The document discusses the process of requirements engineering for software development. It involves four main steps:
1) Feasibility study to determine if the project is possible.
2) Requirements gathering by communicating with clients and users to understand what the software should do.
3) Creating a software requirements specification (SRS) document that defines system functions and constraints.
4) Validating requirements to ensure they are clear, consistent, and can be implemented.
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
Requirement prioritization is used in Software product management for determining which candidate requirements of a software product should be included in a certain release. Requirements are also prioritized to minimize risk during development so that the most important or high risk requirements are implemented first. Several methods for assessing a prioritization of software requirements exist.
This lecture provide a review of requirement engineering process. The slides have been prepared after reading Ian Summerville and Roger Pressman work. This lecture is helpful to understand user, and user requirements.
Requirement prioritization is used in Software product management for determining which candidate requirements of a software product should be included in a certain release. Requirements are also prioritized to minimize risk during development so that the most important or high risk requirements are implemented first. Several methods for assessing a prioritization of software requirements exist.
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
In this Business Analysis training session, you will learn about Requirement Elicitation Techniques. Topics covered in this session are:
• Requirements Engineering
• Project Scope
• Landscape of Requirements
• Properties of Requirements
• Types of Requirements
• Stakeholder
• Requirements Elicitation
• Techniques
For more information, click here: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/become-a-business-analyst-with-hands-on-practice/
Software engineering task bridging the gap between system requirements engineering and software design.
Provides software designer with a model of:
system information
function
behavior
Model can be translated to data, architectural, and component-level designs.
Expect to do a little bit of design during analysis and a little bit of analysis during design.
These PPT presentation help to understand waterfall model in SDLC. The Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software development. There are five steps in the waterfall model.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and TableNishu Rastogi
Second half of Unit 2 of BCA 401 as per Invertis University, Syllabus
It includes introduction to ERD, DFD, Decision Tree and Table with examples and exercise.
presentation contains the most important part of the software development engineering which is Requirement Analysis and Specification.
Take a look may be it is helpfull for you.
Thank you
In this Business Analysis training session, you will learn about Requirement Elicitation Techniques. Topics covered in this session are:
• Requirements Engineering
• Project Scope
• Landscape of Requirements
• Properties of Requirements
• Types of Requirements
• Stakeholder
• Requirements Elicitation
• Techniques
For more information, click here: https://www.mindsmapped.com/courses/business-analysis/become-a-business-analyst-with-hands-on-practice/
Software engineering task bridging the gap between system requirements engineering and software design.
Provides software designer with a model of:
system information
function
behavior
Model can be translated to data, architectural, and component-level designs.
Expect to do a little bit of design during analysis and a little bit of analysis during design.
These PPT presentation help to understand waterfall model in SDLC. The Waterfall model is the earliest SDLC approach that was used for software development. There are five steps in the waterfall model.
Requirements analysis, also called requirements engineering, is the process of determining user expectations for a new or modified product. These features, called requirements, must be quantifiable, relevant and detailed. In software engineering, such requirements are often called functional specifications. Requirements analysis is an important aspect of project management.
Software Engineering- ERD DFD Decision Tree and TableNishu Rastogi
Second half of Unit 2 of BCA 401 as per Invertis University, Syllabus
It includes introduction to ERD, DFD, Decision Tree and Table with examples and exercise.
Копії договорів «Укрсічсервіс» стосовно виробничих площ, матеріальних засобів, цехів та об’єктів, які б забезпечували виконання умов договорів, укладених із Міноборони.
Erysipelas is a bacterial skin infection that usually affects the top most layer of the skin. Erysipelas is very rare, but requires immediate treatment. Erysipelas is often associated with other skin infection known as cellulitis, which affects the lower layers of the skin.
1 Software Requirements Descriptions and specification.docxjeremylockett77
1
Software Requirements
Descriptions and specifications
of a system
What is a requirement?
• May range from
– a high-level abstract statement of a service
or
– a statement of a system constraint to a
detailed mathematical functional specification
• Requirements may be used for
– a bid for a contract
• must be open to interpretation
– the basis for the contract itself
• must be defined in detail
• Both the above statements may be called
requirements
Example Example
……
4.A.5 The database shall support the generation and control of
configuration objects; that is, objects which are themselves groupings
of other objects in the database. The configuration control facilities
shall allow access to the objects in a version group by the use of an
incomplete name.
……
2
Types of requirements
• Written for customers
– User requirements
• Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the
services the system provides and its operational
constraints.
• Written as a contract between client and
contractor
– System requirements
• A structured document setting out detailed
descriptions of the system services.
• Written for developers
– Software specification
• A detailed software description which can serve as a
basis for a design or implementation.
User requirements readers
• Client managers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• Contractor managers
• System architects
System requirements readers
• System end-users
• Client engineers
• System architects
• Software developers
Software specification readers
• Client engineers (maybe)
• System architects
• Software developers
3
We will come back to user
and system requirements
Functional requirements
• Statements of services the system
should provide, how the system
should react to particular inputs
and how the system should behave
in particular situations.
Functional requirements
• Describe functionality or system services
• Depend on the type of software,
expected users and the type of system
where the software is used
• Functional user requirements may be
high-level statements of what the
system should do but functional system
requirements should describe the system
services in detail
Examples of functional
requirements
1. The user shall be able to search either
all of the initial set of databases or
select a subset from it.
2. The system shall provide appropriate
viewers for the user to read documents
in the document store.
3. Every order shall be allocated a unique
identifier (ORDER_ID) which the user
shall be able to copy to the account’s
permanent storage area.
4
Requirements imprecision
• Problems arise when requirements are
not precisely stated
• Ambiguous requirements may be
interpreted in different ways by
developers and users
• Consider the term ‘appropriate viewers’
– User intention - special purpose viewer fo ...
https://www.learntek.org/blog/sdlc-phases/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
https://www.learntek.org/blog/sdlc-phases/
https://www.learntek.org/
Learntek is global online training provider on Big Data Analytics, Hadoop, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IOT, AI, Cloud Technology, DEVOPS, Digital Marketing and other IT and Management courses.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
2. • Features of system or system function used to fulfill
system purpose
• Focus on customer’s needs and problem, not on
solutions
Types of Requirements-
• User requirements
Statements in natural language plus diagrams of the services the
system provides and its operational constraints. Written for
customers.
• System requirements
A structured document setting out detailed descriptions of the
system’s functions, services and operational constraints. Defines
what should be implemented so may be part of a contract between
client and contractor.
2
3. • The process to gather the software requirements from
client, analyze and document them is known as
requirement engineering.
• The goal of requirement engineering is to develop and
maintain sophisticated and descriptive ‘System
Requirements Specification’ document.
3
4. It is a four step process, which includes –
• Feasibility Study
• Requirement Gathering / Elicitation
• Software Requirement Specification
• Software Requirement Validation
4
5. • When the client approaches the organization with rough
idea about what functions the software must perform
• Analysts does a detailed study about whether the desired
system and its functionality are feasible to develop
• Analyzes whether the software can be practically
materialized in terms of implementation, cost constraints
and as per values and objectives of the organization
• Output of this phase is a feasibility study report that
contain comments and recommendations for
management about whether or not the project should be
undertaken.
5
6. • If the feasibility report is positive towards undertaking the
project then the next phase starts with gathering
requirements from the user.
• Analysts and engineers communicate with the client and
end-users to know their ideas on what the software
should provide and which features they want the software
to include.
• Sometimes known as Requirement gathering.
6
8. • Requirement Gathering- The developers discuss with
the client and end users and know their expectations
from the software.
• Organizing Requirements - The developers prioritize
and arrange the requirements in order of importance,
urgency and convenience.
• Negotiation & discussion - If requirements are
ambiguous or there are some conflicts in requirements of
various stakeholders, if they are, it is then negotiated and
discussed with stakeholders. Unrealistic requirements
are compromised reasonably.
• Documentation - All formal & informal, functional and
non-functional requirements are documented
8
9. 1- Interviews
• Interviewers should be open-minded, willing to listen to
stakeholders.
• They should prompt the interviewee with a question or a
proposal.
2- Surveys
3- Questionnaires
4- Task analysis Team of engineers and developers may
analyze the operation for which the new system is
required.
5- Brainstorming- An informal debate is held among
various stakeholders and all their inputs are recorded for
further requirements analysis.
9
10. 6- Domain Analysis- Every software falls into some
domain category. The expert people in the domain can help
to analyze general and specific requirements.
7- Prototyping- is building user interface without adding
detail functionality for user to interpret the features of
intended software product. It helps giving better idea of
requirements.
8- Observation- Team of experts visit the client’s
organization or workplace. They observe the workflow at
client’s end and how execution problems are dealt. The
team itself draws some conclusions which aid to form
requirements expected from the software.
10
11. When Analyst understands the exact customer
requirement. Requirement problems are identified and
eliminated.
1- Anomaly - Ambiguity in requirement.
Ex- If the temp is high switch off heater (Threshold must be
defined).
2- Inconsistency- If requirement contradicts with each
other.
Ex- Multiple user may need different actions on some
particular condition.
3- Incompleteness- When requirements have been
overlooked.
In that case analyst suggest customer, the features
which are missing for consideration 11
12. • SRS is a document created by system analyst after the
requirements are collected from various stakeholders.
• Requirements received from client are written in natural
language
• Defines how the intended software will interact with
hardware, external interfaces, speed of operation,
response time of system, portability of software across
various platforms, maintainability, speed of recovery after
crashing, Security, Quality, Limitations etc.
• It acts as a formal (legal) document between the client
and the service provider.
12
13. • User Requirements are expressed in natural language.
• Technical requirements are expressed in structured
language, which is used inside the organization.
• Design description should be written in Pseudo code.
• Format of Forms and GUI screen prints.
• Conditional and mathematical notations for DFDs etc.
13
15. Related to functional aspect of software such as
input/output, processing and error handling
EXAMPLES
• Search option given to user to search from various
invoices.
• User should be able to mail any report to management.
• Users can be divided into groups and groups can be
given separate rights.
• Should comply business rules and administrative
functions.
• Software is developed keeping downward compatibility
intact.
15
16. • Consider the case of the library management system,
where
F1 : Search Book function
Input : An author’s name
Output : Details of the author’s books and the location
of these books in the library
16
17. Implicit or expected characteristics of software, which users
make assumption of.
• Security
• Logging
• Storage
• Configuration
• Performance
• Cost
• Interoperability
• Flexibility
• Accessibility
17
18. • Easy to operate
• Quick in response
• Effectively handling operational errors
• Providing simple yet consistent user interface
18
19. 1- Introduction
a- Background
b- Overall Description
c- Environmental Characteristics
* Hardware
* Peripherals
* People
2- Goals of Implementation
3- Functional Requirements
4- Non-Functional Requirements
5- Behavioral Description
a- System States
b- Events and Actions
19
20. • Users, Customers and Marketing Personnel
To ensure them the system as described in SRS will meet
their needs.
• Software Developers
To make sure that they develop exactly what is required by
the customer.
• Test Engineers
To ensure that the requirements are understandable from
a functionality point of view, so that they can test the
software and validate its working.
20
21. • User Document Writers
To ensure that they understand the document well, to be able to
write user manuals.
• Project Managers
To ensure that they can estimate the cost easily as it contains all
the information required to plan for the project well.
• Maintenance Engineers
To understand the functionality of the system. It enables them to
determine what modifications to the system’s functionality would
be needed for a specific purpose.
21
22. • Clear (easy to understand)
• Correct
• Consistent (same everywhere no contradiction)
• Coherent (logical)
• Comprehensible (user-friendly)
• Modifiable
• Verifiable (justified)
• Prioritized
• Unambiguous (not more than one interpretation)
• Traceable
• Credible source (trusted based on facts)
22
23. • Without developing the SRS document, the system would
not be implemented according to customer needs.
• Software developers would not know whether what they
are developing is what exactly required by the customer.
• Without SRS document, it will be very much difficult for
the maintenance engineers to understand the
functionality of the system.
• It will be very much difficult for user document writers to
write the users’ manuals properly without understanding
the SRS document.
23
24. • Requirement specifications are developed, the
requirements mentioned in this document are validated
• User might ask for illegal, impractical solution or experts
may interpret the requirements incorrectly
Check following-
If they can be practically implemented
If they are valid and as per functionality and domain of
software
If there are any ambiguities
If they are complete
If they can be demonstrated
24
25. 25
Requirement Design
Describe what will be
delivered
Describe how it will be
done
Primary goal of analysis is
UNDERSTANDING
Primary goal of design is
OPTIMIZATION
There is more than one
solution
There is only one final
solution
Customer Interested Customer not interested
26. • What is the problem?
• Why is it important to solve the problem?
• What are the possible solutions to the problem?
• What exactly are the data input to the system and what
exactly are the data output by the system?
• What are the likely complexities that might arise while
solving the problem?
• If there are external software or hardware with which the
developed software has to interface, then what exactly
would the data interchange formats with the external
system be?
26
27. • A written text that accompanies computer software. It
either explains how it operates or how to use it, and may
mean different things to people in different roles.
Types of documentation
• Technical Documentation
• User Documentation
• Marketing Documentation
27