LESSON FOR G9 SCIENCE

1. Lesson 9.2
Organic Compounds and
Functional Groups

2. Recognize the general classes and uses of organic
compounds (S9MT-IIh-18).
At the end of this lesson, the given DepEd learning competency
should be met by the students.

3. ● Differentiate organic from inorganic
compounds.
● Recognize general properties of organic
compounds.
● Recognize the general classes of organic
compounds.

4. Large quantities
of organic
compounds are
present in
natural gas and
petroleum
products.

5. Daily living would be impossible without the presence of organic
compounds.
However, are all carbon-containing compounds considered organic
compounds?
The simplest group of organic compounds is hydrocarbons.
What properties of hydrocarbons make them excellent petroleum
products?

6. The Boat Is Sinking! Group yourselves based on …
Functionality?!
We often use different organic compounds in everyday life.
Procedure
Group the
molecules
based on
similar
structures.
From the
Lewis
structures,
look at
similarities
and
differences.

7. ● Organic compounds consist of both carbon and hydrogen
atom as its base elements.
● The study of the structure, composition, properties, and
chemical reactions of these compounds is called organic
chemistry.
● Not all carbon-containing compounds are considered organic
compounds.
Organic Compounds

8. Here is a list of all inorganic carbon compounds.
Name Chemical Formula
carbon monoxide CO
carbon dioxide CO2
carbon tetrachloride CCl4
carbonates CO3
2-
cyanides CN-
allotropes of carbon C60

9. ● Organic compounds are covalent compounds. Hence, they
have the general properties of covalent compounds:
− poor conductors of electricity
− low melting and boiling points
− high flammability
Properties of Organic Compounds

10. ● Their volatility and viscosity vary according to their size and
structure.
− Volatility refers to the ability of a compound to become
vapor.
− Viscosity refers to the ability of a liquid to resists flowing.
Properties of Organic Compounds

11. ● The size of the molecule extremely affects these two
properties, as molecules in short chains tend to be very volatile
and less viscous, while molecules in long chains like to be in
liquid form and are very viscous.
Properties of Organic Compounds
Perfume and honey show the
volatility and viscosity of
organic compounds.

12. ● An application of knowledge in volatility of
organic compounds is fractional
distillation.
● This is used when mixtures of liquids have
narrow differences in their boiling points.
● This technique is also widely used in
refinery of petroleum products or extraction
of essential oils from plants.
Fractional Distillation
Fractional distillation of
petroleum products

13. ● All organic compounds are derived from hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and
hydrogen atoms.
● There are three main classifications of hydrocarbons:
− alkanes
− alkenes
− alkynes
● They differ in the types of bonds present in them.
Classification of Organic Compounds

14. ● Organic compounds are also classified in different families
according to their functional groups.
● A functional group is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is
mainly responsible for the characteristic chemical behaviour
and properties of a molecule.
● Thus, compounds belonging to the same functional group
share common properties.
Functional Groups

15. Organic
Compound
Functional
Group
Example
Name Structure Use
alkanes none (contains C-C
single bonds)
butane fuel for cigarette
lighters
alkenes ethylene helps in ripening
fruits
alkynes acetylene used in torches
aromatics naphthalene mothballs
alcohols ethanol disinfectant

16. Organic
Compound
Functional
Group
Example
Name Structure Use
ketones acetone dissolves adhesives
and paints
aldehydes formaldehyde preservative used in
embalming
ethers diethyl ether solvent for waxes and
oils
carboxylic
acid
lactic acid found in yogurt
ester ethyl acetate gives pineapple’s
scent

17. Organic
Compound
Functional
Group
Example
Name Structure Use
amine ethylamine used in oil refining
amide formamide softener for fibers
thiol butathiol cotton defoliant
alkyl halide ethyl chloride pain killer

18. ● These are a group of hydrocarbon compounds that contain
carbon-carbon single (C-C) bonds and carbon-hydrogen
(C-H) bonds only.
● It has a general formula of CnH2n+2 where n is the number of
carbon atoms (n=1, 2, 3, …).
● Their names end in -ane.
● Since alkanes are the only hydrocarbons that contain purely
single bonds throughout their structures, they are classified as
saturated hydrocarbons.
Alkanes

19. ● Alkanes are insoluble in water, but are soluble in organic
solvents such as toluene and chloroform.
● Toluene is a clear, colorless liquid which becomes a vapor
when exposed to air at room temperature.
● Chloroform (CHCl3) is a colorless liquid that quickly evaporates
into gas.
● They are also less dense than water.
● The physical state of alkanes at room temperature varies
depending on the number of carbon atoms.
− those with one to four carbon atoms are gases
− those with five to seventeen carbon atoms are generally
liquid
− those beyond seventeen carbons are solids
Properties of Alkanes

20. ● Alkanes generally have low melting and boiling points.
● As more carbon atoms are added to the alkane chain, there is
an increase in melting and boiling points, increase in viscosity,
and decrease in flammability.
● Alkanes are also known to be generally unreactive. These
compounds consist only of single carbon-carbon bonds and
carbon-hydrogen bonds which are strong and hard to break.
Properties of Alkanes

21. ● Alkanes are usually found in natural gas, petroleum deposits,
and coal.
● Methane (CH4), also known as natural gas, is a colourless,
odourless, and gaseous alkane that is mostly used as fuel for
heating homes, cooking, and electricity generation.
● Methane is commonly found together with other fossil fuels like
coal and oil.
● It is also considered as a greenhouse gas, with a global
warming potential of 21 (which means that it can trap heat 21
times greater than carbon dioxide).
Uses of Alkanes

22. ● These are a group of hydrocarbon compounds that contain
carbon-carbon double (C=C) bonds, also known as olefins.
● It has a general formula of CnH2n where n is the number of
carbon atoms (n=2, 3, 4, …).
● Their names end in -ene.
● Because of the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds,
alkenes are considered as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkenes

23. ● Alkenes are insoluble in water just like alkanes.
● They are also less dense than water.
● The physical state of alkenes at room
temperature varies depending on the number of
carbon atoms.
− those with two to four carbon atoms are
gases.
− those with five to sixteen carbon atoms are
generally liquid.
− those beyond sixteen carbons are solids.
Properties of Alkenes

24. ● The boiling point and melting point of
alkenes also increase as more carbon
atoms are added to its chain.
● Alkenes are also highly flammable and
very reactive.
● Their reactivity are brought by the
presence of the carbon-carbon double
bond.
Properties of Alkenes

25. ● Alkenes serve an important role in most biological molecules.
● Linoleic acid (C18H32O2), also known as omega-6 fatty acid, is
an alkene that naturally exist in plants.
− It serves as an important biomolecule for their nutrition as
they use it as a starting material in the production of
prostaglandins.
Prostaglandins are a group of lipids with hormone-like actions
that your body makes primarily at sites of tissue damage or
infection
Examples of Alkenes and their uses
linoleic acid

26. ● These are a group of hydrocarbon compounds that contain
carbon-carbon triple (C≡C) bonds.
● It has a general formula of CnH2n-2 where n is the number of
carbon atoms (n=2, 3, 4, …).
● Their names end in -yne.
● Because of the presence of carbon-carbon triple bonds,
alkynes are considered as unsaturated hydrocarbons.
Alkynes

27. ● Alkynes are insoluble in water and are slightly
soluble in some organic solvents.
● The physical state of alkynes at room
temperature varies depending on the number of
carbon atoms.
− those with two to four carbon atoms are
gases
− those with five to seventeen carbon atoms
are generally liquid
− those beyond seventeen carbons are solids
Properties of Alkynes

28. ● The boiling point and melting point of alkynes
also increase as more carbon atoms are added
to its chain.
● Most are less dense than water and some are
explosives.
● Some are used in pharmacy, manufacturing of
plastic, and artificial ripening of fruits.
PROPERTIES OF ALKYNES

29. ● Alkynes are very rare hydrocarbons, and yet they still useful to
metal works and pharmacy.
● Ethyne (C2H2), also known as acetylene, is an alkyne.
− It exists as a colourless and flammable gas.
− During the 20th century, it is widely used in torches for metal
works, as well as in portable lamps and lanterns (water and
calcium carbide were used to produce acetylene in these
devices) where it produces bright flame.
Examples of Alkynes and their uses

30. ● Another example of an alkyne is methylpentynol (C6H10O).
− This sedative is used as an over-the-counter drug for people
who experiences insomnia.
● One unique compound which contains alkyne is
ichthyothereol (C14H14O2).
− This compound is naturally secreted by poison dart frogs.
EXAMPLES OF ALKYNES AND ITS USES

31. ● These are classified as unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons
which are also called as arenes.
● It has the benzene ring as its functional group.
● A benzene is a six-carbon ring compound having three
alternating double bonds.
− It contains a hybrid bonding which results from the alternate
single and double bonds.
− The bond strength is halfway between a single and double
carbon-carbon bond.
Aromatic Hydrocarbons

32. ● Aromatic hydrocarbons are known for its
aromatic or fragrant smell.
● Primary sources of aromatic compounds
include petroleum and coal tar.
● Fragrant oils also contain aromatic
hydrocarbons.
● They are insoluble in water.
● They are used as solvents in organic
reactions.
Properties and Uses of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

33. ● They contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
● They have the hydroxyl (-OH) functional group.
Alcohols
Propanol, an example of an alcohol

34. ● volatile liquids at room temperature
● soluble in water for short chain alcohols
(less than five carbons)
● form hydrogen bonds like water
● high polarizability because of
electronegative oxygen in the hydroxyl
group
● undergo combustion reactions
● flammable
PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS

35. ● It is an example of an alcohol
encountered in daily life.
● it is produced through
fermentation, a biochemical
process that converts sugar
to alcohol.
● It is used as a solvent, fuel,
drinking, and other uses.
ETHANOL
Ethanol is used as the main
ingredient in alcoholic drinks and as
solvent in perfumes.

36. ● They have a carbonyl group plus
a hydrogen atom as their
functional group
● The carbonyl group in aldehydes is
always found at the end of the
carbon chain.
● The general formula of aldehydes
is R-CHO. R can be a hydrogen
atom or any alkyl group.
Aldehydes
Ethanal, an example of an aldehyde

37. ● The boiling point of aldehydes increases together with
molecular size.
● The shorter chain aldehydes (less than five carbons) are
soluble in water.
● volatile and combustible
● high chemical reactivity
Properties of Aldehydes

38. ● Its IUPAC name is methanal which is
the simplest aldehyde.
● This compound is a colorless gas at
room temperature, which when mixed
with water produces formalin.
● It is used in biology laboratories to
preserve tissue samples.
Formaldehyde
Biological specimens that need to be
preserved are placed in formalin.

39. ● They also have a carbonyl group as
their functional group. They are
derivatives of aldehydes.
● They have at most two R groups linked
to their carbon atom. The carbonyl group
is always found in the middle of a carbon
chain.
● The general formula is R-CO-R. R can
represent an alkyl or an aryl group.
Ketones
Propanone, an example of a ketone

40. ● The boiling point of ketones increases together with molecular
size, as with alcohols and aldehydes.
● Small ketones are soluble in water (less than 5 carbons).
● less reactive than aldehydes
Properties of Ketones

41. ● It is the most common ketone. Its IUPAC
name is propanone.
● It is primarily used as a solvent for
organic compounds such as plastics and
synthetic fibers
● It is also used as a nail polish remover
and paint thinner.
Acetone
Acetone is the main component in nail
polish removers.

42. ● These are a group of hydrocarbons
that contain the carboxyl (-COOH)
functional group.
● The general formula of carboxylic
acids is CnH2n+1COOH (where n =
0, 1, 2, …)
Carboxylic Acids
Ethanoic acid, an example of a carboxylic
acid

43. ● produced by oxidizing primary alcohols or aldehyde using
potassium dichromate
● weak acids
● soluble in water, except for longer chains
● able to produce cyclic dimers after forming hydrogen bonds
with each other
● have higher boiling point than alcohols
● boiling point increases as more carbon atoms are added to its
chain
Properties of Carboxylic Acids

44. ● Its IUPAC name is ethanoic acid.
● It is produced by oxidation of ethanol.
● It is the main component of vinegar.
Vinegar is the common name of dilute
acetic acid.
● Vinegar is used as a condiment and as a
preservative. It is also used as a
household cleaning agent.
Acetic Acid
Ethanoic acid is also called acetic acid.
This compound gives vinegar its distinct
sour taste and pungent smell.

45. ● They are a group of organic compounds produced from the
reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid.
● This process is called esterification.
Esters
The esterification process

46. ● They have the functional group -COO.
● The general formula is R’-COOR
− R’ can represent hydrogen, an alkyl,
or an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
− R can be an alkyl or an aryl group.
Esters
Ethyl ethanoate, an example of an ester

47. ● sweet-smelling compounds
● responsible for the scent of most fruit and
flowers
● have higher boiling point compared to
hydrocarbons
● volatile and flammable
● used in production of artificial food flavorings
● used as solvents for cosmetics and perfumes
Properties of Esters
Roses contain citronellyl
acetate, which give them their
fragrant smell.

48. ● They are a group of organic compounds that contain an ether
group that is an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl
groups.
● They have the general formula ROR’. R and R’ can represent
alkyl or aryl groups.
Ethers
Dimethyl ether, an example of an ether

49. ● exists as liquids at room temperature (low melting points)
● have slightly higher boiling point than alkanes
● colorless
● highly flammable
● excellent polar solvents
Properties of Ethers

50. ● They are derivatives of ammonia, NH3.
● In amines, one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by
a hydrocarbon group.
● The general formula of amines is R3N. R can be a hydrogen
atoms or an alkyl group.
Amines

51. ● Amines can be primary, secondary, or tertiary.
− A primary amine replaces only one hydrogen atom.
− A secondary amine replaces two hydrogen atoms.
− A tertiary amine replaces three hydrogen atoms.
Amines
primary amine secondary aminetertiary amine

52. ● basic
● reacts with acids and form salts
● its salts are highly soluble in water
● higher boiling point compared to alkanes
● have characteristic odor
● liquid at room temperature
Properties of Amines

53. ● Amines are involved in the production of amino acids.
● They also form the basic units of many vitamins such as
vitamin B1.
− It is one of the B-complex vitamins which help the body convert food into fuel.
− They also help the body metabolize fats and proteins.
Uses of Amines
Amines are found in vitamins such as vitamin B1 (thiamine).
Common sources of vitamin B1 include fortified pieces of bread, milk, fish, and lean meat.

54. ● Amines are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry.
● Medicines based on amines include morphine and pethidine.
These drugs are commonly used as painkillers.
Uses of Amines
Amines are used in the production of
pharmaceutical drugs.

55. Determine the family of the organic compounds based on its
given structure.
Structure Classification

56. Structure Classification
alkyne
aromatic
carboxylic acid
Determine the family of the organic compounds based on its
given structure.

57. ● Organic compounds consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms
as their base elements, have low melting and boiling points,
and have high flammability.
● A functional group is an atom (or a group of atoms) that is
mainly responsible for a molecule's characteristic behavior and
properties.

58. ● The following are the classifications of organic compounds based
on their functional groups:
○ Alkanes are a group of saturated hydrocarbon compounds that
contain carbon-carbon single (C-C) bonds and carbon-hydrogen
(C-H) bonds only and have a general formula of CnH2n+2 where n
is the number of carbon atoms
(n = 1, 2, 3, …).
○ Alkenes are a group of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds
that contain a carbon-carbon double (C=C) bond. Also known as
olefins, they have a general formula of CnH2n, where n is the
number of carbon atoms (n = 2, 3, 4, …).

59. ○ Alkynes are a group of unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds
that contains carbon-carbon triple (C≡C) bond. They have a
general formula of CnH2n–2, where n is the number of carbon
atoms (n = 2, 3, 4, …).
○ Aromatic hydrocarbons are classified as unsaturated cyclic
hydrocarbons. They are also called arenes. It has the benzene
ring as its functional group.
○ Alcohols contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have
the hydroxyl (ーOH) functional group.

60. ○ Aldehydes and ketones are collectively known as carbonyl
compounds because they contain a carbonyl functional group
(C=O). Aldehydes have carbonyl groups at the terminal
carbon. Aldehydes has a general formula of RCHO. Ketones
have carbonyl groups at the middle of the carbon chain.
○ Carboxylic acids are a group of hydrocarbons that contain the
carboxyl (-COOH) functional group.

61. ○ Esters have the functional group -COO. They are a group of
organic compounds produced from an alcohol and a carboxylic
acid reaction.
○ An ether group is an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl
groups. Ethers have the general formula ROR’.
○ Amines are groups of organic compounds derived from
ammonia, NH3.

62. Identify if the statement is correct or not.
1. Alkane and alkynes are both saturated compounds.
2. An ether contains a carboxyl group.
3. β-carotene, which is rich in Vitamin A, is an amine.
4. Organic compounds are good conductors of electricity.
5. Alkanes react with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water.

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