The document discusses material handling equipment and systems. It defines material handling as the movement, storage, protection and control of materials. The main types of equipment discussed are transport equipment, storage systems, and unitizing/identification systems. Specific transport equipment mentioned include industrial trucks, automated guided vehicles, conveyors, cranes and hoists. Common storage systems include bulk storage, rack systems, bins, drawer storage, and automated storage and retrieval systems. Carousel storage systems are also described. Performance metrics for storage systems such as capacity, density, accessibility and throughput are defined.

1. 1
CHAPTER 2
MATERIAL HANDLING

2. 2
Introduction
 Definition – the movement, storage,
protection and control of material (MHIA).
 The purpose is to handle safely, efficiently, at
low cost, on time, accurately, and without
damage to the material.
 Advantages – safer operating condition, lower
cost, better utilization and better performance
of material handling systems.

3. 3
Introduction
Examples
 Movement – industrial trucks and robots.
 Storage – rack, drawer, bins.
 Protection – wooden pallet, pallet box, tote
box.
 Control – bar codes, magnetic stripes, radio
frequency tags.

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Position of MH
A u to m a tio n a n d c o n tr o l te c h n o lo g ie s in th e p r o d u c tio n s y s te m

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Equipments of MH
 Categories of the equipment includes:
1. Transport.
2. Storage System.
3. Unitizing.
4. Identification & Tracking System.

6. 6
Equipments of MH… cont.
Transport
 Used to move material inside a factory.
i. Industrial trucks – non-powered and powered.
ii. Automated guided vehicles – battery-powered and
automatically steered.
iii. Rail guided vehicle – self-propelled and
independently operating.
iv. Conveyors – move material over fixed paths in
large quantities.
v. Cranes and hoists – horizontal travel and vertical
lifting for heavy loads. Manually or powered
operating.

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Transport
F o u r w h e e l d o lly
T w o - w h e e l t r u c k
H a n d - o p e r a t e d lo w - lif t p a lle t t r u c k

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Transport
a). Walkie truck,
b). Fork lift truck,
c). Towing tractor

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Equipments of MH
Transport
T h re e ty p e s o f a u to m a te d g u id e d v e h ic le : (a ) d riv e le s s a u to m a te d g u id e d tra in , (b ) A G V p a lle t tru c k ,
(c ) U n it lo a d c a rrie r

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Transport
R o lle r c o n v e y o r
B e lt ( f a lt ) c o n v e y o r
S k a t e w h e e l c o n v e y o r

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Equipments of MH... Cont.
Transport
I n - f lo o r t o w lin e c o n v e y o r
O v e r h e a d t r o lle y c o n v e y o r

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Equipments of MH... Cont.
Transport… cont.
C a r t - o n - t r a c k c o n v e y o r

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Equipments of MH…cont.
TransportJ ib c r a n e w it h h o is t
a) Sketch of hoist b) Mechanical advantage

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Transport… cont.
a) Bridge crane b) grantry crane

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Storage System
 To store materials for a period of time.
 To permit access when required.
 Storage performance is measured according
to the capacity, density, accessibility and
throughput.
 There are bulk storage, rack systems, bins,
drawer storage and automated storage
systems.

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Storage System
H ig h d e n s it y b u lk s t o r a g e p r o v id e s lo w a c c e s s ib ilit y a n d b u lk s t o r a g e w it h lo a d s
a r r a n g e d t o f o r m r o w s a n d b lo c k s f o r im p r o v e d a c c e s s ib ilit y

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Storage System
P a lle t r a c k s y s t e m f o r s t o r a g e o f u n it lo a d s o n p a lle t

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Storage System
D r a w e r s t o r a g e

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Storage System
Automated storage/retrieval system

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Equipments of MH…cont.
Storage System
A h o r iz o n t a l s t o r a g e c a r o u s e l

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Equipments of MH
Storage System Performance
 Include:
- storage capacity
- density
- accessibility
- throughput
- utilization
- reliability (availibility)

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Equipments of MH
Storage System Performance… cont
 Storage capacity, measured by:
- total volumetric space available
- total num. of compartments available
 Storage density
- volumetric space available for actual
storage relative to v.s in the storage facility

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Equipments of MH
Storage System Performance… cont .
 System throughput
- the hourly rate at which the storage sys.
- receives and put loads into storage
- retrieves and delivers loads to the
o.p station

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Equipments of MH
Storage System Performance… cont .
 Storage transaction;
- pick up load at input location
- travel to storage location
- place load into storage location
- travel back to input location

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Equipments of MH
Storage System Performance… cont .
 Retrieval transaction includes;
- travel to storage location
- pick item from storage
- travel to output location
- unload at output location

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Equipments of MH
Storage System Performance… cont .
 Utilization:
- the proportion of time that the system is
actually being used for performing storage
and retrieval operations compared with time
it is available.
 Availability (reliability);
- the proportion of time that the system is
capable of operating (not broken down)
compared with the normal scheduled shift
hours.

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Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment
 Storage equipments:
- bulk storage
- rack system
- shelves and bins
- drawer storage
- automated storage systems

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Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.
 Bulk storage
- storage of stock in an open floor area
- advantages: highest density possible,
lowest possible cost per sq ft
- disadvantage: low accessibility

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Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.
 Rack systems
- stacking unit loads vertically without the
need for the loads themselves to provide
support.
- advantages: low cost, good storage
density and accessibility.
- the common rack: pallet rack

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Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.
Pallet Track System

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 Other storage rack system:
- cantilever racks
- portable racks
- drive-through racks
- flow-through racks
Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.

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 Shelving & Bin
- is a horizontal platform, supported by a
wall/frame on which materials are stored
 Drawer Storage
- modular drawer storage cabinets are available
with a variety of drawer depths for different items
and are widely used for storage tools and
maintenance items
Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.

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Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.
Drawer Storage

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 Automated Storage System
- reduce/eliminate of human intervention to
operate the system. Load enter or retrieve
under computer control.
- two general types: Automated
Storage/Retrieve System and carousel
storage system.
Equipments of MH
Storage Method and equipment… cont.

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Equipments of MH
Automated Storage System
 AS/RS defined as a storage system that
performs storage and retrieval operation with
speed and accuracy under a defined degree
of automation
 Consists of one/more aisles that are each
serviced by a storage/retrieval machine

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Equipments of MH
Automated Storage System… cont.
 Objectives for AS/RS:
- to increase storage capacity
- to increase storage density
- to recover factory floor space
- to improve security and reduce pilferage
- to reduce labor cost and increase labor
productivity in storage operation.

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Equipments of MH
Automated Storage System… cont.
- to improve safety in the storage function
- to improve control over inventories
- to improve stock rotation
- to improve customer service
- to increase throughput

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Equipments of MH
Sizing the Automated Storage System
 Total storage capacity of one aisle depends
on how many storage compartments are
arrange horizontally and vertically in the
aisle.
capacity per aisle = 2nynz
where ny = num of load compartments
along the length of the aisle

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Equipments of MH
Sizing the Automated Storage System… cont.
AS/RS which ny = 9 and nz=6

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Equipments of MH
Sizing the Automated Storage System… cont.
 Let x = the depth dimension, y = width
dimension and z = the height of the unit load.
W = 3(x+a)
L = ny (y+b)
H = nz (z+c)
where a, b and c are allowances
designed into each compartments to provide
clearance.

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Equipments of MH
Sizing the Automated Storage System… cont.
 Eg:
Each aisle of a four aisle AS/RS is to contain
60 storage compartments in the length
direction and 12 compartments vertically.
x=42 in, y=48 in, z=36 in, a=6 in, b=8 in and
c=10 in. Determine capacity, W, L and H.

42. 42
Equipments of MH
Sizing the Automated Storage System… cont.
 Soln:
capacity per aisle = 2 (60)(12) = 1440 unit
loads. With 4 aisle, the total capacity = 1440
x 4 = 5760 unit loads.
W = 3(42+6) = 144 in = 12 ft/aisle
overall W = 4(12) = 48 ft
L = 60(48+8)=280 ft
H = 12(36+10) = 552 ft

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Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System
 Consists of a series of bins or baskets
suspended from an overhead chain conveyor
that resolves around a long oval rail system
 Horizontal or vertical, sizes range: 10m and
30 m
 Application: storage and retrieval operation
and transport and accumulation, work in
process and unique operation.

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45. 45
Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System… cont.
 Storage and retrieval operations
- effectively when individual items selected
from groups of items in storage (pick & load).
 Transport and accumulation
- used to transport/sort materials as they
are stored.
 Unique applications
- involve specialize eg electrical testing
etc.

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Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System… cont.
 Storage capacity:
- the size of carousel cab be determined:
C = 2(L – W) + πW
Where C=circumference of oval conveyor
track, L and W are length and width of the
track oval.

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Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System… cont.
Top and side
view of horizontal
storage carousel
with 18 carriers
(nc) and 4
bins/carrier (nb)

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Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System… cont.
 Let Sc = carrier spacing and nc = num. of
carrier;
Sc nc = C
and Tc = C/4vc + Tpd , Rt = Rc = 60/ Tc
Where Tc =S/R cycle time, vc = carousel
velocity, Tpd =average time required to pickup

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Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System… cont.
 Eg:
The oval rail of a carousel storage system,
L=12m, W=1m, 75 carriers equally spaced
around the oval, suspended from each
carrier are 6 bins. Each bin =0.026m3
volumetric capacity, speed=20m/min.
average P&D time for a retrieval=20 sec.
Determine volumetric capacity and hourly
retrieval rate.

50. 50
Equipments of MH
Carousel Storage System… cont.
 Sol:
total num. of bins, ncnb = 75x6=450bins
tot. volumetric capacity = 450(0.026)=11.7m3
The circumference of the carousel rail,
C = 2(12-1) + 1π = 25.14m.
Tc= 25.14/4(20) + 20/60 = 0.647min
Rt = 60/0.647 = 92.7 retrieval transaction/hr

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Equipments of MH
Unitizing
 Containers used to hold individual items for
protection.
 Equipment used to load and package the containers.
 Examples: wooden pallet, pallet box and tote box.

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Equipments of MH
Identification & Tracking System
 To collect the data in material handling
automatically.
 There are three basic components: encoder
data, machine reader and decoder.
 Examples of technologies: bar codes,
magnetic stripes, radio frequency tags and
machine vision.

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Equipments of MH
Identification & Tracking System
S ta tio n a r y m o v in g b e a m b a r c o d e s c a n n e r lo c a te d a lo n g a m o v in g c o n v e y o r

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Material Handling System Design
 There are some considerations before
design the system as follows:
1. Material characteristics.
2. Flow rate, routing, and scheduling.
3. Plan layout.

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Principle of MH
 The purpose is to be applicable in the analysis,
design and operation of MH system.
1. Planning
2. Standardization
3. Work
4. Ergonomic
5. Unit load
6. Space utilization
7 System
8. Automation
9. Environment
10. Life cycle cost

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Automatic Data Capture/Automatic
Identification and Data Capture
 ADC/AIDC –technologies that provide direct
entry of data into a computer.
 Drawback:
- Error occurs
- Time factor
- Labor cost

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Automatic of identification methods
 Components:
- encoded data
- machine reader/scanner
- decoder

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 ADC technologies categories:
- optical
- magnetic- magnetic stripe
- electromagnetic - RFI
- smart card
- Touch techniques
- Biometric
Automatic of identification methods…cont.

59. 59
Automatic of identification methods…cont.
ADC technologies
 Radio Frequency Identification (RFI)
- widely used to augment bar code
identification - comm. between remote bar
code and central terminal.
- using identification tag which is
containing electronically coded data

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ADC technologies…cont.
RFI
- advantages:
no physical contact, more data contained,
data can be altered
- disadvantages:
expensive, appropriate for certain
environmental situation, high unit values
in mfg.

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Automatic of identification methods…cont.
ADC technologies
 Magnetic stripes
- is a thin plastic film containing
small magnetic particles whose pole
orientation can be used to encode bits of
data into the film.
- advantages: large data storage capacity
and the ability to alter the data contained in.

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 Optical Character Recognition(OCR)
- is a machine readable by an optical device.
- optical character recognition is a 2D symbology.
- advantages: low first read rate and high
substitution error rate when hand-held scanning, lack
of an omnidirectional scanner for automatic
checkpoint and widespread and growing adoption of
bar code technology.
Automatic of identification methods…cont.
ADC technologies

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Automatic of identification methods…cont.
ADC technologies
 Machine Vision
- used for automated inspection task.
- Machine vision system is required to
read 2D matrix symbol.
- Can be used for stacked bar code.