The document provides information about chemistry concepts including: - The two subatomic particles contained in an atom's nucleus are protons and neutrons. - For an ion to form, the number of protons and electrons must differ. - The atomic number of an element is always equal to the number of protons it contains. - Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.

1. Atomic Chem General Chem Water Chem Energy Misc.
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2. What 2 subatomic
particles are contained
in an atom’s nucleus?
2

3. Protons and Neutrons
3

4. What two subatomic particles must
differ in number in order to have an
ion?
4

5. Protons and Electrons
5

6. The atomic number of an
element is always the same
as the number of this
subatomic particle.
6

7. Protons= Atomic Number
This is why you look for the
number of protons when you
are identifying an atom on a
drawing
7

8. What do you call atoms of an
element that contain different
numbers of neutrons?
Example: carbon-12 and
carbon-14
8

9. Isotopes
9

10. Strontium (Sr) has a mass
number of 88 and an atomic
number of 38. Give the
number of protons, electrons,
and neutrons in an atom of
Strontium.
10

11. Protons = 38
Electrons = 38
Neutrons = 50
11

12. How many valence electrons
does an atom of phosphorus
(P) have?
12

13. 5 valence electrons
13

14. _______________ are made
up of atoms of two or more
elements in fixed
proportions.
14

15. Compounds
15

16. Why are the noble gases
stable?
16

17. A noble gas is stable because
its outer electron energy level
is full (has maximum number
of valence electrons).
17

18. Na2CO3 is the chemical
formula for sodium
carbonate. How many atoms
of each element are present
in sodium carbonate?
18

19. Na = 2
C=1
O=3
19

20. Differentiate between
covalent and ionic bonds.
Hint: What is going on with
the electrons in each type of
bond?
20

21. •In covalent bonds, electrons
are shared.
•In ionic bonds, one atom
donates its electrons,
becoming a positive ion. The
other atom accepts the
electrons, becoming a
negative ion. The ions of
opposite charges are then
attracted to one another. 21

22. Water is referred to as a
__________ molecule
because it has an unequal
distribution of electrical
charge.
22

23. polar
23

24. What is the term for water
molecules being attracted to
any other substance? Hint:
This is what happened when
we dropped water on the
glass slide.
24

25. Adhesion
25

26. Do lipids dissolve in water?
26

27. No! Lipids do not dissolve
in water because they are
nonpolar.
Ionic compounds and polar
molecules dissolve best in
water.
27

28. Did the paperclip float?
Explain what water
properties contributed to the
results we saw in the lab.
28

29. It did not float. It sat on top
of the water due to water’s
surface tension. Surface
tension is the result of
cohesion between water
molecules. Cohesion or
sticking together of water
molecules is caused by
hydrogen bonding.
29

30. Differentiate between acids
and bases. Hint: What ions
are released in water and
what are their pH values.
30

31. •Acids form H+ when
dissolved in water. They
have pH values below 7.
•Bases form OH- ions when
dissolved in water. They
have pH values above 7.
31

32. Define energy
32

33. The ability to do work
(move or change matter).
33

34. What is the name for the
starting materials in chemical
reactions?
What is the name of the
newly formed substances in
chemical reactions?
34

35. Reactants = starting materials
Products = newly formed
substances
35

36. What name is given to the
energy needed to start a
chemical reaction?
36

37. Activation energy
37

38. Define an enzyme
(what does it do?)
38

39. Enzymes are biological
catalysts that increase the
speed of chemical reactions.
Catalysts reduce the
activation energy of a
chemical reaction.
39

40. Name the 4 types of Energy in
Biological Systems
40

41. Chemical Energy
Thermal Energy
Electrical Energy
Mechanical Energy
41

42. What is defined as, “anything
that occupies space and has mass?’
42

43. Matter
43

44. What are the weak
interactions that allow water
to cohere and adhere?
44

45. Hydrogen Bonds
45

46. What is a strong
bond in which
valence electrons are
shared?
Name the 3 types of
these bonds
46

47. Covalent Bond
Single covalent bond
(2 electrons shared)
Double covalent
bond (4 electrons
shared)
Triple covalent bond
(6 electrons shared)
47

48. The force that describes attraction
between molecules of the same
substance.
48

49. Cohesion
49

50. What is an acid-base indicator ?
Name 3 natural acid-base indicators.
50

51. An acid-base indicator is a dye used to
distinguish between acidic and basic
solutions by means of the color
changes it undergoes in these solutions.
3 Natural Examples:
• tea
• red cabbage juice
• concord grape jelly
51