble named Ferdinand Magellan set out from Spain with five ships and hundreds of men. He discovered the Strait of Magellan, and sailed into the Pacific –he named it because it means “peaceful”- Ocean. He faced several mutinies, and was murdered in the Philippines. In1522, one ship and 18 sailors returned to Spain, and were credited with being the first to sail all the way around the globe, or circumnavigate it

16. Voyage of Magellan

17. Ferdinand Magellan

18. Antonio Pigafetta He related his experiences in Relazione del Primo Viaggio Intorno Al Mondo (Report on the First Voyage Around the World), which was composed in Italian . Chronicler of Magellan.

19. Pigafetta’s hand-writing

20. 5 ships and other commodities San Antonio, Santiago, Trinidad , Victoria, and Concepcion . Besides a huge store of supplies, they carried 10,000 fish hooks, 20,000 small bells, combs, mirrors, knives, and bracelets.

21. Magellan came fro Portugal

25. Expedition

26. The Battle of Mactan

27. Return to Spain When Victoria finally made her way back to Spain. Only 18 Europeans remained out of the original crew of 290, which had set sail three years before. Sebastian del Cano , one of the men who had earlier mutinied against Magellan, was now elected captain.

28. End