This document provides an overview of key concepts related to databases including:
- The components of a database system including data, hardware, software, personnel, and data models.
- Common data models like hierarchical, network, and relational models.
- The objectives of databases which include data integration, integrity, and independence.
- What a database management system (DBMS) is and some common DBMS vendors.
1. A database is an organized collection of related data stored electronically. It allows for efficient storage and retrieval of information.
2. Data is stored in a database in records that contain fields and items. Records contain related data items grouped together, while fields are areas within records reserved for specific data types.
3. There are different types of files like master files, transaction files, and backup files that are used for different purposes in a database system. Master files contain the most complete data while transaction files contain temporary data used to update master files.
File organisation in system analysis and designMohitgauri
This document provides an overview of different file organization strategies, including heap files, sequential files, indexed sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It discusses the key characteristics of each method, such as how records are stored and accessed. The main advantages and disadvantages of each approach are also summarized. Some key points covered include that sequential files are best for sequential processing but slow for random access, while direct files allow very fast random access but require more complex hardware and software. The document aims to help readers understand different options for structuring computer files.
The document discusses four types of file organization: serial, sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access. Serial files store records in the order they are received with no particular sequence. Sequential files store records in key sequence and require creating a new file when adding or deleting records. Indexed sequential files add an index to a sequential file to allow both sequential and random access by key. Direct access files store records at known addresses to allow directly accessing any record.
The document discusses different methods of organizing computer files, including heap files, sequential files, indexed-sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It provides details on each method, such as how records are stored and accessed, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples. Key aspects covered include unordered storage in heap files, ordered storage and efficient sequential access in sequential files, indexed access for both sequential and random access in indexed-sequential files, and direct calculation of record locations in direct files.
This document discusses different methods of file organization, including heap, sequential, indexed, inverted, and direct access files. It defines key terms like file, record, database, and describes the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each file structure type. Some key points made are that file organization is how computer files are structured logically, sequential files allow only sequential access but are efficient for processing related records, and indexed-sequential files provide flexibility for sequential and random access using an index.
This document defines key concepts related to computer files. It discusses:
1. File organization types including serial, sequential, direct access, and indexed sequential. Sequential files store records in key sequence while direct access allows direct retrieval by calculating a record's address.
2. Methods of accessing files which can be serial, sequential, or direct/random.
3. Criteria for classifying files as master, transactional, or reference files based on their content, organization, and storage medium.
4. An assignment to research operating procedures for computer data processing.
The document discusses file design and organization in information systems. It describes the key components of files, including data items, records, record keys, and entities. It explains different file organizations like sequential, direct access, indexed, and inverted files. It also discusses designing printed outputs, including determining output objectives, contents, layout, and appropriate output media.
Secondary storage benefits include space, reliability, convenience and economy. Common storage media include hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs and portable drives. Data is organized on disks through formatting into tracks and sectors. Files can be organized sequentially, directly, or through indexes for access. Multimedia combines various media types for presentations.
1. A database is an organized collection of related data stored electronically. It allows for efficient storage and retrieval of information.
2. Data is stored in a database in records that contain fields and items. Records contain related data items grouped together, while fields are areas within records reserved for specific data types.
3. There are different types of files like master files, transaction files, and backup files that are used for different purposes in a database system. Master files contain the most complete data while transaction files contain temporary data used to update master files.
File organisation in system analysis and designMohitgauri
This document provides an overview of different file organization strategies, including heap files, sequential files, indexed sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It discusses the key characteristics of each method, such as how records are stored and accessed. The main advantages and disadvantages of each approach are also summarized. Some key points covered include that sequential files are best for sequential processing but slow for random access, while direct files allow very fast random access but require more complex hardware and software. The document aims to help readers understand different options for structuring computer files.
The document discusses four types of file organization: serial, sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access. Serial files store records in the order they are received with no particular sequence. Sequential files store records in key sequence and require creating a new file when adding or deleting records. Indexed sequential files add an index to a sequential file to allow both sequential and random access by key. Direct access files store records at known addresses to allow directly accessing any record.
The document discusses different methods of organizing computer files, including heap files, sequential files, indexed-sequential files, inverted list files, and direct files. It provides details on each method, such as how records are stored and accessed, their advantages and disadvantages, and examples. Key aspects covered include unordered storage in heap files, ordered storage and efficient sequential access in sequential files, indexed access for both sequential and random access in indexed-sequential files, and direct calculation of record locations in direct files.
This document discusses different methods of file organization, including heap, sequential, indexed, inverted, and direct access files. It defines key terms like file, record, database, and describes the characteristics and advantages/disadvantages of each file structure type. Some key points made are that file organization is how computer files are structured logically, sequential files allow only sequential access but are efficient for processing related records, and indexed-sequential files provide flexibility for sequential and random access using an index.
This document defines key concepts related to computer files. It discusses:
1. File organization types including serial, sequential, direct access, and indexed sequential. Sequential files store records in key sequence while direct access allows direct retrieval by calculating a record's address.
2. Methods of accessing files which can be serial, sequential, or direct/random.
3. Criteria for classifying files as master, transactional, or reference files based on their content, organization, and storage medium.
4. An assignment to research operating procedures for computer data processing.
The document discusses file design and organization in information systems. It describes the key components of files, including data items, records, record keys, and entities. It explains different file organizations like sequential, direct access, indexed, and inverted files. It also discusses designing printed outputs, including determining output objectives, contents, layout, and appropriate output media.
Secondary storage benefits include space, reliability, convenience and economy. Common storage media include hard disks, floppy disks, CDs, DVDs and portable drives. Data is organized on disks through formatting into tracks and sectors. Files can be organized sequentially, directly, or through indexes for access. Multimedia combines various media types for presentations.
This document discusses how databases physically organize and access data through different file organizations and indexing methods. It describes three main file organizations (heap, ordered, and hash files), how each supports insert, search, and delete operations, and when each performs best. It also explains what indexing is, different index types like primary and secondary indexes, and how to create indexes using SQL. The document aims to explain how databases optimize data storage and access.
This document discusses different types of database management systems and file structures, including sequential files, indexed sequential files, random access files, hierarchical databases, network databases, and relational databases. It provides details on the characteristics and applications of each type. For sequential files, it describes ordered vs unordered files and the processing methods for each. It also covers database management systems and their role in structuring and managing database systems.
This document discusses key concepts about database management systems including:
1. It defines what data and databases are and how data is represented in computer systems using bits, bytes, words, and other units of storage.
2. It describes the components of databases including fields, records, tables, forms, reports and pages.
3. It explains the differences between flat file databases and relational databases and how relational databases better organize large amounts of data.
4. It provides an overview of how database management systems are used to enter, query, and manage database data.
There are four main types of file organization: serial, sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access. Sequential files store records in a specific key-based order and require rewriting the entire file to add or delete records. Direct access files allow directly reading or writing records based on their address, allowing quick random access but being more complex. Indexed sequential files combine the sequential ordering of records with an index to allow both sequential and random access via the index. Batch processing periodically updates master files in batches while online and real-time processing allow immediate updating as transactions occur.
The document discusses different types of database management systems and data storage methods. It begins by defining what a database and database management system (DBMS) are. It then describes sequential, indexed sequential, and random access files, explaining how each stores and accesses data. The document also covers hierarchical and network database management systems as well as relational database systems and provides examples of each.
This document discusses different types of file organization, including serial, sequential, direct access/random access, and indexed sequential. Serial files store records in the order received with no particular sequence. Sequential files store records in key sequence and are used as master files. Direct access files allow any record to be accessed directly by calculating its address from a key field. Indexed sequential files combine the sequential ordering of records with a full index to allow both sequential and random access by key.
The document discusses data management principles and best practices. It covers topics such as data quality, security, organization, and the data lifecycle. Effective data management requires following principles like ensuring data is accurate, consistent, complete, up-to-date, and unambiguous. It also requires proper data backup, storage, capturing, transfer between systems, analytics, and presentation to end users. Planning is important to integrate data management across all stages from initial collection through final analysis and sharing.
overview of storage and indexing BY-Pratik kadam pratikkadam78
The document provides an overview of storage and indexing in databases. It discusses how data is stored on external storage devices like disks and tapes. It also describes different file organizations like heap files and cluster files that arrange records on storage. Finally, it covers indexing, explaining that indexes allow efficient retrieval of records based on key fields and common types of indexes include primary, secondary, and clustering indexes.
1. File organization in databases involves grouping related data records into tables and storing the tables as files in memory for efficient data access and querying.
2. There are several methods of file organization including sequential, indexed, and hashed. Sequential organization stores records one after the other, indexed uses a record key to order records, and hashed uses a hash function to directly map records to storage blocks.
3. The objectives of file organization are to optimally select and access records quickly, allow efficient data modification, avoid duplicate records, and minimize storage costs.
Data formats can vary greatly, from handwritten text to complex electronic formats. There are many reasons for using different formats, including historical reasons, the data generator, and formats agreed upon for certain data types. Common formats include ASCII, binary, spreadsheets, relational databases, images, maps, and more. Proper documentation of file contents and structure is important for understanding and using data in different formats.
CS3270 - DATABASE SYSTEM - Lecture (1)Dilawar Khan
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a database course, including: understanding database concepts and the relational model, learning SQL for data manipulation and definition, database design techniques like entity-relationship modeling and normalization, and hands-on experience with Microsoft SQL Server. The course objectives are to help students understand databases and DBMS systems, apply relational concepts and SQL, and be able to design database applications. The document also provides an introduction to databases by comparing traditional file-based systems with the database approach.
Concept of computer files for Grade 12 learnerswellingtonoboh
Computer files are the most basic unit of data that users can store on a disk. Every program, image, video, song and document is stored as a file. this slide describes the concept about files
The document discusses different types of file organization including sequential, random, indexed sequential, and multikey organization. It describes the key aspects of each type including how records are stored and accessed. The document also outlines different types of files such as master files, transaction files, and control files along with examples and characteristics of each.
1) Physical files exist on storage while logical files are how programs view files without knowing the actual physical file.
2) Opening files creates a new file or accesses an existing one, while closing files frees up the file descriptor for another file and ensures all output is written.
3) Core file processing operations include reading, writing, and seeking within a file.
This document discusses files management and provides guidance on creating and maintaining effective filing systems. It emphasizes the importance of files management in enabling effective decision-making and reconstructing sequences of actions. Some key points covered include common filing methods, criteria for a good filing system, organizing and classifying records, file structures and codification, filing equipment, training procedures, and addressing common filing problems. Tips are provided such as exploring filing options, keeping systems simple, dedicating time for filing, and communicating the filing process as a team effort.
This document is a lecture on database systems that defines key terms, explains the growth and advantages of databases, and outlines the components and evolution of database environments. Specifically, it discusses the limitations of conventional file processing systems, categories of database models, and components of the database approach including enterprise data modeling, relational databases, and client-server architectures. Relationships between entities like customers, orders, and products are examined. The lecture concludes by summarizing the topics covered and assigning tasks for students to complete related to the chapter, including forming project groups.
This document provides an introduction and overview of an IS220 Database Systems course. It outlines that the course will cover topics like database design, file organization, indexing and hashing, query processing and optimization, transactions, object-oriented and XML databases. It notes that the class will be 70% theory and 30% hands-on assignments completed in pairs. Assessment will include group work, tests, and a final exam. Class rules require punctuality, use of English, dressing professionally, and minimum 80% attendance.
Data Analytics: HDFS with Big Data : Issues and ApplicationDr. Chitra Dhawale
This document provides information about a course on data analytics. It outlines the course outcomes, which include developing scalable systems using Apache and Hadoop, writing MapReduce applications, differentiating SQL and NoSQL, and analyzing and developing big data solutions using Hive and Pig. The document also describes some of the topics that will be covered in the course, including distributed file systems and their issues, an introduction to big data, characteristics of big data, types of big data, and comparisons between traditional and big data approaches.
This document discusses numeric records management systems which arrange records based on assigned numbers. There are several key components of a numeric records management system: numbered guides and folders to organize the files, an accession log to track assigned numbers, and an alphabetic index to reference file numbers. Records can be stored consecutively by assigned number or using other methods like terminal-digit or middle-digit storage depending on the needs and size of the organization.
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to a database. A DBMS organizes data into tables with rows and columns to allow for storage, retrieval, deletion and updating of data. Some examples of DBMS include MySQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server and Oracle. The ultimate purpose of a DBMS is to transform data into information and knowledge to enable action.
This document discusses how databases physically organize and access data through different file organizations and indexing methods. It describes three main file organizations (heap, ordered, and hash files), how each supports insert, search, and delete operations, and when each performs best. It also explains what indexing is, different index types like primary and secondary indexes, and how to create indexes using SQL. The document aims to explain how databases optimize data storage and access.
This document discusses different types of database management systems and file structures, including sequential files, indexed sequential files, random access files, hierarchical databases, network databases, and relational databases. It provides details on the characteristics and applications of each type. For sequential files, it describes ordered vs unordered files and the processing methods for each. It also covers database management systems and their role in structuring and managing database systems.
This document discusses key concepts about database management systems including:
1. It defines what data and databases are and how data is represented in computer systems using bits, bytes, words, and other units of storage.
2. It describes the components of databases including fields, records, tables, forms, reports and pages.
3. It explains the differences between flat file databases and relational databases and how relational databases better organize large amounts of data.
4. It provides an overview of how database management systems are used to enter, query, and manage database data.
There are four main types of file organization: serial, sequential, indexed sequential, and direct access/random access. Sequential files store records in a specific key-based order and require rewriting the entire file to add or delete records. Direct access files allow directly reading or writing records based on their address, allowing quick random access but being more complex. Indexed sequential files combine the sequential ordering of records with an index to allow both sequential and random access via the index. Batch processing periodically updates master files in batches while online and real-time processing allow immediate updating as transactions occur.
The document discusses different types of database management systems and data storage methods. It begins by defining what a database and database management system (DBMS) are. It then describes sequential, indexed sequential, and random access files, explaining how each stores and accesses data. The document also covers hierarchical and network database management systems as well as relational database systems and provides examples of each.
This document discusses different types of file organization, including serial, sequential, direct access/random access, and indexed sequential. Serial files store records in the order received with no particular sequence. Sequential files store records in key sequence and are used as master files. Direct access files allow any record to be accessed directly by calculating its address from a key field. Indexed sequential files combine the sequential ordering of records with a full index to allow both sequential and random access by key.
The document discusses data management principles and best practices. It covers topics such as data quality, security, organization, and the data lifecycle. Effective data management requires following principles like ensuring data is accurate, consistent, complete, up-to-date, and unambiguous. It also requires proper data backup, storage, capturing, transfer between systems, analytics, and presentation to end users. Planning is important to integrate data management across all stages from initial collection through final analysis and sharing.
overview of storage and indexing BY-Pratik kadam pratikkadam78
The document provides an overview of storage and indexing in databases. It discusses how data is stored on external storage devices like disks and tapes. It also describes different file organizations like heap files and cluster files that arrange records on storage. Finally, it covers indexing, explaining that indexes allow efficient retrieval of records based on key fields and common types of indexes include primary, secondary, and clustering indexes.
1. File organization in databases involves grouping related data records into tables and storing the tables as files in memory for efficient data access and querying.
2. There are several methods of file organization including sequential, indexed, and hashed. Sequential organization stores records one after the other, indexed uses a record key to order records, and hashed uses a hash function to directly map records to storage blocks.
3. The objectives of file organization are to optimally select and access records quickly, allow efficient data modification, avoid duplicate records, and minimize storage costs.
Data formats can vary greatly, from handwritten text to complex electronic formats. There are many reasons for using different formats, including historical reasons, the data generator, and formats agreed upon for certain data types. Common formats include ASCII, binary, spreadsheets, relational databases, images, maps, and more. Proper documentation of file contents and structure is important for understanding and using data in different formats.
CS3270 - DATABASE SYSTEM - Lecture (1)Dilawar Khan
This document outlines the key topics to be covered in a database course, including: understanding database concepts and the relational model, learning SQL for data manipulation and definition, database design techniques like entity-relationship modeling and normalization, and hands-on experience with Microsoft SQL Server. The course objectives are to help students understand databases and DBMS systems, apply relational concepts and SQL, and be able to design database applications. The document also provides an introduction to databases by comparing traditional file-based systems with the database approach.
Concept of computer files for Grade 12 learnerswellingtonoboh
Computer files are the most basic unit of data that users can store on a disk. Every program, image, video, song and document is stored as a file. this slide describes the concept about files
The document discusses different types of file organization including sequential, random, indexed sequential, and multikey organization. It describes the key aspects of each type including how records are stored and accessed. The document also outlines different types of files such as master files, transaction files, and control files along with examples and characteristics of each.
1) Physical files exist on storage while logical files are how programs view files without knowing the actual physical file.
2) Opening files creates a new file or accesses an existing one, while closing files frees up the file descriptor for another file and ensures all output is written.
3) Core file processing operations include reading, writing, and seeking within a file.
This document discusses files management and provides guidance on creating and maintaining effective filing systems. It emphasizes the importance of files management in enabling effective decision-making and reconstructing sequences of actions. Some key points covered include common filing methods, criteria for a good filing system, organizing and classifying records, file structures and codification, filing equipment, training procedures, and addressing common filing problems. Tips are provided such as exploring filing options, keeping systems simple, dedicating time for filing, and communicating the filing process as a team effort.
This document is a lecture on database systems that defines key terms, explains the growth and advantages of databases, and outlines the components and evolution of database environments. Specifically, it discusses the limitations of conventional file processing systems, categories of database models, and components of the database approach including enterprise data modeling, relational databases, and client-server architectures. Relationships between entities like customers, orders, and products are examined. The lecture concludes by summarizing the topics covered and assigning tasks for students to complete related to the chapter, including forming project groups.
This document provides an introduction and overview of an IS220 Database Systems course. It outlines that the course will cover topics like database design, file organization, indexing and hashing, query processing and optimization, transactions, object-oriented and XML databases. It notes that the class will be 70% theory and 30% hands-on assignments completed in pairs. Assessment will include group work, tests, and a final exam. Class rules require punctuality, use of English, dressing professionally, and minimum 80% attendance.
Data Analytics: HDFS with Big Data : Issues and ApplicationDr. Chitra Dhawale
This document provides information about a course on data analytics. It outlines the course outcomes, which include developing scalable systems using Apache and Hadoop, writing MapReduce applications, differentiating SQL and NoSQL, and analyzing and developing big data solutions using Hive and Pig. The document also describes some of the topics that will be covered in the course, including distributed file systems and their issues, an introduction to big data, characteristics of big data, types of big data, and comparisons between traditional and big data approaches.
This document discusses numeric records management systems which arrange records based on assigned numbers. There are several key components of a numeric records management system: numbered guides and folders to organize the files, an accession log to track assigned numbers, and an alphabetic index to reference file numbers. Records can be stored consecutively by assigned number or using other methods like terminal-digit or middle-digit storage depending on the needs and size of the organization.
A database management system (DBMS) is a software system that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to a database. A DBMS organizes data into tables with rows and columns to allow for storage, retrieval, deletion and updating of data. Some examples of DBMS include MySQL, Microsoft Access, SQL Server and Oracle. The ultimate purpose of a DBMS is to transform data into information and knowledge to enable action.
A database is an organized collection of related data stored electronically to be easily accessed, managed, and updated. It consists of collections of records about various entities that are related to each other through fields. A database management system (DBMS) is a software program that allows users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. Compared to traditional file processing systems, DBMS reduces data redundancy and inconsistency, and allows for more efficient sharing of data across multiple users and applications.
Data Management for Undergraduate Researchers (updated - 02/2016)Rebekah Cummings
This document summarizes a seminar on data management for undergraduate researchers. It discusses what data is, why it needs to be managed, and key aspects of effective data management including data organization, metadata, storage and archiving. Specific topics covered include creating data management plans, file naming conventions, structuring folders, describing data through codebooks and documentation, backup strategies, and long-term archival options. The goal is to help researchers organize and document their data so it can be understood and preserved over time.
Database management system lecture notesUTSAHSINGH2
DBMS provide an organized collection of interrelated data stored and retrieved digitally in a computer system. A DBMS uses SQL to allow users to define, create, maintain and control access to the database. It consists of several components including a query processor, data dictionary, runtime database manager and data manager. The three schema architecture separates the logical and physical levels to provide data independence and abstraction.
This document provides information and recommendations for preventing data loss through proper storage, organization, and backup of research files. It discusses developing a consistent file naming convention and folder structure for projects. The document also recommends storing multiple copies of important files in different locations and using version control software to track changes over time. Activities are included to help attendees evaluate their current practices and develop improved plans for organizing, backing up, and locking important versions of their data and files.
This document discusses key concepts related to databases and database management systems (DBMS). It defines a database as an organized collection of data, and a DBMS as software that manages databases. The document then discusses different types of database users, the purpose of using a DBMS over file systems, different data models, and SQL statements for defining database structure and manipulating data.
This document discusses different types of digital data including structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. It provides examples and characteristics of each type of data. Structured data is organized in rows and columns, like in a database. Unstructured data lacks a predefined structure or organization, like text documents, images, and videos. Semi-structured data has some structure but not a rigid schema, like XML files. The majority of organizational data is unstructured. Big data is also discussed, which is high-volume, high-velocity, and high-variety data that requires new technologies to capture, store, manage and analyze.
This document discusses different types of digital data including structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. It provides examples and characteristics of each type of data. Structured data is organized in rows and columns like in databases and can be easily processed by computers. Unstructured data lacks a predefined structure or organization and makes up about 80% of organizational data. Semi-structured data has some structure but does not conform fully to predefined data models. The document also discusses big data in terms of its volume, velocity and variety characteristics as well as challenges in capturing, storing, managing and analyzing big data.
This document discusses key concepts related to database management. It defines a database as a collection of organized data that allows access and retrieval. It describes how databases store data and generate information. It discusses database management systems, data integrity, qualities of valuable information, and the hierarchy of data including characters, fields, records and files. It differentiates between file processing and database approaches and describes common database functions like data dictionaries, queries, security, backups and recovery.
This document discusses best practices for organizing files and folders in research projects. It recommends following consistent naming conventions that provide context and description and adhering to a logical directory structure. Specifically, it suggests including relevant information like location, date, and version in file names. The document also stresses the importance of documentation and provides an example folder structure from the LOCI lab that organizes data by project, subproject, experiment, and replicates. Overall, the key aspects of file organization highlighted are naming conventions, directory structure, documentation, and consistency.
This document summarizes a seminar on data management for undergraduate researchers. It discusses what data is, why it needs to be managed, and key aspects of the data management process such as data organization, metadata, storage, and archiving. Topics covered include file naming best practices, version control, documentation, metadata standards, storage options, and long-term archiving. The goal is to help researchers organize and document their data so it can be understood, preserved, and reused.
This document discusses file processing systems and their components. It defines key terms like field, record, and file. It describes how a file processing system organizes and stores data in independent files of records without using databases. It classifies different types of files by their functions, such as master files, transaction files, report files, work files, program files, and text files. It outlines some advantages of file processing systems like lower costs and ease of use, as well as disadvantages like data redundancy, difficult data access, isolation, integrity, and security issues.
1. The document discusses best practices for managing research data over the data life cycle, from collection through sharing and archiving. It provides tips for organizing, documenting, and storing data in sustainable file formats and naming conventions. Following best practices helps ensure usability, reproducibility, and long-term access to research data.
2. Specific best practices covered include using consistent organization, standardized naming and formats, descriptive filenames, quality assurance, scripting for processing, documenting file contents, and choosing open file formats. The document also addresses data security, backup, and storage considerations.
3. Managing data properly is important for reuse and sharing data with others now or in the future. Scripting helps capture data workflows for reproducibility.
http://kulibrarians.g.hatena.ne.jp/kulibrarians/20170222
Presentation by Cuna Ekmekcioglu (The University of Edinburgh)
- Creating and Managing Digital Research Data in Creative Arts: An overview (2016)
CC BY-NC-SA 4.0
File management systems allow for organization and access of files on a computer system. They display details of files like owners and creation dates. Files can contain different types of data like text, images, or other formats. A file management system provides services for storing, accessing, and performing operations on files through standardized interfaces. It aims to guarantee data validity, optimize performance, and prevent data loss through features like backups and recovery.
This chapter discusses databases, data warehouses, and data mining. It defines key terms like data, information, and databases. The main points are: Databases organize related information for decision making and knowledge generation. They are designed with tables, fields, and primary keys. Data warehouses store extracted data from multiple databases for analysis over time. Data mining analyzes data to find patterns and trends to improve business decisions.
UNIT machine learning unit 1,algorithm pdfOmarFarooque9
This document provides an introduction to database management systems. It defines key concepts like data, databases, and file processing systems. It describes the disadvantages of file processing systems like data redundancy, inconsistency, isolation, and integrity and security issues. It then contrasts file processing systems with database management systems, which aim to address those disadvantages. The document discusses different types of databases and data models, including relational, entity-relationship, object-based, and semi-structured models. It also covers database architecture, data abstraction, and DBMS components.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
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CHAPTER 1: Data Basics
COMPUTER SCIENCE
12
(MS Access and C)
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• Data & Information
• Data Processing & its Activities
• File, Record and Field
• File Types from Usage Point of View
• File Types from Functional Point of View
• Organize Files on Storage Media
• Problems in File Processing System
• Database
• Database System and its Components
• Objectives of Database
• Database Model
• DBMS & its Objectives
Topics
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• Features of DBMS
• Advantages of DBMS
• Disadvantages of DBMS
Topics (continued)
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Data
• Collection of facts and figures related to an object
• Data may consist of text, numbers, images, sound and videos
• Processed to produce useful information
Importance of Data
• Used by managers to perform effective and successful operations of management
• Provides a view of past activities related to the rise and fall of an organization
• Enables the organization to make better decision for future activities
Example
• The data of student may consist of Roll Number, Student Name, and marks of
different subjects
Object can be person,
event or anything
about which data is
collected
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Information
• Processed data
• Organized
• Meaningful
• Useful
• Used for making decisions
• Data is used as input for processing and information is the output of this processing
Example
• The data of student can be processed to produce useful information such as:
• Total Marks
• Grade
• Find the number of passed and failed students etc.
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Difference between Data and Information
Data Information
• Collection of raw facts and figures
• Processed form of data
• Used as input in the computer
• Output of computer
• Huge in its volume
• Short in its volume
• Difficult or even impossible to reproduce. For
example, it is very hard to reproduce the
data of census if it is lost
• Easier to reproduce. For example, number of
graduate citizens can be recalculated from
the stored data
• Used rarely
• Used frequently
• Does not dependent on information • Depends on data
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Data Processing or Operations on Data
• Series of actions or operations are performed on data to get required output or result (Information)
• Software is used to process data
• Software convert the data into meaningful information
Activities in Data Processing
Activities
Data
Capturing
Data
Manipulation
Managing
output
results
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Activities in Data Processing
1. Data Capturing
• Process of recording the data in some form
• Data is captured before it can be processed
• Data may be recorded on source document
• Source document may include:
• Photographs, checks, or product label, brochures
• Recording data directly into Computer
• Provide a quick and efficient way to input data
• Saves time
• Increases accuracy
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Activities in Data Processing
2. Data Manipulation
• Process of applying different operations on data
• Classifying - The process of organizing data into classes or groups
• Example - Data of college can be in two group → Data of student and Data of teacher
• Calculation - The process of applying arithmetic operations( +, -, ÷ , ×) on data
• Example - The total marks of student are calculated to find the grade
• Sorting - The process of arranging data in logical sequence
• Example - Name of students can be sorted according to obtained marks
• Summarizing - Process of reducing a large amount of data in more concise form
• Example - Data of students in class can be summarized to show number of passed and failed
students
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Activities in Data Processing
3. Managing Output Result
Performed on data after the data has been captured and manipulated
• Storage - The process of retaining data on storage media such as hard disk for
future use
• Example - The student data is stored on the hard disk
• Calculation - The process of accessing or fetching the stored data
• Example - Student data can be retrieved from the hard disk any time to prepare result card
• Communication - The process of transferring data from one location to another
• Example - The result can be sent to the students via email
• Reproduction - The process of copying or duplicating data
• Data can be reproduced if different users need data at different locations
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Field, Record and File
Field
• A combination of one or more characters
• Represents Smallest unit of data
• Name of each field in a record is unique
• Each field contains one specific piece of information
• Example - The EmployeeID, Name, HireDate, JobTitle and Phone
Record
• A collection of related fields used as single unit
• Example - An Employee’s record includes a set of fields that contains EmployeeID,
Name, HireDate, JobTitle and Phone
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Field, Record and File
File
• A collection of related records used as single unit
• Files are stored on different storage media such as hard disk, USB flash drive or
optical disc (CDs and DVDs)
Example
• Employee file may contain the
records of hundreds of Employees
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File Types from Usage point of View
1. Master File
• Used to store the information that remains constant for a long period of time
• Example – A college maintains a master file of all students
• It is updated when any change in its contents is required
• These files are never empty since they are created
2. Transaction File
• Used to store the input data before processing
• It may be temporary file
• The data in transaction files is used to update the master files
• It may exist until the master file is updated
• It may also be used to maintain a permanent record of data about transaction
• Example – A transaction file can be used to store the fee deposited by the student
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File Types from Usage point of View
3. Backup File
• Used to take the backup of important data
• Permanent file
• Make additional copy of data
• The data can be recovered from backup files if any data file is lost or damaged
• Backup files are mostly created by using specific software (utility program)
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File Types from Functional Point of View
• A file consists of file name and file extension
• Name and extension of file is separated by dot (.)
• The extension of a file is normally assigned by the software in which it is created
1. Program File
• Contains the software instructions
• File extensions: .exe or .com
• Contains instructions that can be directly executed by the computer
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File Types from Functional Point of View
2. Data File
• A type of file that contains data
• Data files are created by the software being used
• Different software store data in the data files using different formats
• Data files is generally opened in the same software in which it is created
• It can also be opened in different software that supports the format of that data file
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File Organization
A technique for physically arranging records of file on secondary storage devices
1. Sequential Files
• Records are stored on the storage media in a sequence
• Records can be retrieved only in sequence in which they were stored
• Major disadvantage is very slow access time for a particular record
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File Organization
2. Direct or Random Files
• Records are not stored in a particular sequence
• The records are stored at known address or location
• The address or location is calculated against the value of the key field of the record
• Synonym problem→ If the same address is calculated to store two or more records
• Faster than sequential file organization for finding a particular record
• Storage media for direct file organization are hard disk , optical discs( CDs, DVDs)
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File Organization
3. Indexed Sequential Files
• Records are stored in ascending or descending order based on value called key
• An index value is generated for each key and mapped with the record
• Index refers to the location or address on a disk where a record is stored
• The index is stored in a file called index file
• Index file contains the value of :
• Each key field
• Disk address of record with corresponding key field
• Index file is updated whenever a record is added or deleted from the file
• Main advantage
• Allows for both random and sequential processing
• Main disadvantages
• Extra space is required to store indexes
• Extra time necessary to access and maintain indexes
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File Processing System
• This system is used by different organization to store and manage data
• Each department has its own set of data files and application program
• Each program defines and manages its own data
• Every Process generate its separate files and does not communicate with each other
Example
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Problems in File Processing System
Data Redundancy Duplication of data in multiple files
Example
Suppose that two files are used in a college. The Students file contains the data such
as RollNo, Name, Address, Phone and other details of the students. The Library file
contains the same data of the students who borrow books from library along with the
information about the book. The data of one student appears in two files. It causes
wastage of storage and creates many problems.
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Problems in File Processing System
Example
The address of a student must be updated in all files if any change occurs. It is
possible that it is changed in Students file but not in Library file. The data becomes
inconsistent in this situation.
Data Inconsistency Two files many contain different data about the same thing.
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Problems in File Processing System
Example
If there is a change in the length of postal code, it requires change in the program. The
changes may be costly to implement.
Program Dependence The application program has to be changed if the format of file is
changed.
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Problems in File Processing System
Example
Suppose a students report is required in the college. The data will be collected from
various files to prepare the report. It requires a lot of time and effort to write program
for such types of reports in file processing system.
Lack of Flexibility
Combined reports are very difficult to display as data is scattered in
different files.
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Problems in File Processing System
Example
RollNo and Marks of the students should be numeric value. It is very difficult to apply
these constraints on files in file processing system.
Data Integrity Problem Integrity means reliability and accuracy of data
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Problems in File Processing System
Example
A data entry operator should only be allowed to enter data. The chairman of the
organization should be able to access or delete the data completely. Such types of
security options are not available in file management system.
Lack of Data Security It is not possible to define different access levels for different users.
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Problems in File Processing System
Limited Data Sharing The file processing system provides a limited data sharing
Each application has its own data files.
It is very difficult for one application program to access the data from a
file that is created by other application program.
The file processing system also provides very limited data sharing among
different users.
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• Collection of logically related data sets or files
• Each data set or file may contain different kind of information
Example – Client Database of Bank have different files:
Saving Accounts
Current Accounts
Automobile Loan
Personal Loan
Clients Information etc.
Facilities Provided by database System
Database
Inserting
data
Adding new
files
Removing
existing files
Retrieving
data
Updating
data
Deleting
data
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Objective of Database
1. Data Integration
• An efficient approach to utilizing data
• Data integration involves combining data located in different computers and
providing users with a unified view of them
• Logically, data is centralized
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Objective of Database
2. Data Integrity
• Reliability & accuracy of data
• Rules are designed to keep data consistent and correct
• Enforcing data integrity ensures the quality of data
• Example
• Same Employee ID is not assigned to multiple employees
3. Data Independence
• Data and application programs are separate from each other
• User can change data storage structure without changing the application program
• The user can also modify programs without affecting data
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• Collection of data as well as program required to manage that data
• Computerized record-keeping system
Purpose
• Maintain data
• Provide it to the user when it is required
Database System
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1. Data
• Main purpose of database system is:
• To store data
• To maintain data
• To Process data
Components of Database System
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2. Hardware
• Physical components of computer
• Used to perform different tasks such as input, output, storage and processing
• Example of Hardware components
• Secondary storage
• I/O devices
• Processors
• Main memory
Components of Database System
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3. Software
• Collection of programs used by the computer within database system
• DBMS
• Use to create and manage a database in database system
• Application Program
• Used to access and process the data stored in database
• Operating System
• Manage all hardware components
• Enables all other software to run on the computer
Components of Database System
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4. Personnel
• People related to the database system
• Database Administrator (DBA)
• Person who is responsible to manage the whole database system
• Application Programmer
• Person who writes the application program to access data from database
• End Users
• Persons who perform different operations on database
• Access DBMS through Application program
Components of Database System
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• A set of rules and standards that define how the database organizes data
Data Models
Types of
Models
Hierarchical
Model
Network
Model
Relational
Model
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1. Hierarchical Model
• Records are arranged in a hierarchy like an organizational chart
• Each record type is called a node or segment
• Node represents a particular entity
• Topmost node is root
• Use Parent /Child relationship
• Each parent node can have many child nodes
• Each child node may have only one parent node
• One-to-many relationship between data entities
• Kind of structure → Inverted tree
Data Models
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2. Network Model
• Similar to hierarchical model but one difference
• A child node may have any number of parent nodes
• Child nodes represented by arrows
• Complex diagram to represent a database
• Provides more flexibility than hierarchical model
Data Models
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3. Relational Model
• Most commonly used database model
• More flexible than hierarchical and network database model
• Consists of a collection of simple relations or tables
• Relation represents a particular entity to store information about entity
• Relationships are based on the data of the entities
• Relationship between entities is represented by diagram
Data Models
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• Collection of programs used to create, maintain, and access databases in
convenient and efficient manner
• DBMS uses Database Manager
• Software
• Controls the overall structure of database
• Some Relational DBMS vendors/products like:
• Access & SQL Server/MS , MySQL, Oracle ..etc
DBMS
Convenient Data is stored in such a way that the user can use this data easily
Efficient The user can search the required data quickly
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1. Shareability
• Data is shared by different people at the same time
• Data is stored at central place
• Different users can share the data from different locations
• Reduce storage space and provides data consistency
2. Availability
• Users must be able to access data and DBMS easily
• Data should be available when it is required
Objectives of DBMS
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3. Evolvability
• Provide the facility to change the database due to
• Increase in user requirements or change in the technology
4. Database Integrity
• Accuracy of Data
• Quality of data entered determines the quality of generated information
Objectives of DBMS
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Features of DBMS
Data Dictionary
Utilities
Query Language
Report Generator
Access Security
Backup and Recover
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1. Data Dictionary / Repository
• Contains data definitions for a database:
• Data Definition is the process of describing the properties of data to be included in a database table
• During data definition, each field is assigned:
• Name (must be unique within the table)
• Data type (such as Text, Number, Currency, Date/Time)
• Properties (field size, format of the field, allowable range, if field is required, etc.)
• Finished specifications for a table become the table structure
• Ensures that data is according to the data definition rules
• Used for data access authorization (Password, etc) for database users
Features of DBMS
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2. Utilities
• Programs used to maintain database
• Some of these programs are also used for backup and recovery of data
3. Query Language
• A query is a request for specific data from the database
• A query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to
specify the data to display, print, store, update, or delete
Structured Query Language (SQL) is a popular query language that allows users to manage,
update, and retrieve data
Features of DBMS
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4. Report Generator / Report Writer
• Program that is used to generate reports
• Retrieves data from database and displays it to the user in different formats
• Produce useful and attractive reports by using report generator
5. Access Security
• Protection of database from unauthorized access
• DBMS provides several procedures to maintain data security
• Allowing access to the database through the use of username and passwords
• Different users have different levels of access rights to database
• A data entry operator should only be allowed to enter data
• The chairman of the organization should be able to access or delete the data completely
Features of DBMS
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6. Backup and Recover
• DBMS Provides the facility of backup and recover
• Backup facility is used to store an additional copy of data
• Data can be recovered from backup file
• if the original data file is lost or damaged
Features of DBMS
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1. Data Independence
• Data and application programs are separate from each other
• User can change data storage structure without changing the application program
• The user can also modify programs without affecting data
2. Redundancy Control
• Redundancy means duplication of data in multiple files → causes wastage of storage
• The data in database appears only once and is not duplicated
• The same data is used at all required places
Advantages of DBMS
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3. Consistency Constraints
• Allows user to design complex data structures
• Enables users to view and access data in different ways
4. Data Security
• Protection of database from unauthorized access
• DBMS provides several procedures to maintain data security
• Allowing access to the database through the use of username and passwords
• Different users have different levels of access rights to database
• A data entry operator should only be allowed to enter data
• The chairman of the organization should be able to access or delete the data completely
Advantages of DBMS
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5. Backup and Recover
• DBMS Provides the facility of backup and recover
• Backup facility is used to store an additional copy of data
• Data can be recovered from backup file
• if the original data file is lost or damaged.
6. Advanced Capabilities
• Provides advance capabilities
• Online access - Access data through Internet
Advantages of DBMS
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1. High Cost of DBMS
• Expensive to purchase database management software e.g. Oracle
2. Higher Hardware Cost
• DBMS Software requires powerful hardware to work properly and efficiently
• Requires large size memory and high speed processor
3. Appointing Technical Staff
• DBMS is a complex system
• Technical staff such as database administrator and application programmer is
required to manage DBMS
• Pay good salaries to the technical staff increases cost
Disadvantages of DBMS
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4. Cost of Staff Training
• DBMS is a complex system
• Requires trained user to use it properly
• Use training is required in all fields:
• Programming
• Application development
• Database administrator
• Spend a lot amount for staff training
Disadvantages of DBMS
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5. Problem in Wrong Database Environment
• The problems may occur if wrong type of database environment is selected
• The database system may also need to change due to change in requirements
• The change can be costly due to conversion and testing
• Difficult and time-consuming process
• Require a lot of cost to implement the changes
6. Need of Data Dictionary
• Useful tool but expensive
• Requires installation costs as well as hardware requirements
Disadvantages of DBMS