Downloaded 16 times
Uploaded bySivagamy Subramaniam
Chapter 2
This document discusses carbon compounds and their classification. It describes organic compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen, along with other elements like oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. Examples of organic compounds mentioned include proteins, carbohydrates, and alcohols. The document also discusses inorganic carbon compounds that do not contain carbon, listing examples like silica, marble, and bauxite. It then focuses on hydrocarbons and their saturated and unsaturated forms.
More Related Content
Chapter 2
- 1. Carbon compound •Compound thatcontain carbon, hydrogen and elements Such as sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen Organic compounds Inorganic compounds •Carbon containing compound Example: -Protein -Carbohydrates -Alcohol •Non-carbon containing compounds Example -Silica -Marble Bauxite -Oxides of carbon -carbonates -hydrogen carbonates -cyanides -metallic carbonates Exceptions
- 2. HYDROCARBON Saturated hydrocarbon Unsaturatedhydrocarbon •Carbon-carbon single bond •Single covalent bond C C H H H H H H C C H H H H H H •Hydrocarbons are pertroleum,natural gas,coal and rubber tree •Non-hydrocarbon contain other elements such as nitrogen oxygen
- 3. ALKANES •General formulae :CnH2n+2 n= 1,2,3,4,………… •Saturated hydrocarbon C
- 4. NAMING ALKANES •IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) ROOT END Denotes the longest chain Denotes the family of (number of carbon atoms) organic compound Ends with -ene Molecular Formula CnH2n+2
- 5. Carbon atom Rootname 1 Meth- 2 Eth- 3 Prop- 4 But- 5 Pent- 6 Hex- 7 Hept- 8 Oct- 9 Non- 10 Dec-
- 6. Molecular formula Shows theactual number of atoms of each type of elements in the compounds Structural formula Shows the order in which atoms are bonded together in a molecule and by what types of bonds
- 9. Physical properties Electrical conductivity Meltingand boiling point Solubility Density
- 10.
- 11.
- 12. Number of Isomersof Alkanes Number of C Atoms Possible Isomers 1-3 1 4 2 5 3 6 5 7 9 8 18 9 35 10 75 15 4,347 20 366,319
- 13. ALKENE unsaturated chemical compound carbon–carbondouble bond = general formula CnH2n functional groups
- 14.
- 15. Physical properties sameas ALKANE
- 16. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Combustion Addition Halogenation HydrationHydrogenation Formation of Diol Addition of Hydrogen Halide
- 17. HYDROGENATION CH2=CH2 + H2→ CH3-CH3 Catalyst = platinum, nickel or palladium Temperature : 180°C
- 20.
- 21. Naming Branched AlkanesPractice 1. C C C—C—C—C C C 2. C C—C—C—C—C—C—C C C C C C C 3. C—C—C—C—C—C—C C C C C C C 5. 4. C—C—C—C—C—C C C C C 6. C C C C C C C C C C C—C—C—C—C—C—C C C C C 7. C C C C C C C C C C
- 22. DRAW THE FOLLOWING… 8.2-methylbutane: 9. 4-ethyl-3-methylheptane: 10. 4-ethyl-3,5-dimethylheptane: 11. 3,4-dimethylhexane: 12. 2,3,4,5-tetramethylnonane:
- 23. ALCOHOL • organic compound •hydroxyl functional group - OH • general formula CnH2n+1OH • Elements in Alcohol -Carbon - Hydrogen - Oxygen
- 24.
- 25.
- 26.
- 27. Preparation of Alcohol 1.FERMENTATION Yeast produce an enzyme called zymase. Zymase enzyme breaks down the glucose molecules to simpler molecule, namely ethanol and carbon dioxide. Yeast is killed by ethanol concentrations in excess of about 15%, and that limits the purity of the ethanol that can be produced.
- 29.
- 30. Chemical Properties ofAlcohol 1.Combustion C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O
- 31. 2.Dehydration of Alcohol •Decompose to form alkene and water.
- 33. 3. Oxidation Alcohols canbe oxidized to produce carboxylic acid by oxidizing agent a.Acidified potassium dichromate(VI) b.Acidified potassium manganate (VII) Oxidising Agent
- 34. Oxidation of Alcohol Alcoholis heated under reflux with excess oxidising agent. The reflux technique used to prevent the alcohol vapour escape to the surrounding. When the reaction is complete, the carboxylic acid is distilled off.
- 35. acidified potassium dichromate(VI) •orange solution containing the dichromate(VI) ions is reduced to a green solution containing chromium(III) ions. acidified potassium manganate (VII) • purple colour of potassium manganate (VII) decolourised.
- 36.
- 38. CARBOXYLIC ACID General Formula:CnH2n+1COOH, n = 0, 1, 2, ..... Functional Group: Carboxyl
- 39. Number of CarbonName of Alkane Name of Carboxylic Acid 1 methane methanoic acid 2 ethane ethanoic acid 3 propane propanoic acid 4 butane butanoic acid 5 pentane pentanoic acid 6 hexane hexanoic acid
- 40. Preparing Carboxylic Acid =Oxidation of ALCOHOL
- 41. • Base Carboxylic Acid+ Base Oxide/Alkali → Salt + Water • metal carbonate Carboxylic Acid + Metal Carbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water • Metal Carboxylic Acid + Reactive Metal → Salt + H2 Chemical Properties Just like other acids, carboxylic acid can react with:
- 42. Carboxylic acid reactswith alcohol to produce ESTER in the Presence of CONCENTRATED SULPHURIC ACID • Esterification Carboxylic Acids + Alcohol → Ester + Water
- 43.
- 47. OIL AND FATS NaturalESTER Fats –Solid at RT Oil – Liquid at RT
- 48. Fatty acid +glycerol Fat /oil + water Carboxylic acid alcohol ester
- 49.
- 54. Converting Unsaturated fatto Saturated fat HYDROGENATION
- 55. Industrial Extraction ofPalm Oil
- 57. CROSS SECTION OFAN OIL PALM FRUIT
- 58. Extraction Process ofPalm Oil
- 61. Polymer is along chain made of single units that are linked together. The single units that link together to form a polymer are called monomers POLYMER Polymerization process of joining monomer to form polymer
- 62. Natural polymer SyntheticPolymer Obtained from Man made polymer Plants of animals Exp; starch, natural rubber Exp: plastic, synthetic Cotton, protein, silk rubber, nylon, PVC POLYMER
- 63.
- 64.
- 65.
- 67.
- 68. NATURAL RUBBER Made frommonomer called isoprene Obtained from rubber tree isoprene
- 70. Properties of naturalrubber • Elastic and soft • Not stable towards heat Becomes warm at 50 degree celcius and melt/decompose at 200 degree celcius • Does not conduct electricity • Hard and brittle and cold • Insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvent such as chloroform, benzene
- 73.
- 79.