ICT

1. Presentation : 01
Members : Laiba Arshad , Fiza , Aiman , Fariya
ICT
( Introduction to information and communication technology )

2. “In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful”
َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫ن‬ ٰ‫م‬ْ‫ح‬َّ‫الر‬ ِ‫هللا‬ ِ‫م‬ْ‫س‬ِ‫ب‬
ِ‫م‬ْْ ِ‫ح‬

3. Main Outlines : Wireless Communication and Wireless technology
( Def , Components , type , features , examples , generations , conclusion )

4. Wireless technology is tech that allows people to communicate or data to be transferred from one point to another
without using cables or wires.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATION :
Wireless communication is the transmission of information between two or more points
without the use of a physical connection , such as a wire or cable . This is achieved through the use of
electromagnetic waves , which can carry data over long distances .
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY :
Wireless technology is tech that allows people to communicate or data to
be transferred from one point to another without using cables or wires.

5. COMPONENTS :
There are three main components ;
1. Transmitters :
These devices convert data into electromagnetic waves and then radiate them into the
air .
2 . Receivers :
These devices capture the electromagnetic waves and convert them back into air .
3 . Medium :
This is the space through which the electromagnetic waves travel , typically air or
vacuum .

6. APPLICATIONS:
Wireless communications involve the exchange of information between devices without the use of physical
cables. This is made possible through the transmission of signals using electromagnetic waves. Various wireless
technologies facilitate this communication, including:
1 . Wi-Fi:
Allows devices to connect to the internet and communicate within a local network without the need for physical
connections.
2 . Bluetooth :
Enables short-range communication between devices, commonly used for connecting smartphones, headphones, and
other peripherals .
3 .Cellular Networks:
Utilizes radio waves to enable mobile devices, such as smartphones, to communicate with cell towers and each other,
providing widespread wireless coverage.
4 . Satellite Communication:
Uses satellites in orbit to transmit signals over long distances, enabling global communication for services like GPS,
television broadcasting, and internet connectivity in remote areas.

7. 5 . Infrared Communication :
Utilizes infrared light for short-range data transfer, often found in remote controls, some computer
peripherals, and communication between devices in close proximity.
6 . NFC (Near Field Communication):
Enables short-range communication between compatible devices, commonly used for contactless payments
and data transfer.
Wireless technologies have become integral to modern life, offering convenience, mobility, and connectivity in various
contexts.

8. EXAMPLES :
To appreciate wireless in practice, here are two products using it in very different ways:
a. Bluetooth Headphones
 Modern wireless headphone models like AirPods connect wirelessly to phones, TVs and computers via
Bluetooth.
 This allows you to listen untethered – ideal for workouts! The initial pairing process establishes a secure link
after which the headphones auto-connect once in proximity of a known device.
 Audio data is then stream continuous direct to the headphones without needing cables.
b. Inmarsat Satellite Hotspot
 Satellite providers like Inmarsat offer transportable terminals delivering WiFi and voice connectivity via orbiting
satellites.
 Using a suitcase-sized antenna, terminals can provide onboard public WiFi hotspots on trains, aircraft or ships
sailing remote waters. The antenna maintains a steady radio link to overhead satellites which act as relays
between terminals.
 Satellite networks come into their own providing connections in extremely isolated locations no terrestrial
networks reach.
(These two examples highlight the versatility of cutting-edge wireless to solve very niche connectivity needs. Both
improving existing processes by cutting the cables!
So by now you should have a firm handle on the critical characteristics, capabilities, varieties and real world
applications of wireless communications ) .

9. Challenges of Wireless Communication :
However, some key issues can pose challenges when setting up and relying on
wireless connectivity including:
a . Reliability and Interference :
 Wireless signals can easily become blocked or distorted by objects like walls, metal surfaces, large
structures or even weather events.
 Interference from other devices and networks in the area may also disrupt stable connections.
b. Speed
• The maximum speeds possible over wireless are improving, but still lag behind the fastest hard-
wired connections.
 Latency caused by network congestion or distance between devices can also impact speed and
responsiveness.
 This may affect activities like video conferencing, streaming etc.
c. Security Threats
 Data sent over wireless airwaves can be more easily intercepted by unauthorized third parties.
 Special security protocols like WPA2 encryption must be implemented minimize these risks.
 Carelessness connecting to unsecured public networks also endangers privacy.

10. d. Battery Usage
 Frequent wireless transmission and background network activity can drain connected device batteries
quickly.
 Although improving, longer battery life remains an issue especially for mobile gadgets.
 Regular charging is still required.
e. Complexity
 There are a array of evolving wireless technology standards, frequencies, network protocols, device
capabilities and compatibility issues to grapple with.
 Selecting optimal setups and troubleshooting problems takes in-depth expertise many users lack.
 Now that we’ve weighed up the pros and cons, let’s examine some real-world applications showing
wireless tech in action.
Features :
The Following Features of Wireless Communication:-

11. 1. Mobility
 The ability to connect and communicate while mobile is a major advantage over wired networks.
 Users can access networks and services regardless of their location as long as they are within the
coverage area. This enables productivity boosts and convenient access to information.
 Mobility supports needs across many verticals such as business, healthcare, education, and more.
2. Flexibility
 Wireless networks utilize a distributed network of access points rather than centralized hubs and
cabling.
 This provides versatile network architectures that can span various areas and adapt to changes.
 Wireless networks can cover small offices, span across enterprise campuses, or even link
networks between cities.
 The distributed approach supports flexibility and incremental expansions.
3. Scalability
 Adding additional users or increasing coverage is a seamless process. Expanding wireless
capabilities involves strategically placing more wireless access points to extend signal reach.
 Upgrades can happen gradually on an as-needed basis, eliminating the need for major
infrastructure overhauls required by wired networks.
 The result is networks that economically scale on-demand.

12. 4. Rapid Deployment
 Implementing wireless connectivity is significantly faster compared to running cables for wired
networks.
 This allows organizations to quickly roll out networks and expand capacity.
 The plug-and-play simplicity speeds deployment for a range of environments – from temporary
event venues to rapidly growing office spaces.
5. Resilience
 While wireless networks transmit data through the air, they are not significantly impacted by
physical problems that may disable wired networks.
 Failures from cable cuts, construction accidents, or natural events do not render wireless assets
unusable.
 Signals reroute through other access points with minor, short-term impacts. This keeps mission-
critical applications available.
6. Innovation Compatibility
 Wireless standards like Wi-Fi 6 and 5G integrate technological innovations as they are introduced.
 This brings faster speeds, enhanced security, wider spectral range and more to wireless
environments.
 Enterprises can innovate their networks over generations of wireless standards rather than full
infrastructure refreshes.

13. Types of Wireless Communication
There are two main wireless transmission methods, each using distinct parts of the
electromagnetic spectrum:
1. Radio Waves
 These wireless signals with the lowest frequencies are produced by dedicated broadcast antennas.
 Radio uses solid metal conductors like towers to transmit signals over hundreds of kilometers.
 Radio broadcasting, microwave data links between fixed points and cell networks rely primarily on radio waves.
2. Infrared Waves
 Positioned at much higher frequencies just below visible light in the spectrum. Infrared is produced by LEDs and
lasers contained in consumer gadgets.
 It allows short range communication between phones, headphones, remotes, printers etc without needing large
external antennas. Infrared beams are more easily blocked than radio.
Wireless networks that transmit digital data can also be divided into further categories like:
 Wide Area Networks (2G, 3G & 4G cellular networks)
 Wireless Local Area Networks (Wi-Fi)
 Wireless Personal Area Networks (Bluetooth, RFID tags)
The wavelengths and physics underlying these technologies differs significantly. Data capabilities have evolved
rapidly from early voice-only cell networks to today’s broadband multi-purpose mobile and WiFi data networks. Let’s
track this evolution.

14. Generations of Wireless Communication :
There are commonly recognized “generations” of wireless standards as speeds and
functionality improves:
1G (First Generation)
 These were the earliest widespread cellular systems like NMT and AMPS launched in the 1980s.
 Capable only of low-speed analog voice calls without encryption, 1G marks the introduction of
mobile networks.
2G (Second Generation)
 These digital networks capable of voice calls and limited data services launched in the 1990s.
 The text messages and basic internet connectivity of GSM, CDMA and GPRS networks saw
mobile usage explode.
3G (Third Generation)
 With faster data transmission and improved security, revolutionary mobile broadband provided by
3G UMTS/W-CDMA technologies arrived in the 2000s.
 It enabled advanced services like video conferencing, TV streaming, GPS and huge app stores.
4G (Fourth Generation)
 Emerging, in 2010s very high-speed LTE/WiMAX networks have enabled new realms like HD
mobile video, cloud computing and the Internet of Things through technologies like LTE Advanced
and Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE).

15. 5G (Fifth Generation)
 Now being introduced globally, 5G systems combine existing cellular, WiFi Gateway standards with
new technologies like high frequency mmWave.
 By delivering unprecedented speeds up to 20 Gbit/s peak rates, 5G enables emerging areas like
driverless cars, augmented reality and smart cities.
Wireless has clearly come a long way since the 1980s. Many exciting innovations still lie ahead as
engineers push boundaries to new extremes.
Figure :

16. Conclusion :
 Wireless leverages radio waves, infrared and other electromagnetic radiations to transmit data and
communications without intervening physical cabling. This enables highly flexible mobile networks
and gadgets.
 Core advantages enhance user and device mobility, rapid deployment, safety and cost savings.
Reliability, security and battery usage require ongoing improvements.
 Applications range from huge cellular voice/data networks and local WiFi to close proximity gadget
connections like Bluetooth. Purpose-built wireless sensor networks are also emerging.
 While early standards focused narrowly on analog voice, wireless now delivers advanced digital
mobile broadband, HD video streaming plus specialties like satellite and connections.
 Ongoing evolution towards 5G and beyond will enable previously impractical visions like self-driving
transport, ubiquitous computing and life-like virtual worlds through continued exponential wireless
enhancements.
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