The document discusses the expansion of industrialization in the United States during the late 1800s. Key developments included the discovery of natural resources which fueled industry, the use of tariffs to protect American industry, and technological innovations like steel production. Industries like oil, railroads, electricity, communications, and automobiles grew rapidly. Large corporations and monopolies formed, led by entrepreneurs and financed by bankers, though working conditions were often poor. Unions struggled to gain influence among the growing urban workforce.

3.  Expansion of U.S. led to discovers of
deposits of coal, iron, lead, & copper
› Along with vast forests that could furnish
lumber
 Land grants given by gov’t to railroads &
other businessesses
 Tariffs were kept on imports
› Helped American industry grow by making
foreign goods more expensive

4.  Technology spurred industrial growth as
well
› 1850s: Bessemer process was developed
 Method of making steel stronger at lower costs
 Steel quickly replaced iron as basic building
material
 Pittsburgh became nation’s steel making
capital
 Due to close coal mines & good transportation

5.  1859
› Titusvill, PA
 New source of energy found
 1st oil strike
 Methods to refine crude oil were developed
 Made into lubricants for machines & later into
gasoline
 Oil became known as black gold

6.  Railroads fueled industrial growth
› Carried people & goods to the west & raw
materials to the east
› New services added (sleeping cars) & more
tracks were laid down
› Big lines soon consolidated & bought up
smaller lines
 Limited competition & kept prices high
 Higher prices angered small farmers who relied on
railroads to get their goods to market

7.  Late 1800s
› More patents issued than 10 years before
Civil War
› U.S. became known as a land of invention
› Inventions made business & life easier

8.  1876
› Thomas Edison created research lab in Menlo
Park, NJ
 Here they created the light bulb, the phonograph,
the motion picture camera, & other useful devices
 1882
› Edison opened 1st electrical power plant in New
York City; other soon followed all over the
country
 Supplied electricity that lit homes, powered
streetcars, & replaced steam engines & electric
ones in factories

9.  1866 telegraph speed increased
› Cyrus Field laid an underwater telegraph cable
from Europe
› Made communication faster
 1876
› Alexander Graham Bell sent the 1st telephone
message to his assistant in another room
› Patent for the telephone became the most
valuable ever issued
› By 1885 300,000 phones were sold
› He later organized over 100 local companies
into the giant American Telephone & Telegraphy
Company

10.  1868
› Christopher Sholes invented the type writer
› Made writing letters much faster
 1888
› George Eastman introduced a lightweight camera
› Replaced heavy chemicals & equipment
› Sold for a low price, ordinary people could purchase
it
 Jan Matzeliger
› African American; invented shoe sewing machine
 Granville Woods
› African American; invented telegraph between
moving trains

11.  Late 1800s
› European engineers developed automobile
 Only 8,000 Americans had one
› Era of freer & faster transportation followed
 Henry Ford
› American manufacturer made automobile available to millions
› Created a system to mass produce cars & made them available
at a lower price
› 1913 Ford introduced the assembly line
 Production time was cut in half
 Lower costs to build = lower prices for consumers
 1917 4.5 million owned cars
 Cars changed the nation’s landscape
› Roads spread across country & new cities were developed

12.  1903
› Wilbur & Orville Wright tested a gas powered
airplane @ Kitty Hawk, NC
› Stayed in the air for 12 seconds & flew 120 feet
› 1st flights attracted little interest
 No use for a flying machine
 Military did not starting using airplane until WWI
 1920s
› Airplane started to alter the world by making
travel quicker & trade easier

14.  Expansion led by entrepreneurs
› Someone who sets up new businesses to
make a profit
› To raise more money, entrepreneurs
adopted new ways of organizing business

15.  Corporations
› Businesses owned by many investors
› Raise money by selling stock or shares
› Stockholders get some of the profits & pick
who runs the company
 Limited risk of investors, only lost money they
invested

16.  Huge loans were given to corporations
› Helped industry grow quickly
› Made huge profits for bankers
 J. Pierpont Morgan
› Became powerful force in American economy
› Gained control of key industries (railroads &
steel)
 Bought stock in troubled corporations
 Ran companies by eliminating competition &
increasing profits

17.  Congress did little to regulate business
practices
› Led to growth of “Big Business”
› Entrepreneurs formed monopolies or
companies that control most or all business
in a particular industry

18.  Poor Scottish immigrant that worked his
way up in the railroad business
 Entered the steel industry
› Soon controlled every step of making steel
(owned iron mines, steel mills, railroads, &
shipping lines)
 1892 formed Carnegie Steel Company;
produced more steel than all mills in England

19.  Carnegie believed the rich had a duty to
improve society
› Called Gospel of Wealth
› Donated millions to build libraries & charities
› Set up a foundation that funded worthy
causes after his death

20.  Son of a New York peddler
 At 23 he invested in an oil refinery
› Used profits to buy other oil companies
› Didn’t hesitate to crush competitors
 1882 Rockefeller formed the Standard Oil
Trust
› Trust: group of corporations run by a single
board of directors
 1900
› Trusts dominated many of nation’s key industries

21.  Big Business good or bad?
 Critics
› Trusts threatened free enterprise (system in which
privately owned businesses compete freely)
› Business leaders were “robber barons” & used
their money to influence politicians
 Others
› Bold “captains of industry”
› Built up economy & created jobs
› Made goods & services affordable for American
consumers

22.  Supported trend toward trusts
 Survival of the fittest applied to human
affairs
 Business leaders used to justify efforts to
limit competition & harsh working
conditions

23.  Close relationships between owners &
workers ended as industries grew
 Most new workers were immigrants,
others were African Americans who left
southern farms

24.  Outnumbered men in most industries
 Many work in sweatshops (workshops
with long hours & poor working
conditions with low pay)
 Children had hazardous jobs as well
 Most children did not go to school &
could not improve their lives

25.  Lung diseases by textile workers & miners
› From breathing fibers & dusts
 Burns & death by steelworkers
 Employers were not required to pay
compensation for injuries
› Social Darwinists: harsh conditions necessary
to cut costs, increase production, & ensure
survival of business

26.  Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
› Fire broke out
› Within 15 minutes, upper stories were ablaze
› Workers raced to exits to find them locked
 Doors locked to keep workers at their jobs
› Fire truck ladders were too short to reach the fire
 Workers leaped to their deaths
 150 people, mostly young women, died
 New York & other states approved safety

27.  Factory workers made attempts to
organize in early days of Industrial
Revolution
› Security guards were hired by companies to
attack strikers or union organizers
› Laws made it illegal to strike
› Workers formed unions in secret
 Sought safer working conditions, higher wages,
& shorter hours

28.  Philadelphia clothing workers
› 1st was small & secret
 1879
› Terence Powderly elected president of KOL
 Held public rallies
 Women, African Americans, immigrants, &
unskilled workers were admitted
 Became biggest union in the country

29.  Violent labor disputes soon took
place
 May 4th, 1886
› Strike took place in Haymarket Square in
Chicago
› Bomb exploded killing seven policemen
› Police opened fire on the crowd
› KOL lost their influence as a result of
protest

30.  1886
› Samuel Gompers formed new union in Columbus,
OH
 American Federation of Labor
 Replaced KOL as leading union in the country
 AFL only admitted skilled workers
› Costly & more difficult to train replacements
› Believed in collective bargaining (unions negotiate
with management for workers as a group)
› Used strikes only when all else failed
 1904
› AFL had more than a million members
› Only included a fraction of American workers

31.  Played leading roles in building unions
 Mary Harris Jones
› Traveled the country campaigning for unions
› Called attention to hard lives of children
 Called Mother Jones by many people

32.  1893
› Severe economic depression
› Owners cut production, fired workers, & slashed wages
 Violent strikes swept the country
 George Pullman
› Cut workers pay by 25% & did not lower rent on company
housing
› Workers walked off their jobs
› By July rail lines were shut down from coast to coast
› President Grover Cleveland sent federal troops to
Chicago to end the strike
 Shots were fired into the crowd, killing 2
 Public generally sided with owners in violent labor
disputes
› Striking unions were seen as radical or violent
› By 1900 only 3% of American workers belonged to a union

34.  Urbanization
› Rapid growth of city populations
 1890
› 1 in 3 Americans lived in a city
› U.S. had cities the sizes of London & Paris
 Reasons for urbanization
› Cities attracted industry & industry attracted
people
 Moved in search of jobs & excitement
 Many were near waterways, provided easier
transport of goods

35.  Technology
› Aided in growth of cities
 Elevated trains, electric streetcar, & electric
subway
 Public Transportation
› Help create suburbs
 Didn’t have to live in the cities to work there
› Steel bridges also allowed suburbs to grow

36.  Cities expanded upward
› 1885 1st 10 story building constructed
› 1900 skyscrapers reached 30 stories
 Electric elevators allowed people to move up
& down the building
 Cities grew outward from old downtown
sections
› Poor families crowded into these areas

37.  Fire
› Constant threat to tightly packed
neighborhoods
› 1871
 Chicago fire leveled 3 square
miles of downtown killing 300
people & leaving 18,000 homeless

38.  Downtown slums
› Poor living conditions
› Tenements: buildings divided into many tiny
apartments
 No windows (usually), heat, or indoor plumbing
 10 people lived in a single room & several families
shared a single bathroom
› Streets were littered w/ garbage
› Diseases were common
› Babies ran the greatest risk of death
 In one Chicago slum, half of all babies died by one

39.  1880s
› Streetlights, fire stations, police departments,
& sanitation stations were set up
› Public health officials waged war on disease
› Religious groups served the poor
 Hospitals & clinics were set up for those who
could not afford a doctor
› Salvation Army was founded & gave food,
clothing & shelter to the homeless

40.  Jane Addams
› 1889 opened Hull House (settlement house)
in Chicago
 A center offering help to the urban poor
 At settlement houses
› Taught English to immigrants, sponsored
music & sports for young people, & provided
nurseries for children of working women
 Addams & other house leaders fought to
outlaw child labor

41.  Attractions available in the city
› Electric lights, elevated railroads, & tall
buildings
 Department stores
› Developed to meet the needs of shoppers
 Could buy everything they needed in one
store (use to buy shirts in one, shoes in one,
pants in one)
 Goods were separated on different floors

42.  Entertainment provided to people in cities
› Museums, orchestras, art galleries, & theaters
› Circuses drew large audiences
 1850s
› Frederick Law Olmsted planned Central Park in NY
 Others cities built parks, zoos, & gardens
 Sports
› Pro teams developed in cities after the Civil War
› Baseball was the most popular
 Cincinnati Red Stockings 1st pro team in 1869
 7 years later 8 cities had teams & formed the National
League of Professional Baseball Clubs w/ crowds of
5,000 people

43.  1891
› James Naismith nailed two peach baskets to
the walls of a gym in Springfield, MA
› Basketball was the new game he created
 Used a soccer ball
 Football also became popular
› Very dangerous, no equipment
› 1 season 44 college players died of injuries

45.  1865-1915
› 25 million immigrants entered U.S.
 Reasons for Migration
› Farmland in Europe was shrinking w/ increasing
population & machines were replacing farmhands
› Religious freedom
› Political unrest
› Job opportunities
 Steamships & railroads (profited from immigration) sent
agents to Asia & Europe advertising cheap land &
plentiful jobs
› Promise of freedom drew people from lands w/o
democracy & liberty

46.  Came from southern
& eastern Europe
(Italy, Poland, Russia,
& Greece), Asia, &
the Pacific
 Most were Catholic
or Jewish
 Few understood
English or experience
living in a
democracy or a city

47.  Difficult decision to emigrate
› Leave home, family, & friends to start a
strange new life
 Coming to America
› Miserable journey
› Crammed below decks in steerage
(large compartments that usually held
cattle)
› Diseases & rough seas sickened
travelers

48.  Most settled into cities after being
admitted to U.S.
› Near people from the same country
 Helped people feel less isolated
 Celebrated familiar holidays & cooked foods
from homeland
 Social groups were started (Sons of Italy)
 Storefronts became places of worship

49.  Immigrant Aid Societies
› Helped cloth, house, & teach immigrants
 Assimilation
› Immigrants kept traditional modes of
worship, family life, & community
› Worked hard to also assimilate (process of
becoming part of another culture)
 Children assimilated faster than parents;
learned English faster, played baseball &
dressed like native-born Americans
 Pained parents to see children change, but dreamed

50.  Labor of immigrants was essential to new
American economy
› Took whatever job they could find (steel
mills, meatpacking plants, mines, garment
sweatshops, built subways, skyscrapers, &
bridges)
› Chinese, Irish, & Mexican workers laid
hundreds of miles of railroad track
 Hard work & saving allowed many to
advance economically
› Sometimes opened small businesses to serve
their community

51.  Individual Immigrants who contributed
› Andrew Carnegie, Alexander Graham Bell,
Samuel Goldwyn & Louis Mayer (started
motion picture industry), Arturo Toscanini
(famous orchestra conductor), Leo
Baekeland (invented 1st plastic)

52.  1840s
› Increased immigration led to nativism
 Nativists sought to preserve U.S. for native born
Americans
 Immigrants wouldn’t assimilate because their
languages, religions, & customs were too different
 Took away jobs from Americans
 Immigrants were associated w/ violence, crime, &
anarchy
› West Coast
 Chinese were drove from mining camps & cities &
sometimes killed by angry mobs
 1882
› Congress passed Chinese Exclusion Act to
exclude Chinese laborers from U.S.
 1st law limiting immigration based on race;
repealed in 1943

54.  Before 1870
› ½ American children attended school
› All age levels w/ one teacher
 Industry Growth
› Nation needed educated workforce
› States improved public schools @ all levels

55.  1852
› Compulsory education law passed
 Requirement that children attend school up to a certain
point
› Most states passed minimum of 10th grade
› Schools for whites & black were built in the South
 More reluctant to pass compulsory education laws
 1918
› Every state required children to attend school
 Higher education also expanded
› Colleges for men & women opened
› Universities offering free or low-cost education
opened

56.  Elementary School
› 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m.
› Learned reading, writing, & arithmetic
› Moral values & the Christian religion
 Education for Adults
› Libraries were built
 Offered not only books & magazines, but also
speakers on important topics
› 1874
 Methodist minister opened summer bible
school along Lake Chautauqua
 Camp later opened to the public
 Chautauqua Society later began & traveling
lectures were sent out

57.  Americans began to read more
› Bestsellers were dime novels
› Told rags-to-riches stories
 Realism
› Writers who try to show life as it is
› Emphasized the harsh side
› Stephen Crane, Jack London, Kate Chopin,
& Paul Laurence Dunbar

58.  Mark Twain
› Pen name of Samuel Clemens
› Made stories realistic by capturing the
speech patterns of southerners who lived &
worked along the Mississippi River
 Huckleberry Finn

59.  Late 1800s
› Newspapers grew dramatically
 1900
› Half the newspapers in the world were
printed in the U.S.
 Causes of newspaper boom
› Spread of education
 More could read, more newspapers &
magazines were bought
› Urbanization
 News was shared face to face
 People needed newspapers to stay informed

60.  Joseph Pulitzer
› Created 1st modern mass circulation
newspaper
› 1883
 Bought New York World
 Cut the price so more people could afford it
 Added crowd pleasing features
 Color comics (the Yellow Kid a sweet slum boy), crime
& scandalous headlines
 Critics called it yellow journalism