The document summarizes a proposed Dynamic Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (DEERP) framework for improving energy efficiency in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) used in healthcare environments. The framework combines the best performing routing protocols for different network states (idle, transmit, receive) based on simulation results to achieve higher energy efficiency and performance compared to individual routing protocols. Simulation results show the DEERP framework consumes less energy in all states and has higher remaining energy compared to other protocols like DSR and DSDV, demonstrating its effectiveness. The framework could be improved by considering additional routing protocols and mobility models.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
A MIN-MAX SCHEDULING LOAD BALANCED APPROACH TO ENHANCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency and traffic management in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex process due
to the self-organizing nature of the nodes. Quality of service (QoS) of the network is achieved by
addressing the issues concerned with load handling and energy conservation. This manuscript proposes a
min-max scheduling (M2S) algorithm for energy efficiency and load balancing (LB) in MANETs. The
algorithm operates in two phases: neighbor selection and load balancing. In state selection, the
transmission of the node is altered based on its energy and packet delivery factor. In the load balancing
phase, the selected nodes are induced by queuing and scheduling the process to improve the rate of load
dissemination. The different processes are intended to improve the packet delivery factor (PDF) by
selecting appropriate node transmission states. The transmission states of the nodes are classified through
periodic remaining energy update; the queuing and scheduling process is dynamically adjusted with energy
consideration. A weight-based normalized function eases neighbor selection by determining the most
precise neighbor that satisfies transmission and energy constraints. The results of the proposed M2SLB
(Min-Max Scheduling Load Balancing) proves the consistency of the proposed algorithm by improving the
network throughput, packet delivery ratio and minimizing delay and packet loss by retaining higher
remaining energy.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A RELIABLE AND ENERGY EFFICIENCT ROUTING PROTOCOL FOR MANETs cscpconf
A mobile ad-hoc network (MANETs) is an infrastructure less network in which the mobile nodes
communicate with each other. Due to its various characteristics like highly dynamic topology
and limited battery power of the nodes, routing is one of the key issue. Also, it is not possible to
give a significant amount of power to the mobile nodes of ad-hoc networks. Because of all this
the energy consumption is also an important issue. Due to limited battery power, some other
issues like if some node gets fail, which results in loss of data packets and no reliable data
transfer has been raised. In this paper, an algorithm is proposed for data transmission which
detects the node failure (due to energy) before it actually happens. Because of this network
lifetime gets improved. The proposed routing algorithm is energy efficient as compared to
AODV routing algorithm. The performance is analyzed on the basis of various performance
metrics like Energy Consumption, Packet Delivery Ratio, Network Life Time, Network Routing
Overhead and number of Exhausted nodes in the network by using the NS2 Simulator.
A MIN-MAX SCHEDULING LOAD BALANCED APPROACH TO ENHANCE ENERGY EFFICIENCY AND ...IJCNCJournal
Energy efficiency and traffic management in Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a complex process due
to the self-organizing nature of the nodes. Quality of service (QoS) of the network is achieved by
addressing the issues concerned with load handling and energy conservation. This manuscript proposes a
min-max scheduling (M2S) algorithm for energy efficiency and load balancing (LB) in MANETs. The
algorithm operates in two phases: neighbor selection and load balancing. In state selection, the
transmission of the node is altered based on its energy and packet delivery factor. In the load balancing
phase, the selected nodes are induced by queuing and scheduling the process to improve the rate of load
dissemination. The different processes are intended to improve the packet delivery factor (PDF) by
selecting appropriate node transmission states. The transmission states of the nodes are classified through
periodic remaining energy update; the queuing and scheduling process is dynamically adjusted with energy
consideration. A weight-based normalized function eases neighbor selection by determining the most
precise neighbor that satisfies transmission and energy constraints. The results of the proposed M2SLB
(Min-Max Scheduling Load Balancing) proves the consistency of the proposed algorithm by improving the
network throughput, packet delivery ratio and minimizing delay and packet loss by retaining higher
remaining energy.
Energy Behavior in Ad Hoc Network Minimizing the Number of Hops and Maintaini...CSCJournals
Wireless ad-hoc mesh network is a special kind of network, where all of the nodes move in time. The topology of the network changes as the nodes are in the proximity of each other. Ad-hoc networks are generally self-configuring no stable infrastructure takes a place. In this network, each node should help relaying packets of neighboring nodes using multi-hop routing mechanism. This mechanism is needed to reach far destination nodes to solve problem of dead communication. This multiple traffic "hops" within a wireless mesh network caused dilemma. Wireless mesh network that contain multiple hops become increasingly vulnerable to problems such as energy degradation and rapid increasing of overhead packets. This paper provides a generic routing framework that balances energy efficient broadcast schemes in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network and maintaining connectivity of nodes (mobile terminals). Typically, each node’s activities will consume energy, either for sending packets, receiving or preparing/processing packets. Number of hops, distance of nodes, and size of packet will determine the consumption of energy. The framework is based on the principle that additional relay nodes with appropriate energy and routing metric between source and final destination significantly reduces the energy consumption necessary to deliver packets in Wireless (Ad-Hoc) Mesh Network while keep the connectivity of dynamic nodes. Using the framework, the average network connectivity is kept 18% higher and the lifetime of network lasting more than 2.38% compared with network with Link State Routing mechanism. The simulation notes that the end-to-end delay may increase rapidly if relay nodes are more than five.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
CONTEXT-AWARE ENERGY CONSERVING ROUTING ALGORITHM FOR INTERNET OF THINGSIJCNCJournal
Internet of Things (IoT) is the fast- growing technology, mostly used in smart mobile devices such as notebooks, tablets, personal digital assistants (PDA), smartphones, etc. Due to its dynamic nature and the limited battery power of the IoT enabled smart mobile nodes, the communication links between intermediate relay nodes may fail frequently, thus affecting the routing performance of the network and also the availability of the nodes. Existing algorithm does not concentrate about communication links and battery power/energy, but these node links are a very important factor for improving the quality of routing in IoT. In this paper, Context-aware Energy Conserving Algorithm for routing (CECA) was proposed which employs QoS routing metrics like Inter-Meeting Time and residual energy and has been applied to IoT enabled smart mobile devices using different technologies with different microcontroller which resulted in an increased network lifetime, throughput and reduced control overhead and the end to end delay. Simulation results show that, with respect to the speed of the mobile nodes from 2 to 10m/s, CECA increases the network lifetime, thereby increasing the average residual energy by 11.1% and increasing throughput there by reduces the average end to end delay by 14.1% over the Energy-Efficient Probabilistic Routing (EEPR) algorithm. With respect to the number of nodes increases from 10 to 100 nodes, CECA algorithms increase the average residual energy by16.1 % reduces the average end to end delay by 15.9% and control overhead by 23.7% over the existing EEPR
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
E-MICE: Energy-Efficient Concurrent Exploitation of Multiple Wi-Fi RadiosUniversitasGadjahMada
The concurrent use of multiple Wi-Fi radios in individual frequency channels is a solution readily available today to the increase of a mobile station’s communication capacity, but at the expense of occasional performance deterioration (when the heterogeneity of capacity between interfaces gets severe) and additional power consumption. This paper proposes a mobileside solution for the concurrent use of multiple radios in a performance-aware and energy-efficient manner, with which a mobile station activates and deactivates radio interfaces dynamically according to traffic demands and a predicted capacity gain. To this end, the proposed solution is composed of multiple prediction algorithms and a control algorithm. Prediction when activating an additional radio interface is relatively difficult since no information of the disabled interface’s current status (and the corresponding frequency channel’s) is available at the time of prediction. Our experiments show that, despite different types and used channels, different radio interfaces have a strong correlation of received signal strengths and used PHY rates between them. Based on this observation, the proposed solution learns a correlation pattern between interfaces whenever multiple interfaces are active and makes prediction of the coverage, expected PHY rate and capacity impact of an inactive interface based on the learned correlation with a currently active interface. The design of the prediction algorithms are based on a simple or machine-learning technique (SVM). The control algorithm then keeps monitoring the utilization of active interfaces and, if any of them has utilization over a threshold, checks if each inactive interface is within coverage and a valid rate range based on an active interface’s received signal strength. Finally, an action of a configuration change (either activation, deactivation or no change) selected based on the prediction of the resulting capacity is applied. Testbed experiments using COTS dual-band Wi-Fi interfaces demonstrate that the solution can enhance throughput by up to 29.6% (in a close distance to AP) and at most halve power consumption compared to legacy aggregation while the gain varies depending on the location and traffic conditions.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE USING LOAD MATRIX METHOD IN WIRELESS CELLULAR S...cscpconf
An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
Performance analysis for Adaptive Subcarriers Allocation in Coherent Optical ...iosrjce
The constraint to satisfy the need of increased bandwidth requirement for high speed applications
with higher performance has been a motivation to work on Optical Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
(OOFDM) technique with coherent detection. We implement the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM)
technique and investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers on performance over single mode fiber (SMF)
links. To explore improvement in performance adaptive subcarriers has been selected by assigning subcarriers
to user according to the conditions of channel. An adaptive subcarrier allocation has been investigated and
performance comparison for proportional and equal allocation has been carried over.
Channel Capacity Maximization using NQHN Approach at Heterogeneous NetworkIJECEIAES
In present scenario, the high speed data transmission services has pushed limits for wireless communication network capacity, at same time multimedia transmission in real-time needs provision of QoS, therefore the network capacity and small cell coverage has comes with lots of challenges. Improving the channel capacity and coverage area within the available bandwidth is necessary to provide better QoS to users, and improved channel capacity for the FCUs and MCUs in network. In this paper, we are proposing an NQHN approach that incorporate with efficient power allocation, improving the channel capacity by optimized traffic scheduling process in a small cell HetNets scenario. This work efficiently handle the interference with maintaining the user QoS and the implemented power controller uses HeNB power as per the real time based approach for macro-cell and femto-cell. Moreover, we consider the real traffic scenario to check the performance of our proposed approach with respect to existing algorithm.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
MULTI-CRITERIA HANDOVER DECISION FOR HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS: CARRIER AGGREGAT...IJCNCJournal
Carrier aggregation and integration of heterogeneous networks allow the mobile user equipment to benefit from wider bandwidth and radio coverage of different access technologies. However, these technologies have increased handoff scenario probability through user equipment’s mobility, leading to high outage probability and low throughput. Handover is an important aspect of mobility management which allows users to migrate from one cell to another without losing connections. But no lone access technology meets the requirements of providing seamless communication without loss and delay. Therefore, high-quality service continuity and reliable user equipment access to network anywhere and at any time require the
design of an appropriate handover decision algorithm. In this paper, a multi-criteria based handover decision-making algorithm is proposed to evade loss of communication and provide better performance to the system. It adaptively makes handover decisions based on different decision criteria (load, availability of resources, and the handover scenario type) in addition to signal interference to noise ratio. The multicriteria handover decision making algorithm-based method chooses among the cells that satisfy the requirements for the handover. As compared to some existing handover decision algorithms, simulation result shows that this algorithm improves system performance in terms of handover failure by 93%, 72%,
and 58%; radio link failure reduction by 77%, 43%, and 22%; and handover ping–pong by 81%, 59%, and 36% over the conventional received signal strength, received wireless transmission line, and multiinfluence factor hand over decisions respectively.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
An Efficient and Stable Routing Algorithm in Mobile Ad Hoc NetworkIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is mainly designed to set up communication among devices in infrastructure-less wireless communication network. Routing in this kind of communication network is highly affected by its restricted characteristics such as frequent topological changes and limited battery power. Several research works have been carried out to improve routing performance in MANET. However, the overall performance enhancement in terms of packet delivery, delay and control message overhead is still not come into the wrapping up. In order to overcome the addressed issues, an Efficient and Stable-AODV (EFST-AODV) routing scheme has been proposed which is an improvement over AODV to establish a better quality route between source and destination. In this method, we have modified the route request and route reply phase. During the route request phase, cost metric of a route is calculated on the basis of parameters such as residual energy, delay and distance. In a route reply phase, average residual energy and average delay of overall path is calculated and the data forwarding decision is taken at the source node accordingly. Simulation outcomes reveal that the proposed approach gives better results in terms of packet delivery ratio, delay, throughput, normalized routing load and control message overhead as compared to AODV.
Dear Student,
DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS is one of the Hardware Training and Software Development centre available in
Trichy. Pioneer in corporate training, DREAMWEB TECHNO SOLUTIONS provides training in all software
development and IT-related courses, such as Embedded Systems, VLSI, MATLAB, JAVA, J2EE, CIVIL,
Power Electronics, and Power Systems. It’s certified and experienced faculty members have the
competence to train students, provide consultancy to organizations, and develop strategic
solutions for clients by integrating existing and emerging technologies.
ADD: No:73/5, 3rd Floor, Sri Kamatchi Complex, Opp City Hospital, Salai Road, Trichy-18
Contact @ 7200021403/04
phone: 0431-4050403
Performance evaluation of interference aware topology power and flow control ...IJECEIAES
Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Mesh Network (MRMC-WMN) has been considered as one of the key technology for the enhancement of network performance. It is used in a number of real-time applications such as disaster management system, transportation system and health care system. MRMC-WMN is a multi-hop network and allows simultaneous data transfer by using multiple radio interfaces. All the radio interfaces are typically assigned with different channels to reduce the effect of co-channel interference. In MRMC-WMN, when two nodes transmit at the same channel in the range of each other, generates co-channel interference and degrades the network throughput. Co-channel interference badly affects the capacity of each link that reduces the overall network performance. Thus, the important task of channel assignment algorithm is to reduce the co-channel interference and enhance the network performance. In this paper, the problem of channel assignment has been addressed for MRMC-WMN. We have proposed an Interference Aware, Topology, Power and Flow Control (ITPFC) Channel Assignment algorithm for MRMC-WMN. This algorithm assignes the suitable channels to nodes, which provides better link capacity and reduces the co-channel interference. In the previous work performance of the proposed algorithm has been evaluated for a network of 30 nodes. The aim of this paper is to further evaluate the performance of proposed channel assignment algorithm for 40 and 50 nodes network. The results obtained from these networks show the consistent performance in terms of throughput, delay, packet loss and number of channels used per node as compared to LACA, FCPRA and IATC Channel Assignment algorithms.
A Cluster-Based Routing Protocol and Fault Detection for Wireless Sensor NetworkIJCNCJournal
In Wireless Sensors Networks (WSN) based application, a large number of sensor devices must be deployed. Energy efficiency and network lifetime are the two most challenging issues in WSN. As a consequence, the main goal is to reduce the overall energy consumption using clustering protocols which have to ensure reliability and connectivity in large-scale WSN. This work presents a new clustering and routing algorithm based on the properties of the sensor networks. The main goal of this work is to extend the network lifetime via charge equilibration in the WSN. According to many errors with sensing devices and to have greater data accuracy, we use a quorum mechanism. The proposed algorithms are evaluated widely and the results are compared with related works. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm provides an effective improvement in terms of energy consumption, data accuracy and network lifetime.
E-MICE: Energy-Efficient Concurrent Exploitation of Multiple Wi-Fi RadiosUniversitasGadjahMada
The concurrent use of multiple Wi-Fi radios in individual frequency channels is a solution readily available today to the increase of a mobile station’s communication capacity, but at the expense of occasional performance deterioration (when the heterogeneity of capacity between interfaces gets severe) and additional power consumption. This paper proposes a mobileside solution for the concurrent use of multiple radios in a performance-aware and energy-efficient manner, with which a mobile station activates and deactivates radio interfaces dynamically according to traffic demands and a predicted capacity gain. To this end, the proposed solution is composed of multiple prediction algorithms and a control algorithm. Prediction when activating an additional radio interface is relatively difficult since no information of the disabled interface’s current status (and the corresponding frequency channel’s) is available at the time of prediction. Our experiments show that, despite different types and used channels, different radio interfaces have a strong correlation of received signal strengths and used PHY rates between them. Based on this observation, the proposed solution learns a correlation pattern between interfaces whenever multiple interfaces are active and makes prediction of the coverage, expected PHY rate and capacity impact of an inactive interface based on the learned correlation with a currently active interface. The design of the prediction algorithms are based on a simple or machine-learning technique (SVM). The control algorithm then keeps monitoring the utilization of active interfaces and, if any of them has utilization over a threshold, checks if each inactive interface is within coverage and a valid rate range based on an active interface’s received signal strength. Finally, an action of a configuration change (either activation, deactivation or no change) selected based on the prediction of the resulting capacity is applied. Testbed experiments using COTS dual-band Wi-Fi interfaces demonstrate that the solution can enhance throughput by up to 29.6% (in a close distance to AP) and at most halve power consumption compared to legacy aggregation while the gain varies depending on the location and traffic conditions.
Design and implementation of new routingIJCNCJournal
Energy consumption is a key element in the Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) design. Indeed, sensor nodes are really constrained by energy supply. Hence, how to improve the network lifetime is a crucial and challenging task. Several techniques are available at different levels of the OSI model to maximize the WSN lifetime and especially at the network layer which uses routing strategies to maintain the routes in the network and guarantee reliable communication. In this paper we intend to propose a new protocol called
Combined Energy and Distance Metrics Dynamic Routing Protocol (CEDM-DR). Our new approach considers not only the distance between wireless sensors but also the energy of node acting as a router in order to find the optimal path and achieve a dynamic and adaptive routing.
The performance metrics exploited for the evaluation of our protocol are average energy consumed, network lifetime and packets lost. By comparing our proposed routing strategy to protocol widely used in WSN namely Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector(AODV), simulation results show that CEDM-DR strategy might effectively balance the sensor power consumption and permits accordingly to enhance the network
lifetime. As well, this new protocol yields a noticeable energy saving compared to its counterpart.
Novel Position Estimation using Differential Timing Information for Asynchron...IJCNCJournal
Positioning techniques have been a common objective since the early development of wireless networks. However, current positioning methods in cellular networks, for instance, are still primarily focused on the use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), which has several limitations, like high power drainage and failure in indoor scenarios. This study introduces a novel approach employing standard LTE signaling in order to provide high accuracy positioning estimation. The proposed technique is designed in analogy to the human sound localization system, eliminating the need of having information from three spatially diverse Base Stations (BSs). This is inspired by the perfect human 3D sound localization with two ears. A field study is carried out in a dense urban city to verify the accuracy of the proposed technique, with more than 20 thousand measurement samples collected. The achieved positioning accuracy is meeting the latest Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements in the planner dimension.
RESOURCE ALLOCATION TECHNIQUE USING LOAD MATRIX METHOD IN WIRELESS CELLULAR S...cscpconf
An efficient resource allocation is one of the greatest challenges in wireless cellular
communication. The resource allocation schemes avoid wastage of resources by allocating
resources to a mobile terminal over a short period of time, providing quality of service over
wireless networks is the most stressing point for service providers. In general a high degree of
sharing is efficient, but requires service protection mechanisms to guarantee the QoS for all
services. In this paper we address the multi cell interference on overall radio resource
utilization and propose a new strategy for resource allocation in multi cell systems. we also
propose a joint management of interference within and between cells for allocation of radio
resources , Simulation results are showing that there is a significant improvement in the resource utilization so that overall network performance.
Performance analysis for Adaptive Subcarriers Allocation in Coherent Optical ...iosrjce
The constraint to satisfy the need of increased bandwidth requirement for high speed applications
with higher performance has been a motivation to work on Optical Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing
(OOFDM) technique with coherent detection. We implement the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM)
technique and investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers on performance over single mode fiber (SMF)
links. To explore improvement in performance adaptive subcarriers has been selected by assigning subcarriers
to user according to the conditions of channel. An adaptive subcarrier allocation has been investigated and
performance comparison for proportional and equal allocation has been carried over.
Channel Capacity Maximization using NQHN Approach at Heterogeneous NetworkIJECEIAES
In present scenario, the high speed data transmission services has pushed limits for wireless communication network capacity, at same time multimedia transmission in real-time needs provision of QoS, therefore the network capacity and small cell coverage has comes with lots of challenges. Improving the channel capacity and coverage area within the available bandwidth is necessary to provide better QoS to users, and improved channel capacity for the FCUs and MCUs in network. In this paper, we are proposing an NQHN approach that incorporate with efficient power allocation, improving the channel capacity by optimized traffic scheduling process in a small cell HetNets scenario. This work efficiently handle the interference with maintaining the user QoS and the implemented power controller uses HeNB power as per the real time based approach for macro-cell and femto-cell. Moreover, we consider the real traffic scenario to check the performance of our proposed approach with respect to existing algorithm.
MAR SECURITY: IMPROVED SECURITY MECHANISM FOR EMERGENCY MESSAGES OF VANET USI...IJCNCJournal
Vehicular Ad-hoc network (VANET) is one of the emerging technologies for research community to get various research challenges to construct secured framework for autonomous vehicular communication. The prime concern of this technology is to provide efficient data communication among registered vehicle nodes. The several research ideas are implemented practically to improve overall communication in VANETs by considering security and privacy as major aspects of VANETs. Several mechanisms have been implemented using cryptography algorithms and methodologies. However, these mechanisms provide a solution only for some restricted environments and to limited security threats. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism has been introduced, implemented and tested using key management technique. It provides secured network environment for VANET and its components. Later, this mechanism provides security for data packets of emergency messages using cryptography mechanism. Hence, the proposed novel mechanism is named Group Key Management & Cryptography Schemes (GKMC). The experimental analysis shows significant improvements in the network performance to provide security and privacy for emergency messages. This GKMC mechanism will help the VANET user’s to perform secured emergency message communication in network environment.
MULTI-CRITERIA HANDOVER DECISION FOR HETEROGENEOUS NETWORKS: CARRIER AGGREGAT...IJCNCJournal
Carrier aggregation and integration of heterogeneous networks allow the mobile user equipment to benefit from wider bandwidth and radio coverage of different access technologies. However, these technologies have increased handoff scenario probability through user equipment’s mobility, leading to high outage probability and low throughput. Handover is an important aspect of mobility management which allows users to migrate from one cell to another without losing connections. But no lone access technology meets the requirements of providing seamless communication without loss and delay. Therefore, high-quality service continuity and reliable user equipment access to network anywhere and at any time require the
design of an appropriate handover decision algorithm. In this paper, a multi-criteria based handover decision-making algorithm is proposed to evade loss of communication and provide better performance to the system. It adaptively makes handover decisions based on different decision criteria (load, availability of resources, and the handover scenario type) in addition to signal interference to noise ratio. The multicriteria handover decision making algorithm-based method chooses among the cells that satisfy the requirements for the handover. As compared to some existing handover decision algorithms, simulation result shows that this algorithm improves system performance in terms of handover failure by 93%, 72%,
and 58%; radio link failure reduction by 77%, 43%, and 22%; and handover ping–pong by 81%, 59%, and 36% over the conventional received signal strength, received wireless transmission line, and multiinfluence factor hand over decisions respectively.
Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection Approach in WSNIJCNCJournal
In recent years, limited resources of user products and energy-saving are recognized as the major challenges of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Clustering is a practical technique that can reduce all energy consumption and provide stability of workload that causes a larger difference in energy depletion among other nodes and cluster heads (CHs). In addition, clustering is the solution of energy-efficient for maximizing the network longevity and improvising energy efficiency. In this paper, a novel OCE-CHS (Optimized Cluster Establishment and Cluster-Head Selection) approach for sensor nodes is represented to improvise the packet success ratio and reduce the average energy-dissipation. The main contribution of this paper is categorized into two processes, first, the clustering algorithm is improvised that periodically chooses the optimal set of the CHs according to the speed of the average node and average-node energy. This is considerably distinguished from node-based clustering that utilizes a distributed clustering algorithm to choose CHs based on the speed of the current node and remaining node energy. Second, more than one factor is assumed for the detached node to join the optimal cluster. In the result section, we discuss our clustering protocols implementation of optimal CH-selection to evade the death of SNs, maximizing throughput, and further improvise the network lifetime by minimizing energy consumption.
A novel optimal small cells deployment for next-generation cellular networks IJECEIAES
Small-cell-deployments have pulled cellular operators to boost coverage and capacity in high-demand areas (for example, downtown hot spots). The location of these small cells (SCs) should be determined in order to achieve successful deployments. In this paper, we propose a new approach that optimizes small cells deployment in cellular networks to achieve three objectives: reduce the total cost of network installation, balancing the allocation of resources, i.e. placement of each SC and their transmitted power, and providing optimal coverage area with a lower amount of interference between adjacent stations. An accurate formula was obtained to determine the optimum number of SC deployment (NSC). Finally, we derive a mathematical expression to calculate the critical-handoff-point (CHP) for neighboring wireless stations.
A small vessel detection using a co-located multi-frequency FMCW MIMO radar IJECEIAES
Small vessels detection is a known issue due to its low radar cross section (RCS). An existing shore-based vessel tracking radar is for long-distance commercial vessels detection. Meanwhile, a vessel-mounted radar system known for its reliability has a limitation due to its single radar coverage. The paper presented a co-located frequency modulated continuous waveform (FMCW) maritime radar for small vessel detection utilising a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration. The radar behaviour is numerically simulated for detecting a Swerling 1 target which resembles small maritime’s vessels. The simulated MIMO configuration comprised two transmitting and receiving nodes. The proposal is to utilize a multi-frequency FMCW MIMO configuration in a maritime environment by applying the spectrum averaging (SA) to fuse MIMO received signals for range and velocity estimation. The analysis was summarised and displayed in terms of estimation error performance, probability of error and average error. The simulation outcomes an improvement of 2.2 dB for a static target, and 0.1 dB for a moving target, in resulting the 20% probability of range error with the MIMO setup. A moving vessel's effect was observed to degrade the range error estimation performance between 0.6 to 2.7 dB. Meanwhile, the proposed method was proven to improve the 20% probability of velocity error by 1.75 dB. The impact of multi-frequency MIMO was also observed to produce better average error performance.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
GENERALIZED POWER ALLOCATION (GPA) SCHEME FOR NON-ORTHOGONAL MULTIPLE ACCESS ...ijcseit
This paper presents a Generalized Power Allocation (GPA) scheme for different users in Non-Orthogonal
Multiple Access (NOMA) based wireless communication system. The power allocation to the users becomes
complex with the increased number of users. There are some conventional schemes for power allocation in
NOMA but they have to optimize some parameters arbitrarily. In this paper, a simple but effective power
allocation scheme has been formulated and tested by simulations. The proposed GPA scheme does not need
any parameter adjustment. Theoretical power distribution to different users of NOMA has been calculated
using the proposed GPA technique. The calculated powers of individual users with the proposed scheme
are different and more distributed than the arbitrary power allocation scheme which satisfies the basic
condition of NOMA. The total of calculated powers with GPA scheme shows only 01% variation with the
arbitrary power allocation scheme which shows the consistency of GPA scheme with other schemes. The
performance of NOMA based wireless communication system with GPA scheme has been simulated under
various conditions using Matlab. The simulated BER performance for NOMA based wireless
communication system using different modulation techniques show similar results with other conventional
schemes which validates the formulation of GPA scheme.
Evaluation of Energy Consumption of Reactive and Proactive Routing Protocols ...IJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a distributed, infrastructure-less and decentralized network. A routing
protocol in MANET is used to find routes between mobile nodes to facilitate communication within the
network. Numerous routing protocols have been proposed for MANET. Those routing protocols are
designed to adaptively accommodate for dynamic unpredictable changes in network's topology. The mobile
nodes in MANET are often powered by limited batteries and network lifetime relies heavily on the energy
consumption of nodes. In consequence, the lack of a mobile node can lead to network partitioning. In this
paper we analyse, evaluate and measure the energy efficiency of three prominent MANET routing protocols
namely DSR, AODV and OLSR in addition to modified protocols. These routing protocols follow the
reactive and the proactive routing schemes. A discussion and comparison highlighting their particular
merits and drawbacks are also presented. Evaluation study and simulations are performed using NS-2 and
its accompanying tools for analysis and investigation of results.
Link Stability and Energy Aware routing Protocol for Mobile Adhoc NetworkIOSR Journals
Abstract: MOBILE ad hoc networks (MANETs) have more popularity among mobile network devices and
wireless communication technologies. A MANET is multihop mobile wireless network that have neither a fixed
infrastructure nor a central server. Every node in a MANET will act as a router, and also communicates with
each other. The mobility constraints in mobile nodes will lead to problems in link stability. Energy saving, path
duration and stability will be two major efforts and to satisfy them can be difficult task. A self node which is
present in the network may also consume little energy during the transmission. This proposed approach tries to
account for link stability and for minimum drain rate energy consumption. In order to verify the correctness of
the proposed solution a objective optimization formulation has been designed and a novel routing protocol
called Link-Stability and Energy aware Routing protocols is proposed. This novel routing scheme has been
compared with other two protocols: PERRA and GPSR. The protocol performance has been evaluated in terms
of Data Packet Delivery Ratio, Normalized Control Overhead, Link duration, Nodes lifetime, and Average
energy consumption.
Keywords-component; Energy Consumption, Link Stability, Routing, Self node
Energy efficiency cross layer protocol for wireless mesh networkIJCNCJournal
Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a novel emerging tec
hnology that will change the world more effectively
and efficiently. It is regarded as a highly promisi
ng technology being increasingly important in mobil
e
wireless networks of the future generation. In this
paper, we consider energy management for wireless
mesh networks from a point of view that started rec
ently to attract the attention means the conservati
on of
energy for operational and the environment reasons
which is known as the Green Networking. This paper
discusses different routing protocols to establish
a protocol which considers energy efficiency. The e
xisting
protocols are compared using the basic functions of
routing and the suggest protocol is designed to
overcome some of their shortcomings. We are focusin
g on the conception of the cross-layer routing
protocol that is implemented in TDMA (Time Division
Multiple Access) wireless mesh networks based
MAC protocol.
MULTICASTING BASED ENHANCED PROACTIVE SOURCE ROUTING IN MANETSIJCNCJournal
Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) is an accumulation of movable nodes organizing a irregular topology without centralized administration. In a MANET, multicasting is a significant technique for utilizing data communication system. Multicasting based enhanced proactive source routing is proposed in this paper for Mobile Ad hoc Networks. It explains an innovative multicasting algorithm that considers the transmission energy and residual energy while forwarding the data packets. It improves the network throughput and raises the network lifetimes. Simulation analysis is carried in this proposed system and this method shows improved performance over the existing system.
Adaptive Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks: QoS Optimisation for Enhanced A...M H
One of the key challenges for research in wireless sensor networks is the development of routing protocols that provide application-specific service guarantees. This paper presents a new cluster-based Route Optimisation and Load-balancing protocol, called ROL, that uses various quality of service (QoS) metrics to meet application requirements. ROL combines several application requirements, specifically it attempts to provide an inclusive solution to prolong network life, provide timely message delivery and improve network robustness. It uses a combination of routing metrics that can be configured according to the priorities of user-level applications to improve overall network performance. To this end, an optimisation tool for balancing the communication resources for the constraints and priorities of user applications has been developed and Nutrient-flow-based Distributed Clustering (NDC), an algorithm for load balancing is proposed. NDC works seamlessly with any clustering algorithm to equalise, as far as possible, the diameter and the membership of clusters. This paper presents simulation results to show that ROL/NDC gives a higher network lifetime than other similar schemes, such Mires++. In simulation, ROL/NDC maintains a maximum of 7\% variation from the optimal cluster population, reduces the total number of set-up messages by up to 60%, reduces the end-to-end delay by up to 56%, and enhances the data delivery ratio by up to 0.98% compared to Mires++.
EFFICIENT APPROACH FOR DESIGNING A PROTOCOL FOR IMPROVING THE CAPACITY OF ADH...IJCI JOURNAL
In Adhoc Network, prime issues which affects the deployment, design and performance of an Adhoc
Wireless System are Routing, MAC Scheme, TCP, Multicasting, Energy management, Pricing Scheme &
self-organization, Security & Deployment consideration. Routing protocols are designed in such a way that
it should have improvement of throughput and minimum loss of packets. Another aspect is efficient
management of energy and the requirement of protracted connectivity of the network. The routing
algorithm designed for this network should monitor the energy of the node and route the packet
accordingly. Adhoc Network in general has many limitations such as bandwidth, memory and
computational power. In Adhoc Network there are frequent path break due to mobility. Also time
synchronization is difficult & consumes more Bandwidth. Bandwidth reservations requires complex
Medium Access Control protocol. In this field the work of quantitative and qualitative metrics analysis has
been done. The analysis of protocol performance for improving the capacity of adhoc network using
probabilistic approaches of the network is yet to be proposed. Our probabilistic approach will cover
analysis of various computational parameters for different mobility structures. In our proposed method we
have distributed mobile nodes using Pareto distribution & formulated various energy models using
regression statistic.
Ijeee 24-27-energy efficient communication for adhoc networksKumar Goud
Energy Efficient Communication for Adhoc Networks
1SK.Nagula Meera 2Dr. D.Srinivasa Kumar 3Dr. D.Srinivasa Rao
Research Scholar Professor & Principal Professor, ECE department
ECE department, JNTU Hyderabad Hosur Institute of Technology and Science
Errandapalli Village, Beerpalli PO JNTU College of Engineering Hyderabad(Autonomous)
Ramapuram (via), Krishnagri Dt., Tamilnadu
Abstract: A mobile accidental network (MANET) may be an assortment of nodes equipped with wireless communications and a networking capability while not central network management. The method of wireless networks within the applications like transferring video files is subjected to twin constraints. Each step-down of power and different QOS needs like delay, throughputs square measure need to be bewaring properly. Mobile accidental Networks square measure a lot of perceptive to those problems wherever every mobile device is active sort of a router and consequently, routing delay adds significantly to overall end-to-end delay. This paper presents a survey on power economical routing protocols for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. This survey focused on recent progress on power saving algorithms. Additionally we recommend one power aware technique which can cut back power consumption yet as increase the lifespan of node and network.
Keywords: Mobile, Ad-Hoc networks, QOS, MANET, IBSS, ATIM, DPSM.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON DSRijasuc
Energy consumption is a major concern in most of the present day devices in wireless networks. Especially
in Ad hoc networks, energy is a limited factor. Random movement in nodes add to the frequent failure of
routes which adds to the energy consumption in the network. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed
which is based on a modification of the conventional DSR (Dynamic Source routing). A comparative
analysis is performed with respect to energy consumption, maximum throughput and delay. The routing
protocols used for reference in this analysis are DSDV, AODV and conventional DSR. Experimental results
show that the proposed modified DSR shows a reduced energy consumption, improved rate of maximum
throughput and a reduced delay compared to above mentioned routing protocols.
ENERGY EFFICIENT ROUTING PROTOCOL BASED ON DSRijasuc
Energy consumption is a major concern in most of the present day devices in wireless networks. Especially
in Ad hoc networks, energy is a limited factor. Random movement in nodes add to the frequent failure of
routes which adds to the energy consumption in the network. In this paper, a routing protocol is proposed
which is based on a modification of the conventional DSR (Dynamic Source routing). A comparative
analysis is performed with respect to energy consumption, maximum throughput and delay. The routing
protocols used for reference in this analysis are DSDV, AODV and conventional DSR. Experimental results
show that the proposed modified DSR shows a reduced energy consumption, improved rate of maximum
throughput and a reduced delay compared to above mentioned routing protocols
IRJET-A_AODV: A Modern Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc NetworkIRJET Journal
Ritu Parasher, Yogesh Rathi "A_AODV: A Modern Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume2,issue-01 April 2015.e-ISSN:2395-0056, p-ISSN:2395-0072. www.irjet.net .published by Fast Track Publications
Abstract
Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous wireless network, deploy without any fixed infrastructure and assistance of base stations. Each node in network shares wireless link for interconnections and not only operates as an end system, but also as a router to forward packets. Since the network nodes are mobile, can be move in any direction with varying paces that generate high dynamicity of network so the protocols that are developed for general ad hoc networks are unsuitable for such an environment. In addition, on-hand routing protocols performance decreases as size of network increased. In this context, to enhance the recitation of routing in MANETs, we propose a new approach in this paper, named Advanced Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (A_AODV). It is a modified version of traditional AODV routing protocol, shrink the active path whenever optimal pathway is available and switches the traffic on it. Simulation studies are conducted using NS2 to prove that proposed approach enhance network performance when network size, load or the mobility increases
A scalable and power efficient solution for routing in mobile ad hoc network ...ijmnct
Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is a very dynamic and infrastructure-less ad hoc network. The actual
network size depends on the application and the protocols developed for the routing for this kind of
networks should be scalable. MANET is a resource limited network and therefore the developed routing
algorithm for packet transmission should be power and bandwidth efficient. These kinds of dynamic
networks should operate with minimal management overhead. The management functionality of the
network increases with number of nodes and reduces the performance of the network. Here, in this paper,
we have designed all identical nodes in the cluster except the cluster head and this criterion reduces the
management burden on the network. Graph theoretic routing algorithm is used to develop route for packet
transmission by using the minimum resources. In this paper, we developed routing algorithm for cluster
based MANET and finds a path from source to destination using minimum cumulative degree path. Our
simulation results show that this routing algorithm provide efficient routing path with the increasing
number of nodes and uses multi-hop connectivity for intra-cluster to utilize minimum power for packet
transmission irrespective of number of nodes in the network.
M-EPAR to Improve the Quality of the MANETsIJERA Editor
In MANET, power aware is important challenge issue to improve the communication energy efficiency at individual nodes. We propose modified efficient power aware routing (M-EPAR), a new power aware routing protocol that increases the network lifetime of MANET. Designing a power aware routing algorithm or technique is one of the most important point considered in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. These nodes are driven by reactive protocols where broadcasting is mandatory to form a path between two nodes. So in case of death of the node resulting out of less battery calls for re-routing. Since many existing techniques focuses on energy aware routing this paper presents combination of energy aware routing merged with link quality determined by packet drop rate. The proposed scheme has outperformed the existing technique in terms of packet delivery ratio, throughput and energy consumption.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
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Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
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Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
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Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
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Attacks on counties – USA
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Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
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Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
AI for Every Business: Unlocking Your Product's Universal Potential by VP of ...
Improving energy efficiency in manet’s for healthcare environments
1. International Journal of Mobile Network Communications & Telematics ( IJMNCT) Vol. 4, No.3, June 2014
DOI : 10.5121/ijmnct.2014.4303 23
IMPROVING ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MANET’S FOR
HEALTHCARE ENVIRONMENTS
Sohail Abid1
Imran Shafi2
and Shahid Abid3
1,3
Foundation University Rawalpindi Campus, Pakistan
2
Abasyn Unibersity Islamabad Campus, Pakistan.
ABSTRACT
Now a day ad hoc mobile networks (MANETs) have lots of routing protocols, but no one can meet
maximum performance. Some are good in a small network; some are suitable in large networks, and some
give better performance in location or global networks. Today modern and innovative applications for
health care environments based on a wireless network are being developed in the commercial sectors. The
emerging wireless networks are rapidly becoming a fundamental part of every single field of life. Our
proposed DEERP framework gives a better performance as compared to other routing protocol.
KEYWORDS
Dynamic Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (DEERP), Energy Awareness, energy-efficiency, Simulation of
Energy Efficient Routing Protocol in NS2.
1. INTRODUCTION
Today advance applications of health care environments have been developed for ad-hoc
networks. The capability to enhance health care telemetry with wearable miniature wireless
sensors would have a deep impact on several ways of medical practice. In terms of efficiency the
small portable wireless devices plays an important role in the health care environment and to
provide essential support to patients. Wireless health care monitors/ equipments are available in
the market for example blood pressure monitors [1, 2], pulse Oximeters [3, 4], maternal uterine
and fetal heart rate monitors [5], Wireless ECG System [6], and EKGs (Electrocardiographs) [7,
8, 9]. During disaster recovery or a group of casualty, the doctor fixes small sensors on each
patient and monitor the results using Laptop and PDAs.In fig 1 (a), (b) and (c) some wireless
devices used in the health care environment.
Fig 1: (a) Motion capture and EMG (b) Pulse Oxi-meter (c) EKG
In the health care environment, a huge importance is placed on data integrity, availability and
security. Now a day private and public key security is implemented in the security of data in ad-
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hoc networks [10, 11, 12]. Due to mobility and congestion packet loss may be compromised.
Multiple doctors or nurses can receive patient data using multicast semantics support on the
network layer. Due to mobility of patients, doctors and nurses quickly route changes, therefore
energy efficient and multi-hop routing protocols are required in health care environments.
Ad hoc network building a network without any structure and set of hosts who are agreed to
establish a connection or communication with each other exclusive of any centralized
administration [13]. Each mobile device in an ad - hoc network acts as a router. Wireless MANET
is ideal for every application of our daily life due to its mobility and accessibility everywhere.
Now a day Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is a quickly rising technology, due to its self-
motivated topology and unique nature of scattered resources. Wireless MANET is rapidly
emerging and trendy topology in almost all fields like medical, healthcare, banking and
commerce, etc. Currently wireless MANETs are becoming very popular and many routing
protocols have been suggested by researchers. We give a brief introduction to wireless networks
and discuss the issues and challenges regarding to performance and efficient use of energy. We
are concerned with energy efficiency and select some well-known energy efficient routing
protocols and simulate these protocols in NS2 and analyze energy efficiency in different cases.
MANET has principles due to which controls the number of hosts and route all packets between
the mobile hosts in their wireless networks. MANET faces a lot of challenges, but we focus
energy efficiency and performance. The energy efficiency and performance evaluation are two
very important and critical challenges for routing protocols. Some routing protocols to have
maximum packet delivery ratio and throughput, some have less end-to-end delay and minimum
routing overhead; some consume less energy during idle mode; some consume less energy during
receive mode, and some consumes less energy during transmit mode. On the other hand, some
routing protocols to perform skillfully in small networks and some perform skillfully in large
networks.
A mobile Ad-hoc network–MANET consists of mobile devices that are placed without any
predefine pattern and regularly changing their position and connected with each other. The main
aim of routing protocol is to discover routes from source to destination node and use the best and
most efficient route. In case of route error the routing protocol switches to the other suitable route.
During the establishment of and preservation of the route a less overhead and bandwidth
utilization should be made [14]. We discuss in this research article, how healthcare networks use
ICT (Information and Communications Technology) has been developed, and what sort of impact
they have on the present health care system. We consider the fittings of mobile technologies in
healthcare environments. We spotlight on WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network)
technologies, explicitly, IEEE 802.11 standard. Our research work has based upon the recent
results on the energy efficiency and performance of routing protocols. Our proposed framework is
to choose appropriate routing protocols, which give good performance the necessary
implementation changes required to incorporate existing routing protocols in our framework. In
our framework, we use only proactive and reactive routing protocols. The proposed framework
presents wide assessment, using a very famous network simulator NS2. On the basis of our results
that our proposed framework improves energy efficiency and performance as compared with
other selected routing protocols.
2. RELATED WORK.
It is specified in recent research [15] that each protocol is appropriate for a certain user
environment and network. Some protocol that adapts the route construction method performs well
in less mobility and decreases their performance in the high mobility environment. L. M. Feeney
presented in his paper a comparison of energy consumption for DSR, AODV in NS2 [16].
Furthermore, in [17], [18], it proves that in the path creation method, competence is also a
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limiting factor; as the number of nodes increases the available throughput of each node
approaches zero. Dr. S. P. Setty and B. Prasad compare QOS in energy consumption for proactive
and reactive routing protocols with the impact of network size [19]. On the other hand, the
support approach always succeeds in delivering messages [20]. Ved Prakash, Brajesh Kumar and
A. K. Srivastava analyze and compare the energy efficiency of topology based, and location
based routing protocols [21]. In this, review papers Neeraj Tantubay, Dinesh Ratan Gautam and
Mukesh Kumar Dhariwal present a summary of different energy control techniques and various
powers saving methods have been proposed in his research articles [22]. Feeney L. M. divides the
methods which are used in energy-efficient awareness routing protocols in ad-hoc networks [23].
In first method when a host transmitting packets, the routing protocol minimized the total energy
consumed during transmitting [24], [25], [26]. In a second method, load balance between hosts to
increase the lifetime of the whole network, instead of managing energy consumption for
individual packet [27], [28], [29]. A. Bamis and his group members present a mobility sensitive
method [30]. Moreover, they find the importance of both technologies with respect to scalability
issues. The pulse Oxi-meter equipped with 802.11 has developed by WiiSARD group [31] and
EKG by SMART team [32]. Some researcher making monitoring infrastructures of daily activity
of patient [33], monitoring infrastructures of daily activity of the patient at home [34], monitoring
infrastructures of daily activity of patient at hospital [35].
3. PROPOSED DEERP FRAMEWORK.
In our propose DEERP framework, we select two proactive and reactive routing protocols and
used as one routing protocol. On the basis of previous research paper results [36], we combine the
two best routing protocols and get better performance and energy efficiency. The structure of the
proposed DEERP framework is shown in fig 2.
Fig 2: Proposed DEEPR
Propose a method select one state like idle mode and check which protocol gives best
performance in idle mode according to the given routing conditions. According to this method,
we select routing protocols for above three modes. In other words, our proposed method selects
different routing protocols based on their best performance and places these protocols in the
above modes. In our proposed DEERP, a framework has one service. The function of this service
is divided into three parts. In a first part SRP (Select Routing Protocol) service selects the best
routing protocol for idle mode from RPSC (Routing Protocol Selection Criteria) table. In the
second part, SRP services select routing protocol for TX mode, which is best in the RPSC table.
In the third part, SRP serviced select routing protocol for Rx mode, which is best in the RPSC
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table. According to this process, we select two or three routing protocols. The combination of
these protocols gives excellent performance.
The RPSC table consists of routing environment and characteristics like number of nodes,
mobility model, node speed and best routing protocols on their performance with respect to RPSC
table criteria. The SRP service checks the routing environment characteristics or conditions
like number of nodes, mobility model, node speed, etc. and compares these characteristics with
RPSC table. The protocol which performs well according to the given routing conditions will be
selected. In our case RPSC table is as below.
3.1. Routing Protocol Selection Criteria (RPSC)
The routing protocol is selected on following properties.
Table 1: Routing Protocol Selection Criteria Table (RPSC)
Mobility
Model
No. of
Nodes
Node
Speed
Mode Best Performance
Protocol
RWP 5 - 25 1 – 10
ms
Idle DSR
Tx DSDV
Rx DSR
RPGM 20- 80 0.5- 5
ms
Idle DSDV
Tx DSDV
Rx DSR
4. SIMULATIONS
4.1. Methodology Used in Our Simulation-I
The network parameters used in our simulation is described in table 2.
Table 2: Simulation I Parameters
Simulation I Parameters
Parameters Values
MAC Type IEEE 802.11
Antenna Omni directional
Simulation Time 900 sec
Transmission range 500 x 500 – 2000 x 2000
Node speed 0.5m/s to 5.0 m/s
Traffic Type CBR
Data payload 512 bytes/ packet
Packet rate 8 packet/sec
Node Pause Time 0
Mobility Model RPGM
Interface Queue Type Drop Tail/Priori Queue
Interface Queue Length 50
No. of Nodes 20 to 80
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4.2. Methodology Used in Our Simulation-II
The new changes in parameter used in our simulation II is described in table 3.
Table 3: Simulation II Parameters
Simulation II Parameters
Parameters Values
Simulation Time 300 sec
Transmission range 600 x 600 m
Mobility Model Random Waypoint
No. of Nodes 5, 10,15,20,25
4.3. Energy Consumption Model:
There are four states of energy consumption of mobile devices which are given in table 4.
Table 4: Energy States
Energy Consumption Parameters
ei: Energy Consumption during Idle mode
es: Energy Consumption during Sleep mode
et: Energy Consumed during Transmitting mode
er: Energy Consumed during Receiving mode
4.3.1. Transmit Mode (Tx)
Tx = (Pkt-size x 330) / 2 x 106 And PTx = Tx / TTx
Where PTx is transmitting power, Tx is transmitting energy and TTx is time take during packet
transmit and Pkt-size is the size of packet in bits.
4.3.2. RX Mode
RX = (Pkt-size x 230) / 2 x 106 And PRX = RX / TRX
Where PRX is receiving power, RX is receiving energy and TRX is time take during receiving a
packet and Pkt-size is the size of packet in bits.
4.3.3. Idle/ Listening Mode
PIdle = PRX
Where PRX is power consumed in receiving mode and PIdle is power consumed in idle mode.
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5. RESULTS
Simulation I Simulation II
Fig 3: Avg. Energy consumed in idle mode.
In fig 3, it is clear that our proposed DEERP framework consume minimum energy in idle mode
as compared to other protocols.
Fig 4: Avg. Energy consumed in Tx mode.
In fig 4, it is clear that our proposed DEERP framework consume minimum energy in Tx mode.
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Fig 5: Avg. Energy consumed in Rx mode.
In fig 5, it is clear that our proposed DEERP framework consume minimum energy in Rx mode as
compared to other protocols.
Fig 6: Avg. Remaining Energy
In fig 6, it is proved that our proposed DEERP framework has maximum remaining energy as
compared to other protocols.
In the light of above graphs, it is proved that our proposed framework “DEERP” is a best routing
framework in our scenario.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
In this research article, we discuss and compare four routing protocols to investigate the
performance and energy consumption. In the light of above investigation we found that our
proposed routing framework (DEERP) gives better performance as compared to other routing
protocols. Our RPSC table selection criteria of routing protocol are limited because our selected
routing protocols are selected from proactive and reactive routing protocols. In future work, we
will select routing protocols from proactive, reactive, hybrid and location base protocols and
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improves RPSC table. We use two mobility models with limited criteria, In future it will be
enhanced to improve the performance of the framework/protocol.
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