chapt. 9 nannofossil coccolithophores (1).pptx
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This document provides information about nannofossils, specifically coccolithophores. It defines nannofossils as the smallest members of plankton, usually 5-60 micrometers in size. Coccolithophores are one-celled plant-like organisms that surround themselves with calcite plates called coccoliths. They are classified taxonomically and ecologically dominate warm surface waters, where their calcareous remains can form deposits like chalk. The geological record of calcareous nannofossils dates back to the late Triassic. Their small size, widespread distribution, and good preservation make them useful for biostratigraphy.
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chapt. 6 Foraminifera - Copy.pptx
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The document provides an overview of ecology, focusing on marine benthic environments and zonation of coral reefs. It defines key ecological terms like organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. It then describes the different zones of the marine benthic environment, including the littoral, sublittoral, bathyl, abyssal, and hadal zones. Finally, it discusses coral reefs, including the symbiotic relationship between corals and algae, types of corals, conditions required for coral reef growth, zonation patterns in coral reefs, and various human impacts.
Group No 4-WPS Office.pptx
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Coral reefs & bleaching
This document provides an overview of coral reefs, coral animals, types of corals, and the symbiotic relationship between corals and algae. It discusses the phenomenon of coral bleaching which occurs when corals expel algae due to stressors like high water temperatures. The ecological, economic, and environmental importance of coral reefs is outlined. Methods for protecting corals from bleaching include avoiding physical contact, stopping destructive fishing practices, and establishing marine protected areas for long-term monitoring.
Coral reefs & bleaching
This document provides an overview of coral reefs, coral animals, types of corals, their symbiotic relationship with algae, and coral bleaching. It discusses the ecological, economic, and environmental importance of coral reefs and how protecting corals from threats like bleaching is important. Specific protection methods are outlined, like prohibiting physical contact and destructive fishing. The document also describes Palau's marine protected areas and long-term coral monitoring program that has seen recovery in some coral species since 2001.
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The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Their morphology, wall structure, and chamber development which can be unilocular or multilocular in various arrangements.
- Their importance for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleoceanography making them useful tools for dating rocks and reconstructing past environments.
- Their global geological distribution through time from Cambrian to Recent, reaching their maximum diversity in the Tertiary and present.
Morphology of foramnifera
The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Foraminifera are single-celled protists with hard shells composed of organic compounds, sand grains, or crystalline calcite.
- They can have one or multiple chambers and live in marine or some freshwater environments. Their complex morphology makes them useful for biostratigraphy.
- Fossil foraminiferal assemblages provide information about paleoclimate, paleoceanography, and dating of rock layers that is applied in fields like petroleum exploration.
B.sc. (micro) i em unit 3.2 algae
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2nd qtr 11 coral reefs
This document discusses corals and coral reefs. It begins by explaining that corals are tiny sea animals that often form colonies attached to rocks or reefs. Over time, as corals die their skeletons remain and new corals grow on top, building large coral reef structures. As reefs grow closer to shore they form fringing reefs, which can become barrier reefs that are further from shore. Coral reefs are important habitats for many sea creatures and are also areas for fishing and recreation. However, coral reefs are being destroyed by practices like dynamite fishing and pollution. Ways to protect coral reefs include banning destructive fishing techniques and controlling pollution.
Life Near The Surface (Chapter 15)
The document discusses life near the surface of the ocean. It describes the epipelagic zone, which extends from the surface to 200 meters deep. This zone contains the highest abundance and diversity of organisms. Phytoplankton and zooplankton dominate as they can photosynthesize or feed on phytoplankton. Organisms in the epipelagic zone have adaptations to stay afloat such as streamlined shapes, gas-filled structures, or high lipid content. They also face predation and must find ways to eat while avoiding being eaten.
11.08__Mollusks.pdf
Mollusks are a diverse phylum of invertebrates that live in both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They have a hard outer shell, a mantle that secretes the shell, and a radula for feeding. The three main classes of mollusks are gastropods, bivalves, and cephalopods. Gastropods crawl on a foot, bivalves are sessile filter feeders attached to surfaces, and cephalopods are active carnivorous swimmers with arms and tentacles.
Group #4[Evolution].pptx
This document provides an overview of sponges and cnidarians. It discusses their distinguishing features, basic body structures, and evolutionary histories. Sponges are multicellular organisms that lack tissues and have pores to intake and output water. Cnidarians are diploblastic animals with stinging cells that have two main layers and feed through predation or symbiosis. Both groups have a long fossil record dating back hundreds of millions of years.
Biology of corals.pptx
Corals are marine invertebrates in class Anthozoa of phylum Cnidaria typically living in compact colonies of many identical individual "polyps".
Corals are gastrovascular marine organisms. Each one of these animals is known as a coral
"polyp". Coral Polyps are tiny, primitive marine organisms.
A single polyp has a tube-shaped body with a mouth which is surrounded by tentacles.
The polyp of hard corals produces a stony skeleton of calcium carbonate which form the base. Often the skeleton forms a cup-like structure in which the polyp lives. Coral polyps in colonies make up the cora reefs.
Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Lichen
This document provides information about diatoms and dinoflagellates. It discusses their cell structure, reproduction, motility, and other key characteristics. The main points are:
- Diatoms and dinoflagellates are unicellular algae found in aquatic habitats. Diatoms have a silica cell wall called a frustule, while dinoflagellates have a complex cell covering called an amphiesma.
- Both reproduce through vegetative reproduction or sexual reproduction involving gametes. Some forms can also produce resting cells or spores.
- Motility in diatoms is through gliding, while dinoflagellates move using two flagella.
- Their chloroplast
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Benthic organisms live on the sea floor and include animals like sea anemones, sponges, corals, sea stars, sea urchins, worms, bivalves and crabs. There is high diversity among benthic organisms, especially mollusks. However, plankton diversity in the water column is much lower, with far fewer pteropod snail species than benthic snails. Depth, food supply, salinity, temperature and oxygen levels all impact the distribution and types of benthic organisms that can survive on the sea floor. Benthic organisms leave behind traces of their activities through trails, tracks, burrows and bioturbation, which can provide clues about environmental
Igneous Rocks part 1.pdf
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chapter 8.pptx
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Deep Software Variability and Frictionless Reproducibility
Deep Software Variability and Frictionless ReproducibilityUniversity of Rennes, INSA Rennes, Inria/IRISA, CNRS
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
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The binding of cosmological structures by massless topological defects
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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chapt. 9 nannofossil coccolithophores (1).pptx
- 1. Micropaleontology Lecturer @ SNU: Abdirizak Geyre CHAPTER 9 Somali National University
- 3. Nano fossils ❏ Nannofossil is the smallest member of the plankton (the nannoplankton). ❏ Nannofossils are of plants (algea) and include various forms (e.g. coccoliths, which are 5–60 μm in size). ❏ The term “nannoplankton” was termed by the German scientist H. Lohmann in 1902
- 4. ❏ This is a diverse group of organisms, but the only ones which are fossilized to any great extent are calcareous nannofossil ❏ Calcareous nannofossils are a heterogeneous group of marine living organisms and calcareous fossil structures. ❏ Coccolithophore are most prominent in calcareous nannofossil
- 5. What are Coccolithophore? ❏ Coccolithophores are one-celled plant-like organisms that live in large numbers throughout the upper layers of the ocean. ❏ Coccolithophores surround themselves with a microscopic plating made of calcite
- 6. ❏ The test of the coccolithophores is know as a coccosphere and the tiny calcareous plates constituting it are called coccoliths.
- 8. ❏ Their calcareous skeletons are found in marine deposits often in vast numbers, sometimes making up the major component of a particular rock, such as the chalk of England. ❏ Coccolithophores live in the photic zone (the surface waters, where sunlight reaches) and are photosynthesising (autotrophic).
- 9. Morphology Hard-part morphology is the main basis for classifying living and fossil members of the group. Coccoliths are divided into two principal groups: ➔ heterococcoliths ➔ holococcoliths.
- 10. Holococcoliths : which are formed from calcite crystals which are essentially identical in shape and size. Heterococcoliths : which are formed from larger calcite crystals which vary in size and shape.
- 11. ❏ Most living coccolithophores are known to possess the flagellar which help for locomotion (movements) ❏ The coccolithophore cell contains a nucleus and golden-brown chloroplasts which may be moved around the cell to optimise collection of available light.
- 12. ❏ The cell also contains mitochondria which contain enzymes which produce the energy for cell function, vacuoles which deal with waste products and the Golgi body which is participate in the secretion of cell wall material.
- 15. Classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Chromalveolata Phylum: Haptophyta Class: Prymnesiophyceae Order: Coccolithales
- 16. Ecology ❏ The coccolithophorids mostly live in marine waters, with some few occurring only freshwater species known today. ❏ Their calcareous skeletons are found in marine deposits often in vast numbers, sometimes making up the major component of a particular rock, such as the chalk of England
- 17. ❏ Their abundance is an indicator of warm surface waters. Temperature is an important factor in the growth of coccoliths Left: chalk cliffs in southern England. Middle: High magnification image of chalk coccoliths. Right: An individual coccolith.
- 18. Nutrition ❏ Coccolithophores are mostly photoautotrophic. ❏ They manufacture organic materials for their sustenance from water, CO2, nitrates and other inorganic salts with photosynthesis of sunlight as the source of energy. ❏ They are significant in being tolerant of low nutrient conditions
- 19. Geological Record ❏ First recorded occurrences of calcareous nannofossils (nannoliths) are from the late Triassic. ❏ The locations from which the earliest nannofossils are found include; the Northern and Southern Calcareous Alps
- 20. Applications calcareous nannofossils are small, generally less than 30 microns across and usually between 5 and 10 microns (individual coccoliths). ❏ Good preservation, their small size makes mechanical damage unlikely. ❏ Widespread distribution, hence easy to use as biostratigraphy application ❏ A very large number of individual coccoliths may be preserved in a tiny amount of sediment. Hence only very small quantities of sample are needed to produce statistically valid results.
Editor's Notes
- Alps are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately 1,200 km across seven Alpine countries: France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Austria, Germany, and Slovenia.