The document outlines the major United States and Soviet Union space missions related to exploring and landing on the moon between 1958-1998. It describes the Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo programs which progressed from single-astronaut orbital missions to the first lunar landing in 1969. Subsequent Apollo missions conducted lunar surface experiments and exploration. Unmanned probes such as Luna, Ranger, Surveyor, Lunar Orbiters, Clementine, and Lunar Prospector helped map and study the moon in preparation for human missions.

2.  6 missions
 One man
 Took place from 1961-1963 (initiated in 1958)
 Developed hardware for spaceflight and
return to Earth
 Showed how humans would survive in space
 Orbit the Earth and return

3.  1964-1966
 10 missions
 2 astronauts in vehicle
 Improved techniques for spacecraft control
(maneuver and docking) , and spacewalking
 To subject astronauts to longer flights
 Accomplished missions equivalent to going
to moon and back

4.  Apollo 1—explosion, 3 astronauts lose their lives, fire
in the command module during test
 Apollo 7—first manned spaceflight in the Apollo
program, test the vehicle and support facilities in
Earth’s orbit
 Apollo 8– 1968—first mission to orbit the moon
(circumlunar), first manned flight of SaturnV rocket
 Apollo 9—tested lunar module and ability to
rendezvous with the command module, 10 days in
earth’s orbit

5.  Apollo 10—last stages of testing lunar
equipment, lunar module was flown manned
around the moon and descended 8 miles
without landing
 Apollo 11—1969—first astronauts set foot on
the moon, even through technical problems
 Apollo 12—first major scientific experiments set
up on the Moon, retrieve equipment left by
Surveyor 3
 Apollo 13—1970—explosion causes mission to
abort, circle the moon and return to Earth in
lunar module

6.  Apollo 14—First landing in the lunar
mountains, find places for future landings
 Apollo 15—1971—first use of lunar roving
vehicle
 Apollo 16—crew explores mountains,
conduct inflight experiments
 Apollo 17—last, longest mission/first
geologist visits
 Luna 3—1959—Russian space probe returns
first pictures of the Moon’s far side

7.  Ranger 7—1964—US receives perfect photos
from unmanned probe/it crash lands on the
moon
 Surveyor 1—1966—first of 7 US Surveyor
missions/makes a perfect soft landing on the
Moon/ Goal was to prepare for landing
astronauts on the Moon by analysis of lunar
soil

8.  Lunar Orbiters—1966— 5 of them launched
by US/photographed virtually the entire
Moon
 Clementine—1994—placed in lunar
orbit/goal was to conduct a two-month
survey of the Moon’s surface/ important
aspect was to collect data on mineral content
of Moon rocks/helped map huge impact
basins/early signals indicated the presence of
water

9.  Clementine continued—carried cameras to
collect images/ one image shows that the
crust on the side of the Moon that faces earth
is much thinner than the crust on the far side/
a global map of the Moon that shows its
composition was created based on light data

10.  The Lunar Prospector—1998—spent a year
orbiting the Moon from pole to pole/resulting
maps confirmed Clementine’s data/confirmed
that the Moon has an iron-rich core/carried
instruments to map the Moon’s gravity,
magnetic field, and elements in the lunar
crust/using Prospector, scientists prepared
maps showing the location of water ice at
each pole