This document discusses motivation in the workplace. It defines motivation and discusses several theories of motivation, including: Maslow's hierarchy of needs, McGregor's Theory X and Y, Herzberg's two-factor theory, and McClelland's manifest needs theory. It also covers Mayo's theory of human relations and discusses what motivates employees, including maintainers who value job security and benefits, and motivators who seek growth opportunities. The document emphasizes that a motivating work climate fosters feelings of belonging, competence, and autonomy.
Motivation - Meaning, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Theories of Motivation, Need Theories, Process Theories, A. Maslow Need Hierarchy, F. Herzberg Dual Factor, Mc Gregor Theory X and Theory Y, Ways of Motivating through Carrot and Stick in Organizations
What is motivation? Significance
How to motivate employees in an Organization?
Theories of motivation
Maslow hierarchy of needs theory.
ERG motivation theory Alderfer.
McClelland achievement and acquired needs theory.
Stacey Adams equity theory.
Hertzberg hygiene factors and motivators theory.
Vroom expectancy motivation theory.
Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model.
Motivation - Meaning, Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, Theories of Motivation, Need Theories, Process Theories, A. Maslow Need Hierarchy, F. Herzberg Dual Factor, Mc Gregor Theory X and Theory Y, Ways of Motivating through Carrot and Stick in Organizations
What is motivation? Significance
How to motivate employees in an Organization?
Theories of motivation
Maslow hierarchy of needs theory.
ERG motivation theory Alderfer.
McClelland achievement and acquired needs theory.
Stacey Adams equity theory.
Hertzberg hygiene factors and motivators theory.
Vroom expectancy motivation theory.
Hackman and Oldham job characteristics model.
"Motivation" is a Latin word, meaning "to move".
Human motives are internalized goals within individuals.
Motivation may be defined as those forces that cause people to behave in certain ways. "Motivation is a class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces".
Koontz and O'Donnell
In this PPT we cover
1. What is motivation?
2. 3 components of motivation
3. Motivation Process
4. Motivation and need satisfaction
5. Characteristics of motivation
6.Types of motivations
7.Types of motivators
8. Motivation theories
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs
-Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
-McGregors X & Y Theory
- Vrooms Expectancy Theory
- Alderfer's ERG Theory
- McClleland's Learned Needs Theory
9. Motivating and Engaging Employees
Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior.
A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior
Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8×10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7×10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
"Motivation" is a Latin word, meaning "to move".
Human motives are internalized goals within individuals.
Motivation may be defined as those forces that cause people to behave in certain ways. "Motivation is a class of drives, needs, wishes and similar forces".
Koontz and O'Donnell
In this PPT we cover
1. What is motivation?
2. 3 components of motivation
3. Motivation Process
4. Motivation and need satisfaction
5. Characteristics of motivation
6.Types of motivations
7.Types of motivators
8. Motivation theories
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs
-Herzberg's Two Factor Theory
-McGregors X & Y Theory
- Vrooms Expectancy Theory
- Alderfer's ERG Theory
- McClleland's Learned Needs Theory
9. Motivating and Engaging Employees
Motivation involves the biological, emotional, social, and cognitive forces that activate behavior.
A motive is what prompts the person to act in a certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior
Internal and external factors that stimulate desire and energy in people to be continually interested and committed to a job, role or subject, or to make an effort to attain a goal
Emerging Dreadful Ulcer Disease in Threatened Murrel, Channa aurantimaculataresearchanimalsciences
Like other captive animals, aquarium fish are vulnerable to a range of
diseases. Among the bacterial pathogens,
Aeromonas hydrophila
act as secondary
infectious agent and causes diseases under stress. The present study is attempted to
evaluate the microbiological and haematological changes in infected ornamental fish
Channa
-
C. aurantimaculata
collected from the wild. The highest microbial load of
7.4±0.8×10
7
cfu g
-
1
was observed in skin whereas the lowest load of
1.2±0.7×10
2
cfu g
-
1
was found in the heart. From the microbial investigation,
A. hydrophila
has been
isolated from different organs indicating its predominant presence. Considering
the haematological indices, increased levels of WBC (5.5±0.3, 10
3
/ml), MCV
(172.1±0.9, fl), Lymphocytes (62.3±0.5, %) were observed in the infected fish
compared to control fish imparting the involvement of non
-
specific immune response.
Anthelmintic activity of Punica granatum ethanol extract against paramphis...researchanimalsciences
Parasitic diseases remain a major threat to livestock production around the
world, particularly in India. Paramphistomosis caused by paramphistomes are one of
the most common and economically important diseases of livestock. The high
incidence of resistance to chemotherapeutics, toxicity and side effects has urged the
necessity of finding alternative plant
-
based anthelmintics against helminth parasites.
Therefore, the present investigation was aimed to assess the anthelmintic effect of
the rind of
Punica granatum
Ethanol Extract (
Pg
EE) against paramphistomes in
infected sheep. Infected sheep were treated orally with 30 and 50 mg/ml
concentrations of
Pg
EE. Eggs Per Gram (EPG) count on faeces, haematological and
biochemical parameters of sheep were investigated. In
Pg
EE
-
treated sheep, the egg
count reduced significantly in the faeces and the reduction was proportional to
dosage and duration after treatment. The maximum reduction (97.95 %) was
observed on day 21 post
-
treatment with 50 mg/ml concentration of
Pg
EE. In infected
sheep, the haemoglobin and protein content were below standard physiological
values. Improvement of haematobiochemical profile was observed in sheep after
treatment with
Pg
EE.
Toxicity of Ocimum gratissimum leaf extract on the developmental stages of ...researchanimalsciences
The effect of some plant extract on the developmental stages of mosquito
species was conducted using
Anopheles gambiae
,
Culex quinquefasciatus
and
Aedes aegypti
at the first instar, second instar, third instar, fourth instar, pupae and
adult. The plant used was scentleaf (
Ocimum gratissimum
). Soxhlet apparatus was
used to extract each pulverized plant part using petroleum ether solvent. Plant
extract from the petroleum ether solvent was used to test their effects on the
developmental stages of each mosquito species. The result showed that the higher
the developmental stages, the lower the percentage of mortality. It was also
observed that as the time and concentration increases, the percentage of mortality
also increases. Generally, the result showed that
Anopheles gambiae
is more
susceptible in the extracts used followed by
Aedes aegypti
and then
Culex
quinquefasciatus
.
Biosorption of metals by Solitary Ascidian, Phallusia Nigra in Vizhinjam Ba...researchanimalsciences
Biosorption of heavy metals by ascidians has been recognized as a potential
alternative to existing technique for recovery of heavy metals from waste stream. The
solitary ascidian,
Phallusia nigra,
is a common and large black ascidian and occurs
throughout the year in Vizhinjam Bay. Hence this study has been focused on the
biosorption of metals in the test and mantle body of
P. nigra
from ecologically
significant station, Vizhinjam Bay. Monthly samplings of water and specimens of
P. nigra were done during the period from September 2010 to August 2011 and
subjected to the analysis of metals. The concentration of metals in water were found
in the following order Cd>Pb>V>Hg. Mean concentrations of metals were high during
monsoon season and low during premonsoon season.
Absorption of metals by
P. nigra
revealed that both test and mantle body
accumulated a diverse range of trace metals. The present results showed that the
content of metals in the test was usually less than that of the mantle body. High
concentration of these metals was found to be during monsoon season whereas low
concentration was during premonsoon season.
The bioaccumulation factors were in the order of V>Pb>Cd> Hg for the test
and mantle body of the study animal. Application of one
–
way ANOVA for the
concentration of these metals between test and mantle body showed significant
differences. Metal concentrations recorded in this ascidian could effectively be used
as good reference material for monitoring metal contamination in Indian sea waters.
Biodiversity and conservation strategies of Nymphalidae Butterflies in the h...researchanimalsciences
Nymphalidae butterflies have a number of subfamilies, including the species
such as Browns, Milkweeds, Heliconians and Beaks. These vary greatly in appearance
ranging from small to large, with mostly in medium size. Some among these
butterflies are powerful fliers (Nawabs and Rajahs) or migrants (Painted lady,
Milkweed butterflies) while Bush browns (
Mycalesis visala, Melanitis leda
and
Elymnias hypermnestra)
and Rings (
Ypthima baldus, Ypthima chenui
and
Ypthima philomela
) are weak fliers. Three study sites i.e., Lankamalai of Kadapa
district, Talakona and Tirumala Hills of Chittoor district of Eastern Ghats of Southern
Andhra Pradesh were chosen.
Captive breeding method has been adopted for
restocking the population.
Nearly 26 Nymphalidae species were identified from
6 sub families. Species diversity
was calculated by using Simpson’s diversity indices
along with the seasonality and population index, richness and evenness of the species
were also discussed.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on ...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives:
This paper reports the toxicity of
Lantana camara
to
developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito,
Aedes aegypti
. Aqueous extracts
of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of
mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods:
Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared.
The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The
plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results:
Percent log LC
50
/ 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of
L. camara
to
IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs
was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants.
Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in
different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion:
The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of
Lantana camera
possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult
emergence against
Aedes aegypti.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age - length r...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail,
Lymnaea acuminata,
was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All
the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats
started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show
differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from
third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11
th
day by mechanical means. The
young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age
-
length relationship
was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between
age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations.
The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of Bougainvillea spectabilis (Nictag...researchanimalsciences
Mosquitocidal property of leaf extract of
Bougainvillea spectabilis
was evaluated for the egg hatchability, larvicidal and pupicidal activity of mosquito, Aedes aegypti
under the room temperature in the laboratory. A relationship was observed between the plant extract dose and the percentage of egg hatchability,
larval and pupal mortality. Dosage value as expressed in % was 0.01 to 4.0 for
Aedes aegypti . The percentage of egg hatchability, larval and pupal mortality were
found to increase with the dosage indicating a relationship between the two. Based
on the probit analysis the LC 50
(mg/l) value of egg (31), I instar (59), II instar (231),
III instar (606), IV instar (1578) and pupa (2637) were observed.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, C hanna striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North - east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus . The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19 -
29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40 80%. Hatching occurred within
22 - 36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27 - 29 ° C. The percentage of hatching rate
varied from 55 - 80%. The overall breeding performance of
C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
A Pilot Study on Effect of Copper and Cadmium Toxicity in Tilapia Mossambicus researchanimalsciences
Cu and Cd is trace element for most organisms including fish, but above certain limit Cu and Cd will be toxic. The present study was conducted to evaluate the
toxic effect of Cu and Cd on Tilapia mossambicus
via estimating the acute 96h median lethal concentration (LC 50 ) value. A total 120 number of
Tilapia mossambicus fingerlings were subjected to 12 numbers 20 L aquaria. Fish were exposed to 0.0, 2.0,
4.0, 6.0, 8.0 and 10.0mg Cu and Cd/L for 4 days. Each dose was represented by two aquaria. Fish was daily observed and dead fish were removed immediately. The data obtained were evaluated using Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC 50 value of Cu for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 6.0mg Cu/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The 96 h LC
50 value of Cd for Tilapia mossambicus was calculated to be 4.8mg Cd/L with Behrens - Karber’s Method. The behavioral changs of Tilapia mossambicus
were primarily observed. It could be concluded that Tilapia mossambicus species slightly sensitive to Cu and Cd when compare both metal
cadmium is more toxic than copper for the fish species.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC - 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upo...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high
concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that
the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also
change the physico
-
chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc
chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total
alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs,
whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in
water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity,
free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due
to increase in the metabolic processes of
Ophiocephalus punctatus
upon exposure to
zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, us...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater.
Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by
application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a
protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of
tetraploidy was attempted in
Cyprinus carpio
L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five
females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required
quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were
divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min,
27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were
exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min.
One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After
treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy
was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat
shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a
maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large
proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such
as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and
malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were
obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four
min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times
greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful
model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of
tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction
and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is
developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is
behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this
experiment we study feeding behavior in
P. reticulata
by six treatments. Six
aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the
maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium
No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without
feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in
aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark
conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness
conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of
fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2
it
was about 92%. In aquarium No.3,
95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B.
In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A,
respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good
aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on A...researchanimalsciences
Background and Objectives: This paper reports the toxicity of Lantana camara to developmental stages of the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Aqueous extracts of leaf and seed of the plant were also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito egg and age at pupation and emergence.
Methods: Different concentrations of aqueous leaf and seed extract were prepared. The data of mortality rate were subjected to finney’s method of probit analysis. The plant was also tested for their effect on the hatchability of mosquito eggs.
Results: Percent log LC50 / 24 h values of the leaf and seed extracts of L. camara to IV instar larvae were 2.25 and 2.25 respectively. Percent hatchability of mosquito eggs was remarkably reduced when treated with higher concentration of the toxicants. Extended time of pupation and emergence was observed for the larvae reared in different concentrations of the plant extract.
Conclusion: The results suggested that leaf and seed extract of Lantana camera possessed remarkable larvicidal, ovicidal, and prolonged time of pupation and adult emergence against Aedes aegypti.
Article Citation:
Sathya K, Mohanraj RS, Dhanakkodi B .
Mosquito larvicidal activity of leaf and seed extracts of Lantana camara on Aedes aegypti.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(2): 040-047.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0013.pdf
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age length relati...researchanimalsciences
The breeding and complete development of fresh water snail, Lymnaea acuminata, was observed. The development completed in eleven days. All the external features were observed from third day. During third day heart beats started and the rudiments of larval kidney appeared. All these organs show differentiation and increase in size with embryo. The shell development starts from third day onwards. Hatching of egg took place on 11th day by mechanical means. The young ones were having all system like adult except gonad. Age-length relationship was established. It was found that it showed perfect positive relationship between age and total length of embryo. Kn value also supports the above observations. The r = 0.98, Kn = 0.98 and regression equation
y = 31.49 + 23.08 x.
Article Citation:
Borale RP and Ahirrao KD.
Studies on development of Lymnaea acuminata with respect to age-length relationship and relative condition factor (Kn)
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2013) 1(2): 055-059.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0009.pdf
Induction of tetraploidy in an ornamental fish koicarp Cyprinus carpio L, usi...researchanimalsciences
Koicarp is potentially an important cultured ornamental fish in freshwater. Moreover there were reports existing on genetic manipulation of koicarp by application of the heat shock. Hence the present study was made to contribute a protocol for induction of tetraploidy by heat shock in the koicarp.Induction of tetraploidy was attempted in Cyprinus carpio L, Koicarp by heat shock. Eggs from five females and milt from five males ok Koicarp were pooled to ensure the required quantity and quality of gametes for fertilization. After insemination the eggs were divided into three batches each experiment based on the post fertilization viz., 25min, 27min and 30min after insemination. Batches of eggs held in plastic containers were exposed to hot water at 38° C, 39° C, 40° C & 41° C for durations of 2min and four min. One batch of the eggs without heat shock treatment was used as control. After treatments, eggs were immediately transferred to incubation troughs. Tetraploidy was ascertained by karyotyping as well as RBC nuclear micro measurements.Heat shock of 41°C for four min, imparted to eggs for 20 min after fertilization induced a maximum of 60± 2% tetraploidy and maximum hatchability of 10± 1.5%. A large proportion of the heat shocked embryos displayed morphological abnormalities such as short and curved tail, destroyed yolksac, deformed vertebral column and malformed cephalic region. A maximum of 60± 2% tetraploids (4n = 156) were obtained when the fertilized eggs (20 min old) were heat shocked at 41° C for four min duration. The tetraploid red blood cells (RBCs) nucleus volume was 2.1 times greater than those of the diploid RBC nucleus.Given that koicarp are such a useful model for other areas of research, perhaps further studies on the induction of tetraploidy in this species will lead to a better understanding of polyploidy induction and the establishment of tetraploid lines of koicarp and other species as well.
Article Citation:
Ananth Kumar and Mohamed Abdul Kadher Haniffa.
Induction of Tetraploidy in an Ornamental Fish Koicarp
Cyprinus carpio L, Using Heat Shock.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 013-019.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0006.pdf
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel, Channa striatus...researchanimalsciences
Induced breeding of the striped snakehead Murrel, Channa striatus (Bloch, 1793) was attempted during October to December 2009 (North-east monsoon). The breeding attempt was made using natural hormone Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG). Two trials using fibre tanks of different capacity in triplicates were made to observe the effects of different doses of HCG on induced spawning of C. striatus. The fishes which received a dosage of 6000 IU/kg body weight gave satisfactory results. The ovulation was recorded after 19-29 h of the injection. The fertilization rate was observed as 40-80%. Hatching occurred within 22-36 hours after fertilization at water temperature of 27-29°C. The percentage of hatching rate varied from 55-80%. The overall breeding performance of C. striatus was found to be satisfactory for upscaling of murrel seed production in stakeholders farms.
Article Citation:
Bilal Ahmad Paray, Haniffa MA and Manikandaraja D.
Induced ovulation and spawning of a striped snakehead murrel,
Channa striatus (Bloch) under captive conditions.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 033-039.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0010.pdf
Effect of zinc chloride (lc 50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon e...researchanimalsciences
Zinc is an essential element and cause deleterious effect at high concentration to both the animals and plants. In the present study, we observed that the Zinc chloride at lethal concentration fifty alters the behavior of fish which also change the physico-chemical properties of water. It was observed that the Zinc chloride steadily increased the pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water from 24 to 96 hrs, whereas the dissolved oxygen concentration in water was gradually decreased. It is concluded that the increase in pH, conductivity, free carbon dioxide and total alkalinity of water and decrease in oxygen could be due to increase in the metabolic processes of Ophiocephalus punctatus upon exposure to zinc chloride at lethal concentration 44.25 mg/l.
Article Citation:
Swapan S. Bacher and Arun M. Chilke.
Effect of Zinc Chloride (LC-50) on physicochemical parameters of water upon exposure to Ophiocephalus punctatus.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 007-012.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0007.pdf
The culture of maintenance ornamental fish among Iranian people is developing every day. One of the most important factors in selection aquarium fish is behavior of feeding. The feeding behavior of Guppy is poorly documented. In this experiment we study feeding behavior in P. reticulata by six treatments. Six aquariums with the same dimension were used and two points A & B with the maximum distance from each other were selected in each aquarium. In aquarium No.1 hand move with feeding in point A, in aquarium No.2 hand move without feeding in point A, in aquarium No.3 hand moves in point A and feeding in point B, in aquarium No.4 feeding without hand move in point B, in aquarium No.5 in semi dark conditions hand move with feeding in point A and finally in aquarium No.6 in darkness conditions hand move with feeding in point A were done. In aquarium No.1, 94% of fish moved to point A and in aquarium No.2 it was about 92%. In aquarium No.3, 95.5% of fish moved to point A and in Aquarium No.4, 74.5% of fish moved to point B. In aquarium No 5 and 6, 96% and 99.5% of fish moved and didn’t move to point A, respectively. Our results showed that this species is a visual feeder and a good aquarium fish for their feeding behavior.
Article Citation:
Rajaei M, Nematollahi MA, Bahmaninezhad A and Lotfizadeh A.
Behavior of Feeding in Guppy: Poecilia reticulata.
Journal of Research in Animal Sciences (2012) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://janimalsciences.com/documents/AS0004.pdf
The Team Member and Guest Experience - Lead and Take Care of your restaurant team. They are the people closest to and delivering Hospitality to your paying Guests!
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Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer solution manual.docxssuserf63bd7
https://qidiantiku.com/solution-manual-for-modern-database-management-12th-global-edition-by-hoffer.shtml
name:Solution manual for Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer
Edition:12th Global Edition
author:by Hoffer
ISBN:ISBN 10: 0133544613 / ISBN 13: 9780133544619
type:solution manual
format:word/zip
All chapter include
Focusing on what leading database practitioners say are the most important aspects to database development, Modern Database Management presents sound pedagogy, and topics that are critical for the practical success of database professionals. The 12th Edition further facilitates learning with illustrations that clarify important concepts and new media resources that make some of the more challenging material more engaging. Also included are general updates and expanded material in the areas undergoing rapid change due to improved managerial practices, database design tools and methodologies, and database technology.
2. “A great man is one who can make a small
man feel great, and perform great”
3. INTRODUCTION
• Motivation is an internal feeling and a psychological
phenomenon which generates within an individual.
Motivation is next to directing / leading. Managers can
motivate their subordinates while guiding them.
• Motivating means encouraging people to take more
initiative and interest in the work assigned.
• It is an art of getting things done willingly from others.
4. • Understand past, present and future concepts /
trends.
• Develop employees desire to strive for excellence.
• Understand how YOU influence; your leadership
style.
• Use feedback more precisely, linking it to
performance.
OBJECTIVES
5. • Learn how to offer criticism in a way which
ensures that it is heard.
• Apply models and methods for measurable
results.
• Problem solve and practice what you learn
Objectives…
6. DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION
• The act or process of stimulating to action,
providing an incentive or motive, especially for an
act.
• The driving force within individuals by which they
attempt to achieve some goal in order to fulfill
some needs or expectation. (Harmer, 2001)
7. Three matters of motivation:
what energizes human behavior,
what directs or channels such behavior and
how this behavior is maintained or
sustained.
Steers and Porter(1991)
8. MOTIVATION IS…
Complex
Psychological
Physical
Unique to each and every person
Context sensitive
Not fully understood
10. Intrinsic Motivation
Defined as self-respect of accomplishment and personal
growth. That is, the emotional and personal benefits of the
job itself are known as intrinsic rewards. -Ellis
Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from
inside an individual rather than from any external or outside
rewards, such as money or grades.
The motivation comes from the pleasure one gets from the
task itself or from the sense of satisfaction in completing or
even working on a task.
11. • Competence and autonomy are the important issues on
intrinsic motivation.
• Social-contextual events such as feedback, communications,
rewards which cause feelings of competence foster intrinsic
motivation (Ryan and Deci, 2000)
• While positive performance feedback increases intrinsic
motivation, negative performance feedback decreases it.
12. Extrinsic Motivation
•Extrinsic Motivation is said to be less effective because it comes
from outside the person. External reinforcer's, for instance, are
usually in the form of control.
• is concerned with the performance of an activity to succeed in
getting separable outcomes. Ryan and Deci (2000)
•"Tangible benefits" related to job such as salary, fringe benefits
and job security are known as extrinsic motivation or called
extrinsic rewards. ` Latham ( 1998)
13. 7 Main types of motivation
1. Self-Improvement Motivation
If you believe the task at hand will improve your character, appearance
or financial condition and these self-improvements are highly desirable
to you, you will experience significant motivation to perform even
unpleasant parts of the process necessary to reach the goal. How
desirable the end improvements are to you will determine the level of
motivation you will experience.
2. Achievement Motivation
It is the drive to pursue and attain goals. An individual with
achievement motivation wishes to achieve objectives and advance up
on the ladder of success. Here, accomplishment is important for its own
shake and not for the rewards that accompany it.
14. 3. Internal Motivation
Behaviour does not come without its own rewards. the end
goal is not a visible or external thing, but more internal and
psychological. The achievement of these goals – by itself also
correctly seen as a reward – is in general not visible to other
persons.
4. Affiliation Motivation
It is a drive to relate to people on a social basis. Persons with
affiliation motivation perform work better when they are
complimented for their favorable attitudes and co-operation.
15. 5. Competence Motivation
Competence motivated people seek job mastery, take pride in
developing and using their problem-solving skills and strive to be
creative when confronted with obstacles. They learn from their
experience.
6. Power Motivation
It is the drive to influence people and change situations. Power
motivated people wish to create an impact on their organization and
are willing to take risks to do so.
7. Attitude Motivation
Attitude motivation is how people think and feel. It is their self
confidence, their belief in themselves, their attitude to life. It is how
they feel about the future and how they react to the past.
16. THEORIES OF MOTIVATION
Content Theories:
Emphasis on what motivates individuals.
• Maslow’s need Hierarchy
• Macgregor's Theories X & Y
• Herzberg’s two factors theory
17. Process theories:
Emphasis on actual process of motivation
• Three needs Theory ( McClelland)
• Goal-setting Theory
• Reinforcement Theory
• Designing Motivating theory
• Equity Theory
• Expectancy Theory
18. 1.ABRAHAM MASLOW'S HIERARCHY OF
NEEDS THEORY
• Mr. Abraham Harold Maslow suggested his
Theory of Human Motivation in 1943
• Needs were categories as five levels of lower and
higher-order needs.
• Individual must satisfy lower-level needs before
they can satisfy higher order needs.
• Motivating a person depends on knowing at what
level that a person is on the hierarchy.
19. Maslow's theory is based on the following two principles:
Deficit principle: A satisfied need no longer motivates
behavior because people act to satisfy deprived needs.
Progression principle: The five needs he identified exist
in a hierarchy, which means that a need at any level only
comes into play after a lower-level need has been satisfied.
20. • Need is defined as a physiological or psychological deficiency that a
person feels the compulsion to satisfy.
• This need can create tensions that can influence a person's work
attitudes and behaviors.
• Maslow formed a theory based on his definition of need that proposes
that humans are motivated by multiple needs and that these needs exist in
a hierarchical order.
• His premise is that only an unsatisfied need can influence behavior; a
satisfied need is not a motivator.
21.
22. Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs
Higher Level Needs To Satisfy, Offer:
Self-actualization needs Creative and challenging work
Participation in decision making
Job flexibility and autonomy
Esteem needs Responsibility of an important job
Promotion to higher status job
Praise and recognition from boss
Lower Level Needs To Satisfy, Offer:
Social needs Friendly coworkers
Interaction with customers
Pleasant supervisor
Safety needs Safe working conditions
Job security
Base compensation and benefits
Physiological needs Rest and refreshment breaks
Physical comfort on the job
Reasonable work hours
23. 2.DOUGLAS McGREGOR'S - THEORY OF
MOTIVATION
The eminent psychologist Douglas McGregor has
given his theory of motivation called Theory
X and Theory Y
Theory X:- based on traditional assumptions about
employees. Here, the conventional approach of
management is used as a base.
Theory Y :- based on modern or progressive or
professional approach. Here, the assumptions about
employees are quite different.
24. Assumptions of theory x
The average human being is inherently lazy by nature and
desires to work as little as possible.
He avoids accepting responsibility and prefers to be led or
directed by some other.
He is self-centered and indifferent to organizational needs.
He has little ambition, dislikes responsibility, prefers to be
led but wants security.
He is not very intelligent and lacks creativity in solving
organizational problems.
He by nature resists to change of any type.
25. Theory X…
In the case of such employees, self-motivation is
just not possible. They will work only when
there is constant supervision on them. A manager
has to persuade, punish or reward such workers
in order to achieve organizational goals.
26. Assumptions of theory Y
Work is as natural as play, provided the work environment is
favorable.
People can be self-directed and creative at work if they are
motivated properly.
Self-control on the part of people is useful for achieving
organizational goal. External control and threats of
punishment alone do not bring out efforts towards
organizational objectives.
People are not by nature passive or resistant to
organizational needs.
An average human being learns under proper conditions. He
is also willing to accept responsibility
27. 3. HERZBERG'S TWO-FACTOR THEORY
In his two-factor theory, Herzberg identifies two sets of factors
that impact motivation in the workplace:
Hygiene factors include salary, job security, working conditions,
organizational policies, and technical quality of supervision.
Although these factors do not motivate employees, they can
cause dissatisfaction if they are missing.
Something as simple as adding music to the office place or
implementing a no-smoking policy can make people less
dissatisfied with these aspects of their work.
28. Satisfiers or motivators include such things as
responsibility, achievement, growth opportunities, and
feelings of recognition, and are the key to job
satisfaction and motivation. For example, managers can
find out what people really do in their jobs and make
improvements, thus increasing job satisfaction and
performance.
Following Herzberg's two-factor theory, managers need
to ensure that hygiene factors are adequate and then
build satisfiers into jobs.
30. 4.ALDERFER'S ERG THEORY
Clayton Alderfer's ERG (Existence, Relatedness, Growth)
theory is built upon Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.
Existence needs are desires for physiological and material
well-being. (In terms of Maslow's model, existence needs
include physiological and safety needs)
Relatedness needs are desires for satisfying interpersonal
relationships. (In terms of Maslow's model, relatedness
correspondence to social needs)
Growth needs are desires for continued psychological
growth and development. (In terms of Maslow's model,
growth needs include esteem and self-realization needs)
31. 5.TAYLOR’S THEORY OF SCIENTIFIC
MANAGEMENT
• Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856 – 1917) put forward the
idea that workers are motivated mainly by pay. His Theory
of Scientific Management argued the following:
• Workers do not naturally enjoy work and so need close
supervision and control
• Therefore managers should break down production into a
series of small tasks
• Workers should then be given appropriate training and tools
so they can work as efficiently as possible on one set task.
32. • Workers are then paid according to the number of items they
produce in a set period of time- piece-rate pay.
• As a result workers are encouraged to work hard and maximize
their productivity.
• Taylor’s methods were widely adopted as businesses saw the
benefits of increased productivity levels and lower unit costs.
• The most notably advocate was Henry Ford who used them to
design the first ever production line, making Ford cars. This was
the start of the era of mass production.
33. 6.MAYO’S THEORY OF HUMAN RELATIONS
• Elton Mayo (1880 – 1949) believed that workers are not just
concerned with money but could be better motivated by having
their social needs met whilst at work (something that Taylor
ignored).
• He introduced the Human Relation School of thought, which
focused on managers taking more of an interest in the workers,
treating them as people who have worthwhile opinions and
realising that workers enjoy interacting together.
• Mayo conducted a series of experiments at the Hawthorne
factory of the Western Electric Company in Chicago
34. • He isolated two groups of women workers and studied the effect
on their productivity levels of changing factors such as lighting
and working conditions.
• He expected to see productivity levels decline as lighting or
other conditions became progressively worse
• What he actually discovered surprised him: whatever the change
in lighting or working conditions, the productivity levels of the
workers improved or remained the same.
35. From this Mayo concluded that workers are best motivated
by:
Better communication between managers and workers
( Hawthorne workers were consulted over the experiments and
also had the opportunity to give feedback)
Greater manager involvement in employees working lives
( Hawthorne workers responded to the increased level of attention
they were receiving)
Working in groups or teams. ( Hawthorne workers did not
previously regularly work in teams)
36. 7.MCCLELLAND’S MANIFEST NEED
THEORY OF MOTIVATION.
David C. McClelland proposed his Achievement
Motivation Theory (Also called Manifest Need Theory).
According to him, there are certain needs that are learned
and socially acquired as the individual interacts with the
environment.
McClelland classified such needs into three broad
categories. These are
(a) Need for power,
(b) Need for affiliation, and
(c) Need for achievement.
38. Maintainers
• Working conditions
• Company policies
• Job security
• Pay and benefits
• Relationships with coworkers
• Supervision
• Status
39. Creating a motivating climate
• Organizations are more likely to instill ‘want to’ attitudes in
people if they nurture three factors, namely ‘I belong’ feelings,
‘Can do’ beliefs and an ‘I’m responsible’ or ‘I’m allowed’
mindset.
• People are likely to adopt the values of others who help them
meet their needs for belongingness and competence and
autonomy.
• People need to be valued by others, surrounded by a cohesive
peer group and given a sense of belonging and control, the
stimulation of clear and challenging goals and recognition for
whatever they achieve.
40. • A sense of connection with the organisation is more likely
to develop a sense of loyalty to and identify with it. So
efforts to promote social engagement are essential.
• Current models of motivation tend to concentrate on
cognitive processes, assuming that competence is the
primary factor.
• Social goals are strong predictors of success and the
promotion of socially responsive behaviour often results in
higher performance.
• The social climate is a powerful motivator of all aspects of
our behaviour.
41. • Working climates can be categorised using four types of
autonomy. They can be epitomised by an ‘over-protective’
climate, that in turn encourages restricted workers.
• Others can have an ‘autonomy-crushing’ climate, resulting in no
sense of autonomy. The more accountability is stressed over
autonomy, the more managers will download pressure to
colleagues through a command climate that emphasises control.
Thirdly, an over-competitive ‘prove yourself’ atmosphere marks
the ‘exposing’ climate where confusion and provocation
contribute to the development of a distorted sense of autonomy.
42. • Feedback is an essential ingredient to provide information that
lets others know how they are doing.
• It is the motivation power-tool yet often the least well used. it is
about giving information about progress to increase self-efficacy
not about encouraging arrogance.
• Highly motivating people praise others’ effort and how they
tackle their work and so make colleagues feel responsible for
success.