Microfossils and their Applications in petroleum Industry
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It's a class presentation at Dept. Of Earth Sciences IIT bombay. I have included main type of the Microfossils and their index feature and applications.
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Foraminifera and its Applications
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms that produce shells or tests made of calcium carbonate, agglutinated particles, or organic materials. They are abundant microfossils commonly used for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography reconstructions. Foraminifera have a wide environmental range and different species are found in different environments and time periods, making them useful for correlating and dating rock units. Their tests also provide information about past ocean conditions like temperature, salinity, and circulation patterns. Foraminifera analysis is applied to oil exploration by helping determine the age and environment of rock samples from drill cores.
Seismic stratigraphy
This document discusses seismic stratigraphy, which uses seismic data to extract stratigraphic information about subsurface rock layers. It defines seismic waves and methods, including refraction and reflection. Reflection seismic is more commonly used to identify structures like folds and faults beneath the surface. Key parameters for interpretation are reflection configuration, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. Depositional environments are also identified based on their relationship to the wave base.
Role of Trace Elements In Petrogenesis
Trace elements occur in very low concentrations in rocks and provide important information about magmatic processes. They can be classified as compatible or incompatible based on whether they fit easily into mantle mineral crystal structures. Geochemical analysis of trace elements using techniques like XRF and ICP-MS allows determination of magma source and depth, identification of fractionating phases, and testing of models of magmatic differentiation. Trace elements are especially useful for rare earth elements, which indicate the type of basalt and can identify fractionating phases from REE patterns.
Stratigraphic Code
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Carbonatites
The document summarizes a seminar on carbonatites. Carbonatites are igneous rocks composed of more than 50% carbonate minerals such as calcite or dolomite. They can be intrusive or extrusive. Carbonatites form from low degrees of partial melting in the mantle and have unusual geochemistry dominated by incompatible elements. They are often associated with alkaline complexes and may contain economic concentrations of rare earth elements, niobium, and fluorite. The document outlines the mineralogy, texture, classification, geochemistry, theories of origin, world occurrences, and economic importance of carbonatites.
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
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Calcareous microfossils by Rathinavel
This document provides an overview of calcareous microfossils, specifically focusing on foraminifera. It defines foraminifera as single-celled organisms with shells composed of calcite or aragonite. Their shells are made of one or multiple chambers. Foraminifera morphology and mineralogy form the basis for identification and classification. They first appeared in the Cambrian period and have been important for paleoclimate reconstruction, paleoceanography studies, archaeology, biostratigraphy, and oil exploration.
Ophiolite
The document discusses ophiolites, which are sections of the Earth's oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been uplifted and exposed above sea level. It describes the typical sequence of rocks found in an ophiolite, including sediments, pillow lavas, sheeted dykes, gabbros, and ultramafic rocks. It notes that ophiolites provide insights into ancient subduction zones and mantle processes. The document also discusses occurrences of ophiolites around the world and examples from India, as well as the economic resources sometimes associated with ophiolites, such as chromite, asbestos, and massive sulfides.
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Foraminifera and its Applications
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms that produce shells or tests made of calcium carbonate, agglutinated particles, or organic materials. They are abundant microfossils commonly used for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography reconstructions. Foraminifera have a wide environmental range and different species are found in different environments and time periods, making them useful for correlating and dating rock units. Their tests also provide information about past ocean conditions like temperature, salinity, and circulation patterns. Foraminifera analysis is applied to oil exploration by helping determine the age and environment of rock samples from drill cores.
Seismic stratigraphy
This document discusses seismic stratigraphy, which uses seismic data to extract stratigraphic information about subsurface rock layers. It defines seismic waves and methods, including refraction and reflection. Reflection seismic is more commonly used to identify structures like folds and faults beneath the surface. Key parameters for interpretation are reflection configuration, continuity, amplitude, frequency, and interval velocity. Depositional environments are also identified based on their relationship to the wave base.
Role of Trace Elements In Petrogenesis
Trace elements occur in very low concentrations in rocks and provide important information about magmatic processes. They can be classified as compatible or incompatible based on whether they fit easily into mantle mineral crystal structures. Geochemical analysis of trace elements using techniques like XRF and ICP-MS allows determination of magma source and depth, identification of fractionating phases, and testing of models of magmatic differentiation. Trace elements are especially useful for rare earth elements, which indicate the type of basalt and can identify fractionating phases from REE patterns.
Stratigraphic Code
The Stratigraphic Code establishes rules for naming and defining stratigraphic units. There are two versions of the code from the North American and International commissions. Stratigraphic units are categorized based on physical characteristics and time, and include lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, magnetostratigraphic, and others. Proper naming of a new unit requires publication and establishing type sections and boundaries.
Carbonatites
The document summarizes a seminar on carbonatites. Carbonatites are igneous rocks composed of more than 50% carbonate minerals such as calcite or dolomite. They can be intrusive or extrusive. Carbonatites form from low degrees of partial melting in the mantle and have unusual geochemistry dominated by incompatible elements. They are often associated with alkaline complexes and may contain economic concentrations of rare earth elements, niobium, and fluorite. The document outlines the mineralogy, texture, classification, geochemistry, theories of origin, world occurrences, and economic importance of carbonatites.
Applications of micro-fossil in bio statigraphy
This document provides an overview of biostratigraphy and microfossils. It defines biostratigraphy as using fossils to determine the relative age of rock strata. Microfossils, which are fossils less than 0.5mm in size, are commonly used for biostratigraphy. Various types of microfossils like foraminifera, radiolaria, and diatoms are described. Biostratigraphic units defined by fossil occurrences like zones, assemblage zones, and interval zones are also outlined. The document discusses uses of biostratigraphy in fields like stratigraphy, correlation, and sequence stratigraphy. Microfossils are concluded to be very useful for reconstructing past environments from deep sea sediments and in the
Calcareous microfossils by Rathinavel
This document provides an overview of calcareous microfossils, specifically focusing on foraminifera. It defines foraminifera as single-celled organisms with shells composed of calcite or aragonite. Their shells are made of one or multiple chambers. Foraminifera morphology and mineralogy form the basis for identification and classification. They first appeared in the Cambrian period and have been important for paleoclimate reconstruction, paleoceanography studies, archaeology, biostratigraphy, and oil exploration.
Ophiolite
The document discusses ophiolites, which are sections of the Earth's oceanic crust and upper mantle that have been uplifted and exposed above sea level. It describes the typical sequence of rocks found in an ophiolite, including sediments, pillow lavas, sheeted dykes, gabbros, and ultramafic rocks. It notes that ophiolites provide insights into ancient subduction zones and mantle processes. The document also discusses occurrences of ophiolites around the world and examples from India, as well as the economic resources sometimes associated with ophiolites, such as chromite, asbestos, and massive sulfides.
Introduction to Sedimentology and Stratigraphy
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
Foraminifera , micro fossil
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Ophiolite ppt
This document discusses ophiolites, which are fragments of oceanic crust that have been emplaced onto continental crust. An ideal ophiolite succession includes ultramafic rocks at the bottom, overlain by layered gabbros and basalts, sheeted dykes, and pillow basalts at the top. Ophiolites form at mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins, and island arcs, and are obducted onto continents during collisions. The best example is the Semail ophiolite in Oman, which represents oceanic lithosphere obducted onto the Arabian margin. Ophiolites provide insights into tectonic settings and processes at ocean ridges and arcs.
Applications of microfossils
This document discusses the various applications of microfossils. Microfossils can be used to determine the age of fossils and sediments through biostratigraphy. They help define biozones and can provide information about paleoecology, paleocurrents, sea levels, and paleogeography. Microfossils are also important in studies of petroleum deposits, hydrothermal accumulations, and testing theories of continental drift. They allow for high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis and are widely used in fields like paleoceanography, petroleum geology, and archaeology.
Permian triassic boundary by priyansh dwivedi
This presentation will be covering the topics of Permian triassic boundary, and the mass extinction that occurred in Permian.
Biostratigraphy - Geologist
Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that deals with the distribution of fossils in rock layers and uses fossils to divide rock formations into biostratigraphic units. The key types of biostratigraphic units are biozones, which are defined by characteristic fossil assemblages. Common biozones include range biozones defined by the first and last appearances of an index fossil, and interval biozones defined between two significant fossil horizons. Together, biozones allow rock formations to be correlated between areas and their relative ages to be determined based on principles of evolution and succession of fossil taxa.
Introduction to diagenesis
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks and the process of diagenesis. It discusses how sediments are deposited and buried over time, undergoing physical and chemical changes through compaction, cementation, and other diagenetic processes. These changes occur due to increasing pressure and temperature with depth and alter the sediments' properties, converting them into consolidated sedimentary rocks. The document also examines factors that control diagenesis like composition, porosity, and permeability, and it outlines the major diagenetic processes and their effects on the physical, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of sediments.
Fluid inclusion in ores
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Chemostratigraphy
Chemostratigraphy is the study of chemical variations in sedimentary rocks to determine stratigraphic relationships. It uses inorganic geochemical data like carbon and oxygen isotopes to correlate rock layers. Oxygen isotopes fractionate with temperature changes and are measured in marine organism shells to create records for paleoclimate analysis. Carbon also has stable isotopes that provide information about past climate, evolution, and atmospheric CO2 levels. Chemostratigraphy has advantages over other correlation techniques as it can be used on any aged sediments regardless of lithology or environment. It has been applied successfully at major geologic boundaries and in unconventional reservoirs. Recent studies have also used sulfur and strontium isotopes to better understand changes around the Ordov
Lamprophyre
The document discusses lamprophyres, which are ultramafic, mafic, or intermediate intrusive rocks that form dikes or sills at shallow crustal levels. It covers the mineralogy, petrology, classification, occurrence in India, and economic importance of lamprophyres. Lamprophyres are classified into three main types - calc-alkaline, alkaline, and melilitic. Common lamprophyre types discussed include vogesites, minettes, spessartites, and kersantites. Lamprophyres in India are mostly found in Gondwana basins and some alkaline complexes. They can potentially contain diamonds or host gold mineralization.
Tectonic control of sediments
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Precambrian (ediacara) cambrian stratigraphic boundary
The document discusses the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, which saw major biotic changes like the emergence and extinction of soft-bodied Ediacaran fauna and the emergence of organisms with hard parts. Trace fossils from this period provide important stratigraphic information. In India, sections in Kashmir and Spiti Valley contain microbiota and trace fossils that help delineate the boundary. The Precambrian-Cambrian transition witnessed an evolutionary explosion of life and the emergence of many new animal phyla. Detailed study of sections in the Himalayas continues to provide insights into this important period in Earth's history.
Morphology of foraminifera
The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Their morphology, wall structure, and chamber development which can be unilocular or multilocular in various arrangements.
- Their importance for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleoceanography making them useful tools for dating rocks and reconstructing past environments.
- Their global geological distribution through time from Cambrian to Recent, reaching their maximum diversity in the Tertiary and present.
Introduction of foraminifera in oil exploration
This document discusses the application of foraminifera in oil exploration. It begins with an introduction to foraminifera and their importance in oil exploration due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. It then covers the conditions required for oil formation, concepts in using foraminifera for oil exploration like biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment interpretation, and micropaleontological techniques. Foraminifera are useful for biostratigraphic correlation, interpreting depositional environments, and reconstructing the geologic history of sedimentary basins to aid in oil exploration.
"Granites" Classification, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Descrimination
This document discusses the classification, petrogenesis, and tectonic discrimination of granites. It begins with definitions of granite and descriptions of its typical mineralogical and textural characteristics. It then outlines several common classification schemes for granites based on mineralogy, chemistry, and tectonic setting. These include QAPF, alumina saturation, S-I-A-M, and discriminations based on plate tectonic setting. The document also discusses models for the petrogenesis of granites involving magmatic differentiation and metasomatic processes. Geochemical discrimination diagrams are presented and the multiple possible origins of granites are noted. Future work on the geochemistry and uranium mineralization of granites in specific
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This presentation includes brief information about Dharwar Supergroup of Indian Stratigraphy. Dharwar is one of the major craton of India.
MICROPALEONTOLOGY ppt.pptx
This document provides an introduction to the course Micropaleontology and discusses key concepts in the field. It begins by welcoming geology students to the 400-level course and encouraging them to review their prerequisite course on invertebrate paleontology. The document then discusses what micropaleontology is, the major groups of microfossils studied including foraminifera, ostracoda, diatoms, and others. It also covers principles of collecting microfossil samples from outcrops, subsurface drilling, and deep sea cores.
Paired metamorphic belts
Paired metamorphic belts occur where zones of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism are parallel to zones of low-pressure high-temperature metamorphism. They were first recognized in Japan and form due to subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust. Paired metamorphic belts support the theory of plate tectonics, as the contrasting pressure-temperature conditions in the two parallel belts can be explained by ocean-continent convergence. Examples of paired metamorphic belts are found throughout the basement rocks of the former Gondwanaland supercontinent.
Paleozoic stratigraphy
The document provides an overview of the Paleozoic era, which began approximately 542 million years ago and lasted around 290 million years. Some key points:
- Suitable time for organic evolution of both flora and fauna. Rocks from this era are less deformed, providing good sections for research.
- In India, Paleozoic rocks are mainly found in the Himalayan region and isolated basins in the peninsula. Stratigraphy has been determined along river sections in the Himalayas.
- Life included early plants, foraminifera, corals, brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, ostracods
Geochemical cycle and mobility of elements
The document discusses geochemical concepts relevant to mineral exploration, including the geochemical environment, cycle, dispersion, and mobility of elements. It describes the deep-seated and surfacial environments and how materials move between them in the geochemical cycle. Mobility depends on factors like viscosity and particle size. Hypogene mobility occurs under high pressure-temperature conditions, while supergene mobility is influenced by siliceous or sulfide environments at the surface. Indicator and pathfinder elements are discussed for detecting targeted ore deposits.
Foraminifera (Foram) and It's Application.pptx
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms with shells that are commonly used as microfossils. They have a wide environmental range and each species is adapted to specific conditions. Their shells can be organic, agglutinated, or calcareous. Foraminifera are useful for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and oil exploration. Their remains help determine the age of marine rocks and ancient environments. Changes in foraminiferal assemblages also track water circulation and depth over time.
Micropaleontology in petroleum exploration.pptx
1. Microfossils like foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils are important in applications such as biostratigraphy, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and sequence stratigraphy.
2. Micropaleontology is useful in petroleum exploration for chronostratigraphy, identifying paleoenvironments, and reservoir exploitation. It is also applied in mineral exploration, engineering geology, environmental geology, and archaeology.
3. Microfossils can indicate environmental conditions and be used to study phenomena like global warming, ocean acidification, and their impacts on ecosystems.
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Foraminifera , micro fossil
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Ophiolite ppt
This document discusses ophiolites, which are fragments of oceanic crust that have been emplaced onto continental crust. An ideal ophiolite succession includes ultramafic rocks at the bottom, overlain by layered gabbros and basalts, sheeted dykes, and pillow basalts at the top. Ophiolites form at mid-ocean ridges, back-arc basins, and island arcs, and are obducted onto continents during collisions. The best example is the Semail ophiolite in Oman, which represents oceanic lithosphere obducted onto the Arabian margin. Ophiolites provide insights into tectonic settings and processes at ocean ridges and arcs.
Applications of microfossils
This document discusses the various applications of microfossils. Microfossils can be used to determine the age of fossils and sediments through biostratigraphy. They help define biozones and can provide information about paleoecology, paleocurrents, sea levels, and paleogeography. Microfossils are also important in studies of petroleum deposits, hydrothermal accumulations, and testing theories of continental drift. They allow for high-resolution biostratigraphic analysis and are widely used in fields like paleoceanography, petroleum geology, and archaeology.
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This presentation will be covering the topics of Permian triassic boundary, and the mass extinction that occurred in Permian.
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Biostratigraphy is the branch of stratigraphy that deals with the distribution of fossils in rock layers and uses fossils to divide rock formations into biostratigraphic units. The key types of biostratigraphic units are biozones, which are defined by characteristic fossil assemblages. Common biozones include range biozones defined by the first and last appearances of an index fossil, and interval biozones defined between two significant fossil horizons. Together, biozones allow rock formations to be correlated between areas and their relative ages to be determined based on principles of evolution and succession of fossil taxa.
Introduction to diagenesis
This document provides an overview of sedimentary rocks and the process of diagenesis. It discusses how sediments are deposited and buried over time, undergoing physical and chemical changes through compaction, cementation, and other diagenetic processes. These changes occur due to increasing pressure and temperature with depth and alter the sediments' properties, converting them into consolidated sedimentary rocks. The document also examines factors that control diagenesis like composition, porosity, and permeability, and it outlines the major diagenetic processes and their effects on the physical, mineralogical, and chemical characteristics of sediments.
Fluid inclusion in ores
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
Chemostratigraphy
Chemostratigraphy is the study of chemical variations in sedimentary rocks to determine stratigraphic relationships. It uses inorganic geochemical data like carbon and oxygen isotopes to correlate rock layers. Oxygen isotopes fractionate with temperature changes and are measured in marine organism shells to create records for paleoclimate analysis. Carbon also has stable isotopes that provide information about past climate, evolution, and atmospheric CO2 levels. Chemostratigraphy has advantages over other correlation techniques as it can be used on any aged sediments regardless of lithology or environment. It has been applied successfully at major geologic boundaries and in unconventional reservoirs. Recent studies have also used sulfur and strontium isotopes to better understand changes around the Ordov
Lamprophyre
The document discusses lamprophyres, which are ultramafic, mafic, or intermediate intrusive rocks that form dikes or sills at shallow crustal levels. It covers the mineralogy, petrology, classification, occurrence in India, and economic importance of lamprophyres. Lamprophyres are classified into three main types - calc-alkaline, alkaline, and melilitic. Common lamprophyre types discussed include vogesites, minettes, spessartites, and kersantites. Lamprophyres in India are mostly found in Gondwana basins and some alkaline complexes. They can potentially contain diamonds or host gold mineralization.
Tectonic control of sediments
This is my presentation on the tectonic control of sediments.
It includes the effects of tectonics either direct or indirect on sediments and sedimentation.
Sedimentation along various plate boundaries.
Few examples as evidence from Pakistan (the Siwalik Group) and Argentina (Fiambala Basin)
Precambrian (ediacara) cambrian stratigraphic boundary
The document discusses the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary, which saw major biotic changes like the emergence and extinction of soft-bodied Ediacaran fauna and the emergence of organisms with hard parts. Trace fossils from this period provide important stratigraphic information. In India, sections in Kashmir and Spiti Valley contain microbiota and trace fossils that help delineate the boundary. The Precambrian-Cambrian transition witnessed an evolutionary explosion of life and the emergence of many new animal phyla. Detailed study of sections in the Himalayas continues to provide insights into this important period in Earth's history.
Morphology of foraminifera
The document provides an overview of foraminifera including:
- Their morphology, wall structure, and chamber development which can be unilocular or multilocular in various arrangements.
- Their importance for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, and paleoceanography making them useful tools for dating rocks and reconstructing past environments.
- Their global geological distribution through time from Cambrian to Recent, reaching their maximum diversity in the Tertiary and present.
Introduction of foraminifera in oil exploration
This document discusses the application of foraminifera in oil exploration. It begins with an introduction to foraminifera and their importance in oil exploration due to their sensitivity to environmental changes. It then covers the conditions required for oil formation, concepts in using foraminifera for oil exploration like biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment interpretation, and micropaleontological techniques. Foraminifera are useful for biostratigraphic correlation, interpreting depositional environments, and reconstructing the geologic history of sedimentary basins to aid in oil exploration.
"Granites" Classification, Petrogenesis and Tectonic Descrimination
This document discusses the classification, petrogenesis, and tectonic discrimination of granites. It begins with definitions of granite and descriptions of its typical mineralogical and textural characteristics. It then outlines several common classification schemes for granites based on mineralogy, chemistry, and tectonic setting. These include QAPF, alumina saturation, S-I-A-M, and discriminations based on plate tectonic setting. The document also discusses models for the petrogenesis of granites involving magmatic differentiation and metasomatic processes. Geochemical discrimination diagrams are presented and the multiple possible origins of granites are noted. Future work on the geochemistry and uranium mineralization of granites in specific
Dharwar super group
This presentation includes brief information about Dharwar Supergroup of Indian Stratigraphy. Dharwar is one of the major craton of India.
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This document provides an introduction to the course Micropaleontology and discusses key concepts in the field. It begins by welcoming geology students to the 400-level course and encouraging them to review their prerequisite course on invertebrate paleontology. The document then discusses what micropaleontology is, the major groups of microfossils studied including foraminifera, ostracoda, diatoms, and others. It also covers principles of collecting microfossil samples from outcrops, subsurface drilling, and deep sea cores.
Paired metamorphic belts
Paired metamorphic belts occur where zones of high-pressure low-temperature metamorphism are parallel to zones of low-pressure high-temperature metamorphism. They were first recognized in Japan and form due to subduction of oceanic crust beneath continental crust. Paired metamorphic belts support the theory of plate tectonics, as the contrasting pressure-temperature conditions in the two parallel belts can be explained by ocean-continent convergence. Examples of paired metamorphic belts are found throughout the basement rocks of the former Gondwanaland supercontinent.
Paleozoic stratigraphy
The document provides an overview of the Paleozoic era, which began approximately 542 million years ago and lasted around 290 million years. Some key points:
- Suitable time for organic evolution of both flora and fauna. Rocks from this era are less deformed, providing good sections for research.
- In India, Paleozoic rocks are mainly found in the Himalayan region and isolated basins in the peninsula. Stratigraphy has been determined along river sections in the Himalayas.
- Life included early plants, foraminifera, corals, brachiopods, pelecypods, gastropods, cephalopods, ostracods
Geochemical cycle and mobility of elements
The document discusses geochemical concepts relevant to mineral exploration, including the geochemical environment, cycle, dispersion, and mobility of elements. It describes the deep-seated and surfacial environments and how materials move between them in the geochemical cycle. Mobility depends on factors like viscosity and particle size. Hypogene mobility occurs under high pressure-temperature conditions, while supergene mobility is influenced by siliceous or sulfide environments at the surface. Indicator and pathfinder elements are discussed for detecting targeted ore deposits.
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Similar to Microfossils and their Applications in petroleum Industry
Foraminifera (Foram) and It's Application.pptx
Foraminifera are single-celled organisms with shells that are commonly used as microfossils. They have a wide environmental range and each species is adapted to specific conditions. Their shells can be organic, agglutinated, or calcareous. Foraminifera are useful for biostratigraphy, paleoecology, paleobiogeography, and oil exploration. Their remains help determine the age of marine rocks and ancient environments. Changes in foraminiferal assemblages also track water circulation and depth over time.
Micropaleontology in petroleum exploration.pptx
1. Microfossils like foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils are important in applications such as biostratigraphy, paleoenvironmental reconstruction, and sequence stratigraphy.
2. Micropaleontology is useful in petroleum exploration for chronostratigraphy, identifying paleoenvironments, and reservoir exploitation. It is also applied in mineral exploration, engineering geology, environmental geology, and archaeology.
3. Microfossils can indicate environmental conditions and be used to study phenomena like global warming, ocean acidification, and their impacts on ecosystems.
Biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of deposition
This document summarizes a master's dissertation on the biostratigraphy and paleoenvironment of strata from two wells, XY-Well 1 and XY-Well 2, in the central Niger Delta Basin in Nigeria. Microfossils including foraminifera and palynomorphs were analyzed from core samples to determine the ages and depositional environments. For XY-Well 1, ages of Early Eocene to Middle Eocene were interpreted based on foraminifera, while Late Oligocene to Early Miocene ages were interpreted based on palynomorphs. Depositional environments of inner neritic to middle neritic were reconstructed. For XY-Well 2, ages of Miocene to Early Pliocene based on foramin
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Pg 39-43 AMCOL GURULMUNDI MINE
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The document discusses community environmental monitoring during different stages of the mining life cycle. It provides details on the potential environmental impacts of exploration, construction, operation, and closure/rehabilitation. Specifically, it describes how early exploration involves low-impact activities like mapping and sampling but can progress to trenching and drilling, which can cause landscape scarring and erosion. Drilling involves toxic mud and cuttings that risk contaminating rivers if not properly contained. Large-scale open pit mining transforms landscapes and disrupts drainage, while waste rock dumps and tailings dams can generate acid mine drainage that pollutes surface and groundwater for decades. The document stresses the importance of community monitoring from the earliest exploration stages to detect and address environmental issues before severe
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Micropaleontology involves the study of microscopic fossils or microfossils to understand Earth's geological history. Microfossils can be indicators of certain minerals based on the environmental conditions they lived in and the rocks they are found in. For example, foraminifera are often associated with limestone due to their calcium carbonate shells contributing to carbonate-rich sediments. Diatoms and radiolarians frequently indicate siliceous minerals like chert because of their silica cell walls and skeletons. Integrating microfossil analysis with other geological data helps identify the minerals present in a sample and reconstruct paleoenvironments.
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Neogene deep-water-agglutinated-foraminiferal-biostratigraphy-andbiozonation-...
This study entails the biostratigraphy of benthic agglutinating foraminifera of four wells in the deep water of the Niger Delta. A total of 453 ditch cuttings were analysed for wells A, B, C and D. Eighty-five and 164 ditch cuttings from the intervals of 4900–9920 ft. and 4530–14600 ft. of wells A and well B respectively, while 92 and 112 cuttings from 5760–11400 ft. and 6000–12750 ft. were analysed in wells C and D respectively. These samples were processed and analysed at 60 feet intervals. .
The analysed sections of the wells are composed of shale, mudstones and sand deposited in the upper to lower bathyal environments. The agglutinating foraminifera recovered were fairly well preserved. Total foraminifera percentages recovered from wells A, B, C and D wells are 31%, 34%, 24% and 27% respectively. Marker species were identified and used to erect biozones. The following six agglutinated foraminiferal zones beginning from the oldest have been proposed, Eggerella scrabra Taxon Range Zone, and Ammobaculites strathearnensis–Eggerella scabra, Haplophragmoides narivaensis - Eggerella scabra, Cyclammina cancellata–Ammobaculites strathearnensis, Cyclammina complanata–Glomospira gordiales, Cyclammina cf. minima–Ammobaculites strathearnensis Interval Range Zones. The agglutinated foraminifera assemblages were calibrated to the geologic timeframe by means of planktic foraminifera and calcareous nannofossils. The studied wells penetrated a sedimentary succession of Late Miocene to Early Pliocene age. Taxonomic notes on some of the observed species have also been provided.
02. pet. geo.
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techniques in paleontology.pptx
Paleontological techniques are important for accurately studying prehistoric life. Key steps include careful excavation using specialized tools to remove fossils from the surrounding rock matrix without damage. Fossils are then prepared, preserved, and potentially restored in the lab before analysis. Relative and absolute dating methods can determine a fossil's age based on geological layers and radioactive decay. Reconstructing fossils provides insights into ancient species, environments, and Earth's evolutionary history.
Techniques in paleontology
Paleontological techniques are important for accurately studying fossils and reconstructing Earth's history. Key techniques include careful excavation using specialized tools to remove fossils from the surrounding rock matrix without damage. Fossils are also prepared, preserved, and sometimes restored in the lab. Relative and absolute dating methods are used to determine the age of fossils based on the geological layers and radioactive decay. Reconstructing fossils aids in understanding ancient life and environments.
Ribbed Mussel Study Status JBTF.pdf
The document summarizes a study being conducted by the DEP on using ribbed mussels to improve water quality in Jamaica Bay. It discusses:
1) A literature review finding ribbed mussels can filter particles and bacteria from water;
2) Microcosm experiments confirming mussels effectively filter pathogens and their filtration is only temporarily impacted by low salinity;
3) Ongoing mesocosm experiments at a larger scale to test mussel densities and responses to bacteria and freshwater pulses;
4) Plans for an in-situ pilot study deploying 75,000 mussels in Jamaica Bay to monitor their ability to naturally recruit and improve water quality.
ÖNCEL AKADEMİ: SOLID EARTH GEOPHYSICS
Okay, here are the steps to solve this problem:
(a) (i) Using the equation: Depth = 2.5 km + 0.3(Age)1/2
Set Depth = 4700 m
4700 = 2.5 + 0.3(Age)1/2
4700 - 2.5 = 0.3(Age)1/2
4697.5 = 0.3(Age)1/2
(4697.5/0.3)2 = Age
Age = 80 Myr
(ii) Spreading rate = Distance from ridge / Age
= 1600 km / 80 Myr
= 20 km/Myr
(b) This is a half
Benthic foraminifera
single-celled organisms (protists) Such organisms are classified in the Superkingdom of Protists or Protista
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Microfossils and their Applications in petroleum Industry
- 1. Microfossils And Their Application Name- Sachin Yadav Roll No.-163060014
- 2. Microfossils- What are they ? • Mineral Walled microfossils study – Micropaleontology • Organic walled microfossils study – Palynology Why study Microfossils ? • Size • Much Diversity • Abundance • Specific Association • Easy to extract
- 3. 1. Foraminifera • Size generally less than 0.5mm • Test of having tectinous ,agglutinated or calcareous • Inhabiting marine or brackish water environments Planipiral involute Elphidium Planipiral evolute Spirillinamilioline Quinqueloculina biserial Heterohelix trochospiral Ammonia
- 5. 2. Calcareous Nannofossils • Size range is 5-60µm • Shape is hollow sphere composed of calcareous plates, called coccoliths • Habitat is particularly in zones of oceanic upwelling or pronounced vertical mixing region • Useful for the statistically valid result http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/image s/calc/caldiag05.gif
- 6. 3. Diatoms • Unicellular algae ;external skeleton (a frustule) • Size range of frustules is 5 – 2000 µm • Algae with siliceous wall • Marine and fresh water ; many occur in polar ice caps to hot thermal springs • Jurassic – Recent http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/diato m.html
- 7. 4. Ostracode • Calcareous or chitinous carapace • 0.5 mm to >5 mm. • Benthic and planktic • All aquatic environments and also moist soils • Ordovician – Recent • Good indicator of palaeoenvironment http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micro pal/ostracod.html
- 8. 5. Palynomorphs • Unicellular algae; organic wall. • 20 – 150 µ • Symbiotic, parasitic or as independent autotrophic planktons. • Marine, lagoonal and lacustrine. • Permian – Recent. • Good biostratigraphic potential a. Acritarchs b. Dinoflagellates c. Spore and Pollen http://lanwebs.lander.edu/faculty/rsfox/invert ebrates/protozoa.html
- 9. Application of MicrofossilsApplication of Microfossils 1. Petroleum Exploration1. Petroleum Exploration 3. Development of Field Core and SWC of Interested IntervalCore and SWC of Interested Interval 2. Appraisal of Discoveries2. Appraisal of Discoveries Correlation between appraisal and Discovery wellCorrelation between appraisal and Discovery well Reservoir Distribution and Reserve EstimationReservoir Distribution and Reserve Estimation 1. Exploration of prospect BiozonationBiozonation Coring point selectionCoring point selection Terminal depth decisionTerminal depth decision Stratigraphic monitoring while drilling Stratigraphic monitoring while drilling
- 10. It’s worth of crore while Horizontal Drilling monitoring- Source-Geological Survey of the Netherlands
- 11. Biostratigraphy
- 12. Graphic Correlation -Graphic Correlation - • Line of correlation • Rate of rock accumulation • Hiatus and hiatal intervals https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331biostrat2.html
- 13. Environment Interpretation on the basis of Assemblage :- (modified after Tewari , 2010)
- 14. Fig.-Map is showing the two sampling stations in the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal Estimation Of Carbon Export Flux to Deep ocean
- 15. • Microfossils give the refinement of geological time scale specially in Cenozoic • They are very sensitive to environment even a degree temp. difference will cause assemblage differences • Very good Index fossil ( Short Life span , Wide geographic distribution) • Isotopic study of microfossils test gives clue about paleo-temperature • Global Sea Level Curve using Phytoplankton • Precise Age determination of geological formation • Well Correlation during petroleum exploration • Use in Basin modelling • Use as maturity index of the oil prone source rock (Spore and Pollen) • More Diverse the benthic microfossils than the planktic and vise-versa for abundance Conclusion
- 16. 1. LOEBLICH, A. R., Jr. and TAPPAN, H., 1987. Foraminiferal genera and their classification. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 2 vol. 2. JAUHRI, A. K., 1994. Carbonate buildup in the Lakadong Formation of the South Shillong Plateau, NE India: A micropaleontological perspective. 3. Armstrong Howard , Brasier Martin 2004 ;Microfossils, 2nd Edition 4. Internet references http://www.ucl.ac.uk/GeolSci/micropal/ https://www.geol.umd.edu/~tholtz/G331/lectures/331biostrat2.html http://www.wiley.com/legacy/wileychi/stjohn/supp/Chapter_3_Marine_Microfossils_and_Biost ratigraphy.pdf Reference:
- 17. Thank You !!!