Early humans lived as hunter-gatherers but around 10,000 years ago began migrating and adapting to their environments. Some groups began farming and domesticating animals, leading to the Agricultural Revolution and the development of permanent settlements and villages. As agriculture techniques improved, villages grew in size and complexity with specialized workers, trade, and early forms of government. One such complex village was Catal Huyuk in Turkey, home to 8,000 people with varied occupations and cultural practices like wall murals and burying the dead under house floors.

1. History’s Beginnings

2. Earliest Human Societies

3. Early Human Migration to 10,000
years ago
 http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/g
et_chapter_group.htm?cin=1&ci=1&rg=map_center&at
=animated_maps&var=animated_maps

4. Studying History and Early Humans
 Why do people study history and try to learn more
about the past?
 To find out about ancestors and more about themselves
 http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/p
age_build.htm?id=resources/jsp/starting_with_a_stor
y/starting_with_a_story_ch1

5. Why Study History
 What has happened to a person, a family, or society in
the past may affect what will occur in the future
 More than recounting and studying past events
 Involves: studying society’s culture, religion, politics,
and economics
 Historians try to find patterns and see past through
eyes of people who lived it

6. Primary and Secondary Sources
 Evidence used to answer Historians questions
 Primary Source: something written or created by a
person who witnessed a historical event
 Military records, marriage certificates, diaries, and
private letters
 Artifacts: buildings, works of art, tools
 Oral History: made up of verbal or unwritten accounts
of events
 includes stories, customs, and songs

7.  Secondary Source: a work produces about a historical
event by someone who was not actually there
 Newspapers, books, and paintings
 Oral History

8. Why History Changes
 Historians might use different evidence
 Steps:
 Evidence is examined and trustworthy evidence is
sorted.
 Evidence is interpreted: articles, books, and museum
displays
 Interpretations can be conflicting
 Discovery of new evidence may lead to new conclusions

9. Early Humans Were Hunter-
Gatherers
 Hunted animals and gathered plants for food
 Moved to new locations when food ran out

10. Adapting to the Environment
 Depended on Environment for shelter
 Lived in caves, rock shelters, made shelters out of tree
branches, plant fibers or skins of animals
 Lived together in bands
 Made up of several families (30 people)
 Men: hunted and fished
 Women: gathered foods and cared for children

11. Early Humans on the Move
 Hunter-gatherers were nomads: people who move
from place to place
 Movement limited; returned to same places with
changing seasons
 Some moved to new lands
 Migration: the act of moving from one place to settle in
another
 Migration
 People followed animals to hunt
 13,000 B.C. had migrated to much of world
 Traveled across a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska

12. Developing Tools and Culture
 Technology: ways in which people apply knowledge, tools,
and inventions to meet their needs.
 The Development of Technology
 2 million years ago Stone tools for cutting
 Carrying bags, stone hand axes, awls, drills, bows, flint
spearheads, metal tools
 Tools used for: building shelter, hunting and butchering
animals
 The Use of Fire
 500,000 years ago: learned to make fire
 Provided heat and light (could cook food)
 Used to temper tools made of metal

13. Early Human Culture
 Art, language, and religion are unique to humans
 Language: develop out of need to communicate
 Religion: the worship of God, gods, or spirits
 Early Humans: everything in nature had a spirit
 Early Art: created in caves or on rocks

14. The Beginnings of Agriculture
 8,000 B.C.
 Learned to grow plants and raise animals
 Climate Changes
 Rising temps caused glaciers to melt
 Humans could move into new areas
 Growing seasons became longer
 Domesticated : (humans learned to grown and breed the
grasses ) wild grasses

15. The Domestication of Animals
 Learned to capture and tame animals
 Captured animals provided constant source of food
 9,000 B.C.
 1st animals domesticated
 Reliable food source, clothing, and other products
 Made tools from bones
 Horses, llamas, and camels used for transportation
 Dogs domesticated to help in hunts

16. The Agricultural Revolution
 Development of farming
 Agriculture: planting of seeds to raise crops
 Ag. Revolution
 Shift from food gathering to food raising
 Began around 8,000 B.C.
 Brought changes in tools and technology
 People made hoes, plows and sickles
 More food available allowed for increases in population and
better opportunities to settle in one place

17. The First Communities

18. Settlements Begin
 Became better farmers as tools improved
 Groups remained in same areas instead of moving
 Developed larger, more permanent settlements

19. Farming Villages Develop
Worldwide
 Agriculture developed where water was available
 Irrigation: the watering of dry land using systems of
ditches, pipes, and streams
 Fertile soil: produced bigger & better crops
 Attracted farmers to larger villages; villages grew in size

20. Village Life
 Advantages:
 Food was plentiful
 Could withstand attacks by nomadic bands
 Disadvantages:
 Risk of fire, disease, and flood

21. Surpluses Boost Development
 As agriculture techniques improved, farmers produced
surpluses
 More than what is needed to survive
 Surpluses not limited to food
 Materials for making cloth or other products (wool)
 Surpluses in good seasons helped during bad seasons
 Able to support more people during surpluses
 Population grew, villages economies varied as people
developed special skills

22. People Develop Different Skills
 Not everyone had to raise food with surpluses
 People began to specializing
 Skill in one kind of work
 Potters, weavers, and holy person or shamans
(interpreted natural events)
 Non-farmers traded their goods and services for food

23. Simple Villages Grow More
Complex
 Surpluses and specialization led to growth of villages
 Life became more complex
 Social relationships became more complicated

24. A Changing Way of Life
 More people living together in villages
 Increased trade between villages
 Skilled people spent years learning trade
 Artisans: people trained in skills or craft
 Occupational classes or social classes developed
 Social class: a group of people with similar customs, backgrounds,
training, and income.
 Need for laws and leadership to keep order and settle
disputes
 Government created
 Communities safer and more stable

25. Life in Complex Villages
 Larger population & live closer together
 Larger supply of skills, ideas, and needs
 Life more complicated

26. Catal Huyuk
 Complex village in Turkey
 8,000 people
 32 acres
 Agricultural village
 Wheat, barley, and peas
 Raised sheep
 Buried dead under floors of their homes
 Vivid murals on walls of houses
 Developed special skills
 Making tools and luxury items
 Produced cloth, wooden vessels, and simple pottery