The document summarizes techniques for group decision making and disadvantages of group decisions. It discusses three techniques: nominal group technique which stimulates creative decision making when agreement is lacking; Delphi technique which allows experts in different locations to share opinions; and dialectical inquiry which approaches decisions from opposing viewpoints. It also lists five disadvantages of group decisions: they require more time; can be influenced by social pressure; may be dominated by minorities; individual goals may be prioritized over group goals; and groupthink can occur where members isolate themselves.

1. PAST SEM QUESTION
NAME : ERRA IZATI BT AHMAD NIZAM
FATIN NADIRAH BT JAAFAR
NUR LIYANA BT ROSLI
CLASS : JCS1434C

2. MARCH 2014
Question 4
List and explain any three (3) techniques in group decision
making.
Answer :
• Nominal Group Technique ( NGT)
Is a structured process designed to stimulate creative group
decision making in which agreement is lacking or the members
have incomplete knowledge of the problem.
• Delphi Technique
This technique do not meet face to face.
It enable groups to consult experts and use their predictions and
forecast about the future.
• Dialectical Inquiry
A method that approaches a decision from two opposite points
and structure a debate between conflicting views

3. A. Nominal Group Technique (NGT)
• To stimulate creative group decision making in which agreement is lacking or the
members have incomplete knowledge of nature of the problem. NGT is used in
situation which group members must pool their judgments to solve the problem and
determine a satisfactory course of action. For example the meeting of all agency.
B. Delphi method
• Enable group to consult experts and use their predictions and forecasts about future
events. Delphi technique participants do not meet face to face .With Delphi participant
experts can be thousands of miles apart. For example share opinion with expert by
using online services such as chat.
C. Dialectical Inquiry
• A method that approaches a decision from two opposite points and structures a debate
between conflicting views. This technique forces the group to confront the implications
of their assumptions in the decision process .Team members are encouraged to bring up
divergent ideas and offer different points of views.
D. Devil’s Advocacy Approach
E. Brainstorming
OCT 2014PARTC /

4. September 2013
Question 3
Briefly explain five (5) disadvantage of group decision making.
Answer:
• Greater time requirement
The time costs money, same goes to time that the group could have
been made just as effectively by an individual working alone.
• Social pressure
Happen on individuals to conform to established or expected patterns
behaviour.
• Minority domination
The effectiveness can be reduced if one individual dominates the
discussion by talking too much or being closed to other points of view.

5. • Concern for individual rather than group goals
they may become a sidetracked in trying to win an argument
that they forgot about group performances
• Groupthink
Is a physiological process where the group member will isolated
themselves from the group

6. March 2013
Part c :Question 1
Decision making is the process through which a
manager identifies and resolves problems. List
and explain the steps involved in a decision
making process.
Answer:

7. • Identifying Opportunities and Diagnosing
Problems
Manager needs to review data related to their
responsibility either outside information and
reports and information from within the
organization.
Example : Chief Executive Officer asks
manager to prepare proposal on having joint
venture with other company in Malaysia.

8. • Identifying Objectives
Objectives reflect the result the organization
wants to attain. It referring to targets,
standards, and outputs.
Example: Manager state all the objective that
related to the joint venture and decide to have
five years joint venture regarding the products
quality and company development.

9. • Generating Alternatives
Managers develop various ways to solve the
problem and achieve objectives.
Example: Managers come out with a list of
the potential companies that related to the
objectives of the joint venture.
• Evaluating Alternatives
Determining the value of the alternatives to
evaluate the advantages and disadvantages
of the alternatives.

10. Example: Manager needs to identify the
strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and
threaten from the list of potential companies.
• Reaching Decisions
 After examining all the facts and determining the
sufficient information, then select the best
alternative.
Example: Chief Executive Officer and manager
having a meeting to discuss the selected
company to have a joint venture for company
development in future.

11. PART D
Participative in decision
making
individuals
• Easy to get more
information ,data and
facts accumulated.
• Need desire more
information and
consider more
alternatives
• Greater acceptance and
commitment to decision
• They have low tolerance

12. SEPT 2011• PART C
 Social pressure
Happen on individual to confirm to establish or
expected pattern behavior .For example desire to
maintain friendship and avoid disagree.
 Greater time requirement
The time cost money ,same goes to time that a
group could have been made just as effectively by
individuals working alone .For example need more
time to wait another group member comes.

13. OCTOBER 2010
PART D (Questions 3)
a)Briefly explain programmed and non-programmed decisions. (4m)
• Programmed
Decisions made in response to routine situations that have
occurred in the past. Indentifying alternative courses of actions in such
situations is usually routine. For example, the staff in any organization
who absent to work more than 3 days without notice can be
terminated as written in the appointment letter.
• Non-Programmed
Decisions made in response to situations that are unique and
unstructured .Required creativity , cleverness and innovation to elicit a
list of reasonable alternative courses of action. New management tried
to restructured company. For example, when Malaysia is facing
economic crisis, all companies will be effected. So in taking drastic
actions , CEO decide to implement retrenchment strategy to reducing
operations cost.

14. b)Explain 3 conditions in decision making. Give example. (6m)
• Certainty
Situations in which a decision maker can make accurate decisions
because the outcome of every alternative is known. The probabilities
associated with the various alternatives are guaranted.For example a
fix deposit
• Uncertainty
Situations in which a decisions maker has neither certainty nor
reasonable probability estimates available. Limited amount of
information and the consequences that will take place when an
alternative is implemented later. For example , a new product in
organization (AXIA).
• Risk
Conditions in which a decisions maker is able to estimates the
likelihood of certain outcomes. Decisions may end up in losses rather
than the expected result. Example, Bursa Malaysia- A share trading.

15. APRIL 2011
PART C
(Questions 3)
Identifying and explain 3 conditions in decisions making. Give example (5m)
• Certainty
Situations in which a decision maker can make accurate decisions because
the outcome of every alternative is known. The probabilities associated with
the various alternatives are guaranted.For example a fix deposit
• Uncertainty
Situations in which a decisions maker has neither certainty nor reasonable
probability estimates available. Limited amount of information and the
consequences that will take place when an alternative is implemented later.
For example , a new product in organization . AXIA
• Risk
Conditions in which a decisions maker is able to estimates the likelihood
of certain outcomes. Decisions may end up in losses rather than the expected
result. Example, Bursa Malaysia- A share trading.