The document provides an overview of wireless communication technologies including Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association (IrDA), HomeRF, IEEE 802.11 WiFi, 802.16 WiMax, and wireless hotspots. It defines wireless communication as the transfer of information between two or more points not connected by an electrical conductor using radio waves. Key aspects of various wireless standards are discussed, such as operating frequency and speed, range, and security features. Limitations of wireless technologies including a finite radio spectrum and potential for interference are also noted.

1. GOLLIS UNIVERSITY
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATION
WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION
CHAPTER-1
WIRELESS
TECHNOLOGY
Lecturer
Eng-Khadar
A. Muse

2. Course Outline
Chapter 01: Wireless Technology
Chapter 02: Antenna and Wave propagation
Chapter 03: Wireless Local Area Network
Chapter 04: Satellite Communication
Chapter 05: Cellular Wireless Network

3. Definition of wireless Communication
What is wireless Communication?
 Wireless means transmitting signals using radio waves as the medium instead of wires.
 Wireless communication is the transfer of information between two or more points that are not
connected by an electrical conductor. The most common wireless technologies use radio.
 The term wireless communication was introduced in the 19th century and wireless
communication technology has developed over the subsequent years. It is one of the most
important mediums of transmission of information from one device to other devices.

4. Wireless networks in comparison to fixed networks

5. Fundamentals of Wireless Networks
Communication between various devices makes it possible to provide unique and
innovative services.
In the last few years, many wireless connectivity standards and technologies have
emerged. These technologies enable users to connect a wide range of computing and
telecommunications devices easily and simply, without the need to buy, carry, or connect
cables.
These technologies deliver opportunities for rapid ad hoc connections and the possibility
of automatic, unconscious connections between devices.
Wired local area networks (LANs) have been very successful in the last few years, and
now with the help of these wireless connectivity technologies, wireless LANs (WLANs)
have started emerging as much more powerful and flexible alternatives to the wired
LANs.

6. Ad Hoc Mobile Wireless Networks
There are many such technologies and
standards, and notable among them are
Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association (IrDA),
HomeRF, and Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers (IEEE) 802.11
standards.
 the strengths and weaknesses and also the
application domains of each of these
standards and technologies.

7. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a high-speed, low-power, microwave
wireless link technology designed to connect
phones, laptops, personal digital assistants (PDAs),
and other portable equipment with little or no work
by the user.
Unlike infrared, Bluetooth does not require line-of-
sight positioning of connected units.
The technology uses modifications of existing
wireless LAN techniques but is most notable for its
small size and low cost.

8. Features of Bluetooth technology are as follows:
Operates in the 2.56 gigahertz (GHz) ISM band, which is globally available (no
license required)
Can support up to eight devices in a small network known as a “piconet”.
Omnidirectional, non line-of-sight transmission through walls.
10 m to 100 m range
Low cost
1 mw power
Extended range with external power amplifier (100 meters)

9. IrDA
IrDA is an international organization that creates and promotes interoperable, low-
cost, infrared data interconnection standards.
IrDA is used to provide wireless connectivity technologies for devices that would
normally use cables for connectivity.
IrDA is a point-to-point, ad hoc data transmission standard designed to operate over
a distance of zero to one meter and at speeds of 9600 bits per second (bps) to 16
Mbps

10. Features of IrDA are as follows:
Range: From contact to at least one meter, and can be extended to two meters.
Bidirectional communication is the basis of all specifications.
Data transmission from 9600 bps with primary speed or cost steps of 115
kilobits per second (kbps) and maximum speed of up to 4 Mbps.
Data packets are protected using a Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) (CRC-16
for speeds up to 1.152 Mbps, and CRC-32 at 4 Mbps).

11. Quiz #1
1. What is Wireless Communication?
2. Briefly Compare Wired and Wireless
Communication Network
3. What is advantage of Bluetooth
Technology?
TIME 10 MIN
5 Marks

12. Home RF
 HomeRF is a subset of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) and primarily works on the
development of a standard for inexpensive radio frequency (RF) voice and data communication.
The HomeRF Working Group has also developed the Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP).
 SWAP is an industry specification that permits PCs, peripherals, cordless telephones, and other devices to
communicate voice and data without the use of cables.
 SWAP is similar to the Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol of
IEEE 802.11 but with an extension to voice traffic.
The SWAP system can operate either as an ad hoc network or as an infrastructure network under the control of
a connection point.
In an ad hoc network, all stations are peers, and control is distributed between the stations and supports only
data.

13. Features of HomeRF are as follows:
Operates in the 2.45 GHz range of the unlicensed ISM band.
Range: up to 150 feet.
Employs frequency hopping at 50 hops per second. It supports both a Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA) service to provide delivery of interactive
voice and a CSMA/CA service for delivery of high-speed data packets.
The network is capable of supporting up to 127 nodes.
Transmission power: 100mW.
Voice connections: up to 6 full duplex conversations.
Data security: blowfish encryption algorithm

14. 802.11 (WiFi)
WiFi is a common wireless technology used by home owners, small businesses,
and starting ISPs.
Advantages of WiFi are as follows:
Ubiquitous and vendor neutral; any WiFi device will work with another
regardless of the manufacturer.
Affordable cost.
Hackable; many “hacks” exist to extend the range and performance of a WiFi
network.
Applications such as video conferencing, Voice-Over Internet Protocol
(VOIP),and multimedia can take down a network.

15. Disadvantages are as follows:
 Designed for LANs, not wide area networking (WAN).
 Uses the CSMA mechanism. Only one wireless station can “talk” at a time,
meaning one user can potentially hog all of the network’s resources.

16. 802.16 (WiMax)
WiMax is a superset of WiFi and is designed specifically for last-mile
distribution and mobility.
WiMax promises high speed (30 Mbps+).
WiMax is a relatively new standard; thus, WiMax products are expensive.
An advantage of WiMax is as follows:
Specifically designed for wide area networking.
Disadvantages of WiMax are the following:
New technology; has not passed the test of time (yet).
More expensive than WiFi.

17. Hotspots
 Hotspots are wireless networks often run by businesses and individuals.
 They are called “hotspots” because they provide a small coverage area for
people to connect to community networks and the Internet; popular locations for
hotspots include communal areas such as restaurants and cafés.
 Hotspots are also powerful tools for supporting tourism.

18. Limitation of Wireless Technology
The wireless radio spectrum is a finite resource. Many people can use the radio
spectrum, but as more people use wireless networking, interference will increase.
In some cases you may even find your competitors actively working to interfere
with you.
It is important to adopt a policy early on in your network deployment
to work with your community to resolve interference issues.
Network operators should inform each other when setting up a new wireless system.