This document discusses controls related to IT governance, including the structure of the IT function, computer center operations, and disaster recovery planning. It covers topics such as segregating incompatible duties within the IT function, physical and environmental controls for the computer center, and key elements of an effective disaster recovery plan such as identifying critical applications and creating an off-site backup. The document also outlines some audit procedures auditors can perform to evaluate these controls, such as reviewing policies and documentation, testing backup procedures, and evaluating disaster recovery plans and backup site arrangements.
Internal control is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories:
Effectiveness and efficiency of operations
Reliability of financial reporting
Compliance with applicable laws and regulations
This presentation examines ICs and their effectiveness.
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
COSO's Internal Control - Integrated Framework.
Includes:
Objectives;
Components;
Principles relating to the components and
Point of Focus assisting users in determining whether the principles are present and functioning
Information Systems Control and Audit - Chapter 4 - Systems Development Manag...Sreekanth Narendran
The full version of the ppt is available in www.lifein01.com
Systems development is the procedure of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It comprises of the internal development of customized systems, the establishment of database systems or the attainment of the third-party developed software.
Internal control is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in the following categories:
Effectiveness and efficiency of operations
Reliability of financial reporting
Compliance with applicable laws and regulations
This presentation examines ICs and their effectiveness.
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
COSO's Internal Control - Integrated Framework.
Includes:
Objectives;
Components;
Principles relating to the components and
Point of Focus assisting users in determining whether the principles are present and functioning
Information Systems Control and Audit - Chapter 4 - Systems Development Manag...Sreekanth Narendran
The full version of the ppt is available in www.lifein01.com
Systems development is the procedure of defining, designing, testing, and implementing a new software application or program. It comprises of the internal development of customized systems, the establishment of database systems or the attainment of the third-party developed software.
Evaluate your CISA preparation. Attempt below 150 questions which are designed as per CISA exam pattern considering domain wise weightage.
http://datainfosec.blogspot.in/2016/04/cisa-mock-test-question-paper-1.html
software maintenance takes up 60-70% of software organization resources. To avoid surplus efforts in maintaining a legacy system we use a method of re-engineering the old software so that it can adapt to the new environment. Slides describes the re-engineering process which is considered to be a pro for legacy systems but they do even have risks which has to be accounted for.
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques_supriadi
Be familiar with the classes of transaction input controls used by accounting applications.
Understand the objectives and techniques used to implement processing controls, including run-to-run, operator inventions, and audit trail controls.
Understand the methods used to establish effective output controls for both batch and real-time systems.
Visit www.lifein01.com for presentations of all chapters.
Auditing is the process of assessment of financial, operational, strategic goals and processes in organizations to determine whether they are in compliance with the stated principles, regulatory norms, rules, and regulations.
Mainframe Sort Operations: Gaining the Insights You Need for Peak PerformancePrecisely
Mainframe systems remain the backbone of many mission-critical business operations, and sort operations play an integral role in ensuring the smooth flow of data across these systems.
However, managing and optimizing sort operations can be a complex task, often hindered by a lack of visibility and real-time insights.
In this webinar, we'll explore how to gain better visibility into mainframe sort operations, enabling you to: identify and resolve performance bottlenecks, optimize resource allocations and improve overall system performance.
Join us for this webcast to hear about:
• The importance of visibility into mainframe sort operations
• Common challenges faced when managing mainframe sort operations
• Strategies for gaining deeper insights into sort operations
Cyber security series administrative control breaches Jim Kaplan CIA CFE
This webinar series is designed to help internal auditors looking to equip themselves with competencies and confidence to handle audit of IT controls and information security, and learn about the emerging technologies and their underlying risks
The series focuses on contemporary IT audit approaches relevant to Internal Auditors and the processes underlying risk based IT audits.
Session 8 of 10
This Webinar focuses on Administrative Control Breaches
• Security Administration
• Purpose of Security Tools
• Examples of Security Tools
• Security Incident Manager (SIM)
• Problems with Security Administration
• Improving Administration
Similar to Chapter 2 auditing it governance controls (20)
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. Learning Objectives
• Understand the risks of incompatible functions and
how to structure the IT function.
• Be familiar with the controls and precautions
required to ensure the security of an organization’s
computer facilities.
• Understand the key elements of a disaster recovery
plan.
• Be familiar with the benefits, risks, and audit issues
related to IT outsourcing.
1
3. IT Governance
• Subset of corporate governance that focuses on the
management and assessment of strategic IT
resources.
• Key objects are to reduce risk and ensure
investments in IT resources add value to the
corporation.
• All corporate stakeholders must be active
participants in key IT decisions.
2
4. IT Governance Controls
• Three IT governance issues addressed by SOX and
the COSO internal control framework:
• Organizational structure of the IT function.
• Computer center operations.
• Disaster recovery planning.
3
5. Structure of the Corporate IT
Function
• Under the centralized data processing model, all data
processing performed at a central site.
• End users compete for resources based on need.
• Operating costs charged back to end user.
• Primary service areas:
• Database administrator.
• Data processing consisting of data control/data entry,
computer operations and data library.
• System development and maintenance
• Participation in systems development activities include
system professional, end users and stakeholders.
4
8. Alternative Organization of
Systems Development Problems
• Two control problems with segregating systems
analysis from applications programming.
• Inadequate documentation a chronic problem.
• Documenting systems is not an interesting task.
• Lack of documentation provides job security for the
programmer who coded it.
• When system programmer has maintenance
responsibilities, potential for fraud is increased.
• May have concealed fraudulent code in the system.
• Having sole responsibility for maintenance may allow
the programmer to conceal the code for years.
7
10. Segregation of Incompatible IT
Functions
• Systems development from computer operations.
• Relationship between groups should be formal and
responsibilities should not be comingled.
• Database administration from other functions.
• DBA function responsible for many critical tasks and needs to
be organizationally independent of operations, systems
development and maintenance.
• New systems development from maintenance.
• Improves documentation standards because maintenance
group requires documentation.
• Denying original programmer future access deters program
fraud.
9
11. The Distributed Model
• Distributed Data Processing (DDP) involves
reorganizing central IT function into small IT units
that are placed under the control of end users.
• Two alternatives:
• Alternative A: Variant of centralized model with
terminals or microcomputers distributed to end users
for handling input and output.
• Alternative B: Distributes all computer services to the
end users where they operate as stand alone units.
10
13. Management Assertions Audit Objectives Audit Procedure
Existence or occurrence Inventories listed on the balance
sheet exist.
Observe the counting of physical inventory.
Completeness Accounts payable include all
obligations to vendors for the period.
Compare receiving reports, supplier
invoices, purchase orders, and journal
entries for the period and the beginning of
the next period.
Rights and obligations Plant and equipment listed in the
balance sheet are owned by the
entity.
Review purchase agreements, insurance
policies, and related documents.
Valuation or allocation Accounts receivable are stated at net
realizable value.
Review entity’s aging of accounts and
evaluate the adequacy of the allowance for
uncorrectable accounts.
Presentation and disclosure Contingencies not reported in
financial accounts are properly
disclosed in footnotes.
Obtain information from entity lawyers
about the status of litigation and estimates
of potential loss.
Audit Objectives and Audit
Procedures Based on Management
Assertions
12
14. Risks Associated with DDP
• Inefficient use of resources:
• Mismanagement of IT resources by end users.
• Operational inefficiencies due to redundant tasks being
performed.
• Hardware and software incompatibility among end-user
functions.
• Destruction of audit trails.
• Inadequate segregation of duties.
• Hiring qualified professionals:
• Risk of programming errors and system failures increase
directly with the level of employee incompetence.
• Lack of standards.
13
15. Controlling the DDP Environment
• Implement a corporate IT function:
• Central testing of commercial software and hardware.
• User services to provide technical help.
• Standard-setting body.
• Personnel review.
14
16. Audit Procedures for the DDP
• Audit procedures in a centralized IT organization:
• Review relevant documentation to determine if
individuals or groups are performing incompatible
functions.
• Review systems documentation and maintenance
records to verify maintenance programmers are not
designers.
• Observe to determine if segregation policy is being
followed.
15
17. Audit Procedures for the DDP
• Audit procedures in a distributed IT organization:
• Review relevant documentation to determine if
individuals or groups are performing incompatible
duties.
• Verify corporate policies and standards are published
and provided to distributed IT units.
• Verify compensating controls are in place when needed.
• Review system documentation to verify applications,
procedures and databased are in accordance with
standards.
16
18. The Computer Center
• Physical location:
• Directly affects risk of destruction from a disaster.
• Away from hazards and traffic.
• Construction:
• Ideally: single-story, solidly constructed with
underground utilities.
• Windows should not open and an air filtration system
should be in place.
• Access:
• Should be limited with locked doors, cameras, key card
entrance and sign-in logs.
17
19. The Computer Center
• Air conditioning should provide appropriate
temperature and humidity for computers.
• Fire suppression:
• Alarms, fire extinguishing system, appropriate construction,
fire exits.
• Fault tolerance is the ability of the system to continue
operation when part of the system fails.
• Total failure can occur only if multiple components fail.
• Redundant arrays of independent disks (RAID) involves using
parallel disks with redundant data and applications so if one
disk fails, lost data can be reconstructed.
• Uninterruptible power supplies.
18
20. Audit Procedures: The Computer
Center
• Auditor must verify that physical controls and
insurance coverage are adequate.
• Procedures include:
• Tests of physical construction.
• Tests of the fire detection system.
• Tests of access control.
• Tests of RAID.
• Tests of the uninterruptible power supply.
• Tests of insurance coverage.
19
21. Disaster Recovery Planning
• A disaster recovery plan is a statement of all actions
to be taken before, during and after any type of
disaster. Four common features:
• Identify critical applications:
• Short-term survival requires restoration of cash flow
generating functions.
• Applications supporting those functions should be
identified and prioritized in the restoration plan.
• Task of identifying critical items and prioritizing
applications requires active participation of user
departments, accountants and auditors.
20
22. Disaster Recovery Planning
• Create a disaster recovery team:
• Team members should be experts in their areas and
have assigned tasks.
• Provide second-site backup:
• Necessary ingredient in a DRP is that it provides for
duplicate data processing facilities following a disaster.
• Specify back-up and off-site storage procedures:
• All data files, applications, documentation and supplies
needed to perform critical functions should be
automatically backed up and stored at a secure off-site
location.
21
23. Second-Site Backups
• Mutual aid pact is an agreement between
organizations to aid each other with data
processing in a disaster.
• Empty shell or cold site plan involves obtaining a
building to serve as a data center in a disaster.
• Recovery depends on timely availability of hardware.
• Recovery operations center or hot site plan is a fully
equipped site that many companies share.
• Internally provided backup may be preferred by
organizations with many data processing centers.
22
24. DRP Audit Procedures
• To verify DRP is a realistic solution, the following
tests may be performed:
• Evaluate adequacy of backup site arrangements.
• Review list of critical applications for completeness.
• Verify copies of critical applications and operating
systems are stored off-site.
• Verify critical data files are backed up in accordance with
the DRP.
• Verify that types and quantities of items specified in the
DRP exist in a secure location.
• Verify disaster recovery team members are current
employees and aware of their assigned responsibilities.
23
25. Outsourcing the IT Function
• Benefits of IT outsourcing include:
• Improved core business processes.
• Improved IT performance.
• Reduced IT costs.
• Logic underlying outsourcing follows from core
competency theory which argues an organization
should focus on its core business competencies. Ignores
an important distinction between:
• Commodity IT assets which are not unique to an organization
and easily acquired in the marketplace.
• Specific IT assets which are unique and support an
organization’s strategic objectives.
24
26. Outsourcing the IT Function
• Transaction cost economics (TCE) suggests firms
should retain specific non-core IT assets in house.
• Those that cannot be easily replaced once they are given
up in an outsourcing arrangement.
• Cloud computing is location-independent
computing whereby shared data centers deliver
hosted IT services over the Internet. Offers three
primary classes of computing services:
• Software-as-a-Service (SaaS).
• Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS).
• Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS).
25
27. Outsourcing the IT Function
• Virtualization has unleashed cloud computing.
• Network virtualization increases effective network
bandwidth, optimizes network speed, flexibility, and
reliability, and improves network scalability.
• Storage virtualization is the pooling of physical storage from
multiple devices into what appears to be a single virtual
storage device.
• Cloud computing not realistic for large firms.
• Typically have massive IT investments and therefore not
inclined to turn over their IT operations to a could vendor.
• May have critical functions running on legacy systems that
could not be easily migrated to the cloud.
• Commodity provision approach of the cloud incompatible
with the need for unique strategic information.
26
28. Risks Inherent to IT Outsourcing
• Failure to perform.
• Vendor exploitation.
• Outsourcing costs exceed benefits.
• Reduced security.
• Loss of strategic advantage.
27
29. Audit Implications of IT
Outsourcing
• Use of a service organization does not reduce
management’s responsibilities under SOX for
ensuring adequate IT internal controls.
• SSAE 16 replaced SAS 70 and is the definitive
standard by which auditors can gain knowledge
that processes and controls at third-party vendors
are adequate to prevent or detect material errors.
• Report provides a description of service provider’s
description using either the carve-out or the inclusive
method
28